Monoclonal antibodies to red cell cytoskeletal proteins

Monoclonal antibodies to human red cell cytoskeletal proteins were produced following immunization of mice with Triton shells produced from intact red cells. Two lines producing antibodies binding to spectrin and actin, respectively, were subcloned and further characterized. Clones producing the anti-spectrin antibody were stable. The antibody was monoclonal and specific for spectrin band 2. The anti-actin clones were unstable.     

Proteins reacting with anti-spectrin antibodies are present in Chlamydomonas Cells.

It was found either in Western-blot analysis or in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy that cells of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardhi contain polypeptides cross-reactng with antibodies directed against red blood cell spectrin. The protein could also be detected by immunoprecipitation with anti-spectrin antibodies. C. reinhardtii cells contain distinct polypeptide chains reacting with antibodies directed against either α- or β- spectrin subunits. This protein was extracted from the cells with low ionic strength solution but was not with nonionic detergent.     

The role of spectrin in erythrocyte ghost endocytosis.

Endocytosis in white ghosts prepared from human erythrocytes was induced by three methods: incubation with Mg-ATP, incubation with 0.1 mM EDTA, and digestion with 20 nanograms (ng.) per ml. of trypsin. In each case the endocytic vacuoles that were produced when separated and analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were found to be depleted of spectrin. This observation suggested that a requirement for endocytosis is the establishment of spectrin-free domains in the membrane. This hypothesis was tested by pre-incubating ghosts with anti-spectrin antibodies. Pre-incubation with anti-spectrin antibody blocked white ghost endocytosis produced either by Mg-ATP, EDTA, or trypsin. Therefore, it is proposed that spectrin has a key role in the endocytosis process.     

A spectrin-like protein present on membranes of Amoeba proteus as studied with monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies against a spectrin-like membrane-associated protein of xD amoebae. (Amoeba proteus) were used to determine the distribution of the protein and some of its characteristics. A total of 34 monoclonal antibodies recognizing different epitopes of the protein were obtained, of which seven stained cell membranes by indirect immunofluorescence. The spectrin-like protein had two subtypes of 225 and 220 kDa and several monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with human erythrocyte spectrin when checked by indirect immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. Some of the antibodies also cross-reacted with antigens in HeLa cells and chick embryo fibroblasts. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against Drosophila and human erythrocyte spectrins cross-reacted with the spectrin-like protein from amoebae. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the protein is a spectrin. The protein was found on most cellular membranes of amoebae, including the plasma, nuclear, and phagosomal membranes, as well as symbiosome membranes.     

Proteins reacting with anti-spectrin antibodies are present in Chlamydomonas cells.

It was found either in Western-blot analysis or in indirect immunofluorescence microscopy that cells of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contain polypeptides cross-reacting with antibodies directed against red blood cell spectrin. The protein could also be detected by immunoprecipitation with anti-spectrin antibodies. C. reinhardtii cells contain distinct polypeptide chains reacting with antibodies directed against either α- or β-spectrin subunits. This protein was extracted from the cells with low ionic strength solution but was not with nonionic detergent.     

Spectrin band 1 and 2 are antigenically distinct and are not composed of subunits.

Human erythrocyte membranes and freshly isolated spectrin were separated into their constituent peptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peptides were electrophoresed from slices of such gels into agarose gels containing anti-spectrin antibodies and Triton X-100. In fresh preparations, precipitin arcs were observed only against peptides migrating as bands 1 and 2. It was found that bands 1 and 2 did not cross-react. There were two major arcs from band 1 and one principal arc from band 2, plus minor splitting of these arcs. None of the band 1 arcs fused with band 2 arcs. In fresh erythrocyte ghosts only bands 1 and 2 reacted with anti-spectrin; bands 2.1, 3, and 5, in particular, showed no precipitin arcs. However, in aged ghosts, arcs appeared in the band 3 region; in aged isolated spectrin, arcs appeared in the band 2.1 region; and in trypsin-degraded spectrin, reactive species occurred in all molecular weight classes. It is concluded that spectrin has no subunits smaller than 220,000 molecular weight and that bands 1 and 2 are immunochemically distinct.     

