不同产地和品种桑叶游离氨基酸主成分分析及综合评价CSCD

研究重庆市3个品种共17种不同产地桑叶水提液中游离氨基酸组成及含量,为本地区桑叶的开发利用提供理论基础。以桑、华桑、鸡桑3个品种不同采样地区的样品为原材料,模拟桑叶茶冲泡方式获得水提液,用HPLC荧光法测定其游离氨基酸含量并计算18种游离氨基酸的味道强度值(taste activity value,TAV),通过相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法综合评价不同品种和产地桑叶营养成分和风味特征。研究结果显示,不同品种、不同产地桑叶氨基酸种类无明显差别,但氨基酸含量存在差异,可测得最高总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸含量分别为1927.33 mg/100g、322.6 mg/100g、46.17 mg/100g和1558.56 mg/100g;桑叶氨基酸风味特征表现为甜味氨基酸>鲜味氨基酸>苦味氨基酸;聚类分析将17个样品分为2类,重庆市巴南区安澜镇鸡桑(S15)、华桑(S7)两个品种的氨基酸品质高。综上所述,桑叶中氨基酸含量丰富,具有较高的营养价值,可开发氨基酸类功能性食品。     

姜黄根茎中姜黄素类成分含量的产地差异及其与环境因子的CCA分析

采用HPLC法对产自四川崇州和犍为、广东四会、广西玉林和博白及金秀、云南马关的姜黄(Curcuma longaL.)根茎中姜黄素类成分含量进行测定,并利用典范对应分析方法(CCA)研究了不同产地姜黄根茎中姜黄素类成分含量与地理-气候因子及根际土壤养分因子间的相关性。结果表明:不同产地根际土壤中有机质、全N、全P和全K含量分别为14.03～32.79、0.39～0.92、0.56～1.55和2.29～9.23 g.kg-1,根际土壤养分含量差异较明显;姜黄多生长在中性偏酸、水肥性能良好的土壤中。姜黄根茎中姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素和双去甲氧基姜黄素含量及姜黄素类成分总含量的平均值分别为1.53%、0.42%、0.67%和2.61%;不同产地姜黄根茎中姜黄素类成分含量有显著差异,且同一产地采自不同采样点及不同采样时间的样品姜黄素类成分的含量也有一定差异。姜黄素类成分总含量以广西博白产姜黄根茎最高(4.29%)、广东四会产姜黄根茎最低(1.73%)。CCA分析结果表明:在经度、纬度、海拔、年均气温、极端最高温、极端最低温、年降水量、日照时数和无霜期等地理-气候因子中,年均气温和极端最低温与姜黄素类成分含量极显著正相关;而在pH值及有机质、全N、全P、全K含量等根际土壤养分因子中,有机质含量与姜黄素类成分含量极显著正相关。分析结果显示:影响姜黄根茎中姜黄素类成分含量的主要环境因子是年均气温、极端最低温和根际土壤的有机质含量。     

不同来源牡丹皮总黄酮含量分析

通过单因素试验、响应面分析法优化牡丹根皮的总黄酮提取工艺,并用紫外分光光度法测定不同产地野生和栽培牡丹皮总黄酮含量。结果显示,最佳工艺为料液比1:50 (g/mL),乙醇浓度50%,提取温度64 ℃,超声时间65 min,陕西商洛和陕西略阳产野生牡丹皮的总黄酮含量最高达64.035 mg·g-1,云南昆明栽培牡丹皮总黄酮含量最低,仅30.439 mg·g-1。     

盾叶薯蓣根状茎中钙、锌及六磷酸肌醇含量的动态变化

钙、锌和六磷酸肌醇的含量是反映农作物营养价值的重要指标.以两年生盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright) 植株根状茎为材料,对其在不同生长时期的钙、锌以及六磷酸肌醇含量进行测定并对其相互关系进行了分析. 结果表明: 盾叶薯蓣根状茎中钙的平均含量为424.24 mg/100 g干重;锌的平均含量为12.73 mg/100 g干重;六磷酸肌醇的平均含量为4460.19 mg/100 g干重;六磷酸肌醇对钙和锌的吸收有影响.盾叶薯蓣根状茎的淀粉平均含量为32.84 g/100 g干重;最大还原力为0.931,最大自由基清除效应为22.83%,表明其有一定的抗氧化能力.这些结果表明盾叶薯蓣根状茎具有一定的营养价值和保健价值.     