Immunolocalization of a spectrin-like protein (fodrin) in pancreatic acinar cells

A spectrin-like protein (fodrin) was localized in porcine pancreas using an immunoperoxidase procedure with antibodies raised against erythrocyte spectrin. Fodrin was primarily associated with the cell plasma membrane although some was also detectable in the cytoplasm of the acinar cells. The membrane labelling of the acinar cells was uneven such that the lateral and basal membranes were strongly labelled by anti-spectrin antibodies whereas the apical membranes were poorly labelled. The implications of the results to secretion and to the occurrence of specific membrane domains are discussed.     

Immunoprecipitation of nonerythrocyte spectrin within live cells following microinjection of specific antibodies: relation to cytoskeletal structures

The intracellular precipitation of nonerythrocyte spectrin has been achieved by the microinjection into cells of either a monoclonal antibody (IgM) directed against the alpha chain of nonerythrocyte spectrin or an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody raised against bovine brain spectrin (fodrin). This antibody-induced precipitation of spectrin was observed in fibroblastic and epithelial cell types, including embryonic bovine tracheal fibroblasts, a bovine kidney epithelial cell line (MDBK), Hela cells, gerbil fibroma cells, and fibroblast lines of human and mouse origins. The precipitation of the spectrin was specific and two proteins with a similar distribution to the nonerythrocyte spectrin were not induced to co-precipitate in the spectrin aggregates. Comparing the two types of antibody microinjected, the affinity-purified polyclonal antibody resulted in more compact aggregates of spectrin and these were frequently aligned with microfilament bundles. The rate at which the spectrin aggregates were cleared into presumptive lysosomes varied with different cell types: in some such as the bovine kidney epithelial cells, this appeared complete within 3 h after microinjection, whereas in some of the fibroblasts the spectrin aggregates were prominent in the cytoplasm at 24 and even 48 h after microinjection. Microfilament bundles appeared unaffected by the aggregation of spectrin. We conclude that the integrity of the actin microfilament bundles does not require nonerythrocyte spectrin and that most probably these structures are linked at their termini to the membrane through proteins other than nonerythrocyte spectrin. No effect of the intracellular spectrin precipitation was observed on cell shape, or on the distribution of coated vesicles or microtubules. The aggregation of the nonerythrocyte spectrin, however, did affect the distribution of the vimentin type of intermediate filaments in most of the cell types studied. These filaments became more distorted and condensed, but generally did not collapse around the nucleus as occurs following microtubule disruption induced by colchicine treatment. The clumped intermediate filaments were frequently seen to coincide with regions of aggregated spectrin. This aggregation of intermediate filaments was not induced by microinjection of irrelevant antibodies, nor was it induced by the monoclonal antibody against spectrin in cells with which it did not cross-react.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Spectrin-like proteins in plant nuclei

We analysed the presence and localization of spectrin-like proteins in nuclei of various plant tissues, using several anti-erythrocyte spectrin antibodies on isolated pea nuclei and nuclei in cells. Western blots of extracted purified pea nuclei show a cross-reactive pair of bands at 220-240 kDa, typical for human erythrocyte spectrin, and a prominent 60 kDa band. Immunolocalization by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals spectrin-like proteins in distinct spots equally distributed in the nucleoplasm and over the nuclear periphery, independent of the origin of the anti-spectrin antibodies used. In some nuclei tracks of spectrin-like proteins are also observed. No signal is present in nucleoli. The amount and intensity of signal increases when nuclei were extracted, successively, with detergents, DNase I and RNase A, and high salt, indicating that the spectrin-like protein is associated with the nuclear matrix. The labelling is similar in nuclei of various plant tissues. These data are the first that show the presence and localization of spectrin-like epitopes in plant nuclei, where they may stabilize specific interchromatin domains.     

Specificity of commercial anti-spectrin antibody in the study of fungal and Oomycete spectrin: cross-reaction with proteins other than spectrin

Spectrin was first described in erythrocytes where it forms a filamentous network in the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane and participates in the membrane's structural integrity in addition to controlling the lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins. In fungi, spectrin-like proteins have been described in the plasma membrane, concentrated mainly in the region of maximum apical expansion. This localization led to the idea of a spectrin based membrane skeleton in fungi participating in mechanical integrity of the plasma membrane, generating and maintaining cell polarity. The occurrence of spectrin-like proteins in filamentous fungi, yeasts and Oomycetes, however, is questionable since the presence of such proteins has only been demonstrated with immunochemical methods using antibodies whose specificity is unclear. There is no evidence of a gene coding for the high molecular weight alphabeta-spectrin in the genome of these organisms. Mass spectrometric analysis of the anti alphabeta-spectrin immunoreacting peptides from Neurospora crassa and Phytophthora infestans identified them as elongation factor 2 (NCU07700.4) and Hsp70 (PITG_13237.1), respectively. An attempt was made to correlate the reactivity of anti-spectrin antibody to a common feature of these three proteins i.e., spectrin, elongation factor 2 and heat shock protein 70, in that they all have a hydrophobic region implicated in chaperon activity.     

Associations of erythrocyte membrane proteins. Binding of purified bands 2.1 and 4.1 to spectrin

Specific associations of spectrin with Bands 2.1 and 4.1 have been examined by measuring the binding of purified 125I-Band 2.1 and 125I-Band 4.1 to [32P]spectrin in solution. Binding of Bands 2.1 and 4.1 to spectrin was measured as 125I radioactivity precipitated by an anti-spectrin.Staphylococcus aureus complex. The association between spectrin and Band 2.1 is characterized by relatively high affinity (Kd congruent to 10(-7) M at pH 7.6) and saturation of available binding sites at a molar ratio of 1:1 (Band 2.1/spectrin heterodimer). Band 4.1 binding to spectrin is characterized by a similar affinity (Kd congruent to 10(-7) M at pH 7.6) with saturation of available sites occurring at a stoichiometric ration of 2:1 (Band 4.1/spectrin heterodimer). Scatchard plots of Band 4.1 binding to spectrin are curvilinear and consistent with a positively cooperative interation. Bands 2.1 and 4.1 bind to different sites on the spectrin molecule: unlabeled Band 4.1 does not competitively displace 125 I-Band 2.1 from spectrin in solution, and low angle rotary-shadowed platinum-carbon replicas of these polypeptides reveal two discrete binding sites.     

Presence of spectrin in untreated friend erythroleukemic cells. Its accumulation upon treatment of the cells with dimethyl sulfoxide

Friend leukemia cells (FLC) are nucleated erythroid precursors, and are markedly stimulated towards more advanced stages of differentiation by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The presence of spectrin, an erythrocyte membrane protein, has been investigated in untreated and in DMSO-treated FLC by indirect immunofluorescence and by analysis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of low-ionic-strength cell extracts immuno-precipitated with a monospecific anti-spectrin serum. Spectrin is detectable in significant amounts in the “inducible” clones prior to DMSO stimulation, and accumulates 4- to 5-fold upon addition of this compound to the cultures. Spectrin accumulation occurs rather early (24 hours after cell seeding) and reaches its peak on the third day, to decline thereafter. Semiquantitative determinations of spectrin amounts present in DMSO-stimulated 745A and A°1 cells on the third day after treatment were 2.4 × 10⁵ and 3.0 × 10⁵ molecules/cell, respectively. Spectrin is also detectable in very low amounts in an “uninducible” line of FLC, and is not accumulated upon DMSO treatment thereof, whereas treatment with hemin does cause a significant increase of spectrin-positive cells. These data indicate that spectrin is a convenient “early” marker for in vitro studies of erythropoiesis.     