闽产李果实氨基酸组成及其营养分析

为了弄清不同闽产李（Prunus salicina）果实氨基酸含量、组成及营养价值,采用氨基酸自动分析仪 对不同李果实样品中各种氨基酸的含量进行检测,并对其组成进行比较分析。结果表明,李果实含有18种蛋白质氨基酸和3种非蛋白质氨基酸。田黄李的牛磺酸含量与蛋白质氨基酸含量均最高分别为26.54 mg/100 g和496.14 mg/100 g;皇后李的鸟氨酸、药用氨基酸、酸味氨基酸含量以及特殊功效蛋白质氨基酸的比重均最高分别为0.36 mg/100 g、364.67 mg/100 g、298.28 mg/100 g和73.45%;早熟胭脂李的γ-氨基丁酸含量最高为7.98 mg/100 g;大胭脂李的支链氨基酸含量最高为46.77 mg/100 g。李果实中氨基酸种类齐全、含量存在一定的差异,可根据不同的开发利用目标选择合适的品种。     

不同产地姜黄属植物中姜黄素类成分及矿质元素分析

以福建泉州地区种植的12个姜黄(Curcuma longa)和莪术(Curcuma zedoaria)种质的成熟根茎为试材, 采用正交设计法优化姜黄素(CCM)、单脱甲氧基姜黄素(DMC)和双脱甲氧基姜黄素(BDMC)的提取工艺条件, 比较不同产地姜黄属种质的3种姜黄素类化合物和16种矿质元素的含量。结果表明, 姜黄素类化合物提取工艺为: 100%甲醇, 1:5 (g·mL^-1)固液比, 超声提取2分钟, 提取率达到最高值。CCM、DMC和BDMC的最大吸收波长分别为424、418及414 nm; 回归方程分别为Y=0.170 3X+0.024 3 (CCM), Y=0.173 8X+0.041 (DMC), Y=0.140 6X+0.051 4 (BDMC)。GY03种质中CCM、DMC和BDMC含量分别为1.23%、1.22%与1.50%, 总姜黄素类含量最高, 达3.95%; GY01种质的总姜黄素次之(为3.82%); GY03和GY01可在栽培地推广种植; 12个姜黄属种质的16种矿质元素中, 以Mg、Mn、Al、Fe和Zn含量较为丰富。     

不同产地姜黄属植物中姜黄素类成分及矿质元素分析

以福建泉州地区种植的12个姜黄(Curcuma longa)和莪术(Curcuma zedoaria)种质的成熟根茎为试材, 采用正交设计法优化姜黄素(CCM)、单脱甲氧基姜黄素(DMC)和双脱甲氧基姜黄素(BDMC)的提取工艺条件, 比较不同产地姜黄属种质的3种姜黄素类化合物和16种矿质元素的含量。结果表明, 姜黄素类化合物提取工艺为: 100%甲醇, 1:5 (g·mL^-1)固液比, 超声提取2分钟, 提取率达到最高值。CCM、DMC和BDMC的最大吸收波长分别为424、418及414 nm; 回归方程分别为Y=0.170 3X+0.024 3 (CCM), Y=0.173 8X+0.041 (DMC), Y=0.140 6X+0.051 4 (BDMC)。GY03种质中CCM、DMC和BDMC含量分别为1.23%、1.22%与1.50%, 总姜黄素类含量最高, 达3.95%; GY01种质的总姜黄素次之(为3.82%); GY03和GY01可在栽培地推广种植; 12个姜黄属种质的16种矿质元素中, 以Mg、Mn、Al、Fe和Zn含量较为丰富。     

产纤维素酶黏细菌在生物转化的作用

目的:预处理对木质纤维素降解的影响.方法:从土壤中分离筛选到高纤维素酶活的黏细菌菌株So ce sh1008.该菌具有CMC酶活(CMCase)及微晶纤维素酶活性.研究NaOH联合黏细菌降解盐蒿、稻草、棉花秸秆和甘蔗渣四种木质纤维素的情况.结果:碱(2％ NaOH) -黏细菌处理的方法优于黏细菌-碱的方法,其中降解棉花秸秆降解效果最明显,以5.0g木质纤维素为原料,其最终干重损失达2.1g,溶液中总糖含量和还原糖含量均值分别为12.8 mg/mL和0.93 mg/mL.酵母菌发酵产乙醇的研究结果表明,最佳发酵时间为47h,碱-黏细菌甘蔗渣降解液发酵效果最好,乙醇产出达6.0％.结论:黏细菌联合2％ NaOH能有效降解甘蔗渣,提高乙醇产量.     