Identification of spectrin-related peptides associated with the reticulocyte heme-controlled alpha subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2 kinase and of Mr 95,000 peptide that appears to be the catalytic subunit

An isolation procedure for the reticulocyte heme-controlled alpha subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha) kinase is described which yields different fractions with kinase activity. Each is associated with a different spectrin-related peptide as identified by anti-spectrin monoclonal antibodies. The most abundant of these peptides is the Mr 90,000 species characterized previously (Kudlicki, W., Fullilove, S., Kramer, G., and Hardesty, B. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 5332-5336). Association with the spectrin-related peptides appears to account for the heterogeneity of the enzyme during its isolation and for its highly asymmetric structure. Isolated alpha or beta spectrin subunits as well as the separated homogeneous Mr 90,000 peptide cause an increase in the initial rate of eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation that is related to a decrease in Km with little or no effect on Vmax for the phosphorylation reaction. Fractionation of highly purified eIF-2 alpha kinase preparations using affinity chromatography on monoclonal anti-spectrin antibodies has separated eIF-2 alpha kinase activity from the Mr 100,000 phosphopeptide which copurifies with the kinase during all other purification steps. A Mr 95,000 peptide, detectable only by photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido-[alpha 32P]ATP, is shown to be distinct from the Mr 100,000 phosphopeptide and appears to be the catalytic subunit of the eIF-2 alpha kinase.     

A spectrin-like protein in retinal rod outer segments

Biochemical and immunochemical studies indicate that rod outer segments (ROS) of bovine photoreceptor cells contain a Mr 240,000 polypeptide related to the alpha-subunit of red blood cell (RBC) spectrin. With the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in conjunction with the immunoblotting technique, monoclonal antibody 4B2 was found to bind to a Mr 240,000 polypeptide in ROS that is distinct from the prominent Mr 220,000 concanavalin A binding glycoprotein. The Mr 240,000 polypeptide is highly susceptible to degradation by endogenous proteases. It does not appear to be an integral membrane protein but is tightly membrane associated since it can be partially extracted from ROS membranes with urea in the absence of detergent. The 4B2 antibody cross-reacted with RBC ghosts and bovine brain microsomal membranes. Radioimmune assays and immunoblotting analysis of purified bovine RBC spectrin further revealed that the 4B2 antibody predominantly labeled the alpha-chain of RBC spectrin having an apparent molecular weight of 240,000. Polyclonal anti-spectrin antibody that bound to both the alpha- and beta-chain of RBC spectrin predominantly labeled a Mr 240,000 polypeptide of ROS membranes. Two faintly labeled bands in the molecular weight range of 210,000-220,000 were also observed. These components may represent variants of the beta-chain of spectrin that are weakly cross-reacting or present in smaller quantities than the alpha-chain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Involvement of erythrocyte skeletal proteins in the modulation of membrane fluidity by phenothiazines

The effects of phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, chlorpromazine sulfoxide, and trifluoperazine) and antimitotic drugs (colchicine and vinblastine) on the erythrocyte membrane have been investigated. Chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine induced a dose-dependent increase in the freedom of motion of stearic acid spin-labels bound to both intact erythrocytes and ghosts, but did not affect the freedom of motion of stearic acids bound to vesicles depleted of spectrin and actin or of ghosts resealed with anti-spectrin antibodies. Further, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine were able to eliminate a protein 4.1 dependent membrane thermal transition detected by stearic acid spin-labels at 8.5 +/- 1.5 degrees C. Antimitotic drugs and chlorpromazine sulfoxide did not change either the freedom of motion of stearic acid spin-labels or the 8.5 degrees C membrane thermal transition. Results indicate the involvement of skeletal proteins as possible membrane target sites of biologically active phenothiazines and suggest that the control of stearic acid spin-label freedom of motion is mediated by the spectrin-actin network and the proteins that link the skeletal network to the membrane.     

Purification of a high molecular weight actin filament gelation protein from Acanthamoeba that shares antigenic determinants with vertebrate spectrins

I have purified a high molecular weight actin filament gelation protein (GP-260) from Acanthamoeba castellanii, and found by immunological cross-reactivity that it is related to vertebrate spectrins, but not to two other high molecular weight actin-binding proteins, filamin or the microtubule-associated protein, MAP-2. GP-260 was purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, selective precipitation with actin and myosin-II, chromatography on hydroxylapatite in 0.6 M Kl, and selective precipitation at low ionic strength. The yield was 1-2 micrograms/g cells. GP-260 had the same electrophoretic mobility in SDS as the 260,000-mol-wt alpha-chain of spectrin from pig erythrocytes and brain. Electron micrographs of GP-260 shadowed on mica showed slender rod-shaped particles 80-110 nm long. GP-260 raised the low shear apparent viscosity of solutions of Acanthamoeba actin filaments and, at 100 micrograms/ml, formed a gel with a 8 microM actin. Purified antibodies to GP-260 reacted with both 260,000- and 240,000-mol-wt polypeptides in samples of whole ameba proteins separated by gel electrophoresis in SDS, but only the 260,000-mol-wt polypeptide was extracted from the cell with 0.34 M sucrose and purified in this study. These antibodies to GP-260 also reacted with purified spectrin from pig brain and erythrocytes, and antibodies to human erythrocyte spectrin bound to GP-260 and the 240,000-mol-wt polypeptide present in the whole ameba. The antibodies to GP-260 did not bind to chicken gizzard filamin or pig brain MAP-2, but they did react with high molecular weight polypeptides from man, a marsupial, a fish, a clam, a myxomycete, and two other amebas. Fluorescent antibody staining with purified antibodies to GP-260 showed that it is concentrated near the plasma membrane in the ameba.     

Suppression of high-pressure-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes by preincubation at 49 degrees C.

When human erythrocytes were preincubated at 37-52 degrees C under atmospheric pressure before exposure to a pressure of 200 MPa at 37 degrees C, the value of hemolysis was constant (about 43%) up to 45 degrees C but became minimal at 49 degrees C. The results from anti-spectrin antibody-entrapped red ghosts, spectrin-free vesicles, and N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide-labeled ghosts suggest that the denaturation of spectrin is associated with such behavior of hemolysis at 49 degrees C. The vesicles released at 200 MPa by 49 degrees C-preincubated erythrocytes were smaller than those released by the treatment at 49 degrees C or 200 MPa alone. The size of vesicles released at 200 MPa was independent of preincubation temperature up to 45 degrees C, and the vesicles released from 49 degrees C-preincubated erythrocytes became smaller with increasing pressure up to 200 MPa. Thus, hemolysis and vesiculation under high pressure are greatly affected by the conformation of spectrin before compression. Since spectrin remains intact up to 45 degrees C, the compression of erythrocytes at 200 MPa induces structural changes of spectrin followed by the release of large vesicles and hemolysis. On the other hand, in erythrocytes that are undergoing vesiculation due to spectrin denaturation at 49 degrees C, compression produces smaller vesicles, so that the hemolysis is suppressed.     

Identification of a spectrin-like protein in Sertoli cells

Sertoli cells prepared from rats ages 15 and 25 days were shown to contain a spectrin-like protein. Indirect immunofluorescence with monospecific antimouse erythrocyte immunoglobulin G (IgG) and with monospecific antimouse brain spectrin IgG revealed specific staining in Sertoli cells. Both antibodies precipitated two spectrin-like peptides of 240,000 and 235,000 daltons from cells solubilized with octyl glucoside. Proteins from Sertoli cell membranes were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Incubation of nitrocellulose membrane with either of the two antibodies, followed by horseradish peroxidase conjugated to second antibody, revealed only the larger, or alpha, spectrin subunit (Western blots). Both antibodies were used to provide immunoautoradiographic identification of the spectrin-like protein. In this procedure, spectrin and Sertoli cell membranes were shown to compete with [125I]-labeled spectrin from mouse erythrocytes for binding to antimouse erythrocyte spectrin IgG. Finally, two-dimensional proteolytic mapping of the 240,000- and 235,000-dalton peptides demonstrated limited spot homology with rat erythrocyte spectrin. However, subcellular fractions from Sertoli cells all contained a spectrin-like protein showing high homology from fraction to fraction. It is concluded that Sertoli cells contain a spectrin-like protein that is seen in cell fractions prepared by centrifugation, i.e., mitochondria, microsomes, nuclei, cytoplasm, and plasma membranes. Although homology with spectrin from erythrocytes or brain is not seen in peptide maps, the alpha subunit shares antigenic determinants with spectrin from erythrocytes. The beta subunit is believed to be precipitated by antispectrin as the result of binding to the alpha subunit, since the beta subunit shows no detectable antigenic homology with that of spectrin.     

Similarities between the Mr 245,000 calmodulin-binding protein of the dogfish erythrocyte cytoskeleton and alpha-fodrin

The Mr 245,000 calmodulin-binding protein of the dogfish erythrocyte cytoskeleton (D245) has been compared with human erythrocyte spectrin and mammalian brain fodrin [J. Levine and M. Willard (1981) J. Cell Biol. 90, 631-643]. Mammalian erythrocyte alpha-spectrin, brain alpha-fodrin, and D245 are all localized in the cell surface-associated cytoskeleton, and have similar molecular weights. Like mammalian erythrocyte spectrin, D245 was extracted from erythrocyte ghosts under low-ionic-strength conditions. However, D245 failed to bind an antibody which reacted strongly with both subunits of human erythrocyte spectrin. Unlike mammalian erythrocyte alpha- and beta-spectrin, D245 bound calmodulin in the absence of urea both in a "gel-binding" assay and in situ using azidocalmodulin [D.C. Bartelt, R.K. Carlin, G.A. Scheele, and W.D. Cohen (1982) J. Cell Biol. 95, 278-284]. Striking similarities were noted between D245 and alpha-fodrin in that both exhibited (a) comparable calcium-dependent calmodulin binding properties, (b) strong reactivity with two different anti-fodrin antibody preparations, (c) similar reactivity with antibody to brain CBP-I, now believed to be fodrin, (d) proteolytic degradation yielding an Mr 150,000 calmodulin-binding fragment, and (e) lack of reactivity with an anti-spectrin antibody. A protein with calmodulin-binding and anti-fodrin-binding properties similar to D245 was detected in cytoskeletal preparations of chicken erythrocytes. Moderate and consistent cross-reactivity of anti-fodrin with human erythrocyte alpha-spectrin was also observed. The data indicate that D245 is functionally and immunologically more closely related to alpha-fodrin than to alpha-spectrin of the mammalian erythrocyte.     

THE LOCALIZATION OF SPECTRIN ON THE INNER SURFACE OF HUMAN RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANES BY FERRITIN-CONJUGATED ANTIBODIES

Spectrin, a major protein constituent of mammalian red blood cell membrane preparations, has been localized on the inner surface of human red blood cell membranes by techniques that utilized specific ferritin-conjugated antibodies and fixation of membranes shortly after hemolysis so as to allow penetration of the ferritin-antibody labels. The labeling of spectrin was shown to be specific by the following criteria. (a) Nonhomologous ferritin-conjugated antibodies did not specifically bind to either membrane surface. (b) Blocking the membrane-bound spectrin with excess unconjugated antispectrin antibodies prevented ferritin-antibody labeling. (c) Removal of spectrin by treating the membrane preparation with a low ionic strength buffer containing ethylenediaminetetraacetate and β-mercaptoethanol prevented labeling by specific ferritin-conjugated antibodies.