HPLC法测定不同品种不同产地菊芋叶片中绿原酸的含量

为建立同时测定大丰地区3个菊芋品种及大庆地区2个菊芋品种叶片绿原酸含量的方法,采用高效液相色谱法对不同品种不同产地菊芋叶片中绿原酸含量进行测定。结果表明:1)在检测条件流动相为1%磷酸溶液、乙腈(87∶13)、流速1 mL/min和检测波长327 nm时,绿原酸在0.01～0.1 mg/mL呈良好的线性关系,精密度良好,平均回收率为98.21%,RSD=0.68%;2)大丰地区南芋1号、青芋2号、南芋10号叶片中绿原酸含量分别为干重的0.431%、0.040%和0.933%;3)大庆地区南芋1号、南芋9号叶片中绿原酸含量分别为干重的1.245%、2.139%。研究结果表明菊芋叶片中绿原酸含量在不同品种不同生态区域间有差异,HPLC方法简便、快速、准确,可用于菊芋叶片中绿原酸含量的测定。     

野生湖南山核桃的营养成分研究

对野生湖南山核桃果仁的油脂及其组分、总糖、蛋白质及其氨基酸组成、维生素E、维生素B1、钙、铁、锌、铜、钼等元素含量进行分析.果仁中粗脂肪、总糖、粗蛋白质、维生素E、维生素B1的含量分别为56.57%、3.51%、8.18%、3.06 mg/100 g和1.19 mg/100 g;钙、铁、锌、铜、钼元素含量的含量分别为114.6 mg/100 g、3.26 mg/100g、5.14 mg/100g、1.69 mg/100g和0.12 mg/100g.果仁的脂肪主要由软脂酸、油酸,亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸组成,其含量分别为6.41%,71.80%,19.28%,1.82%和0.69%;果仁中蛋白质氨基酸有16种,其中9种人体必需氨基酸都含有.     

Curcumin alleviates acute kidney injury in a dry‐heat environment by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in a rat model

Curcumin exhibits anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. We investigated the protective effects of curcumin in a renal injury rat model under dry‐heat conditions. We divided Sprague‐Dawley rats into four groups: dry‐heat 0‐ (normal temperature control group), 50‐, 100‐, and 150‐minute groups. Each group was divided into five subgroups (n = 10): normal saline (NS), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa), and curcumin pretreated low, medium, and high‐dose (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively) groups. Compared to the normal temperature group, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinary kidney injury molecule‐1, and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated load changes in lipoprotein (NGAL) levels were significantly increased in the dry‐heat environment group (P < .05); inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression and malondialdehyde (MDA) and related inflammatory factor levels were increased in the kidney tissue. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were decreased. However, following all curcumin pretreatment, the serum levels of kidney injury indicators and NGAL were decreased in the urine compared to those in the NS and CMCNa groups (P < .05), whereas renal SOD and CAT activities were increased and MDA was decreased (P < .05). Renal tissues of the 150‐minute group showed obvious pathological changes. Compared to the NS group, pathological changes in the renal tissues of the 100‐ and 200‐mg/kg curcumin groups were significantly reduced. Furthermore, iNOS and COX‐2 expression and inflammatory factor levels were decreased after curcumin treatment. Curcumin exerted renoprotective effects that were likely mediated by its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects in a dry‐heat environment rat model.     

Curcumin treatment modulates collagen metabolism in isoprot3erenol induced myoxardial necrosis in rats

This study was carried out to evaluate whether curcumin, a potent antioxidant, had any specific role in the synthesis and degradation of collagen in rat heart with mocardial necrosis, induced by isoproterenol.HCI (ISO). Myocardial necrosis was induced by administration of ISO (30 mg/100 g body weight subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 h) and studies on collagen metabolism were carried out with curcumin (200 mg/kg) pre-and co-treatment with ISO. The incorporation of ₁₄C-proline into collagen was studied as an index of collagen synthesis. The heart weight /body weight ratio,heart RNA/DNA ratio and protein were found to increase significantly in ISO administered animals. Curcumin pre- and co-treatment with ISO reversed these changes and attenuated the development of cardiac hypertrophy two weeks after the second dose of ISO. Increased fractional synthesis rate and enhanced degradation of newly synthesized collagen were observed in ISO administered animals. Curcumin pre- and co-treatment with ISO was noticed to decrease the degree of degradation of the existing collagen matrix and collagen synthesis, two weeks after the second dose of ISO. The observed effects could be due to free radical scavenging capacity and inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release by curcumin.     

Antimutagenic potential of curcumin on chromosomal aberrations in Wistar rats

Curcumin, a yellow pigment commonly used as a spice and food coloring agent is obtained from rhizomes of Curcuma longa and is a major chemopreventive component of turmeric. In the present set of investigations the antimutagenic potential of curcumin has been evaluated using in vivo chromosomal aberration assay in Wistar rats. Cyclophosphamide (CP), a well-known mutagen was given by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at the dose of 40 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Curcumin was given at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. through gastric intubation for seven consecutive days prior to CP treatment. The animals were sacrificed at the sampling time of 24 h after treatment and their bone marrow tissue was analyzed for chromosomal damage and mitotic index. In CP treated animals a significant induction of chromosomal aberration was recorded with decrease in mitotic index. However, in curcumin-supplemented animals, no significant induction in chromosomal damage or change in mitotic index was recorded. In different curcumin-supplemented groups, a dose dependent significant decrease in CP induced clastogenicity was recorded. The incidence of aberrant cells was found to be reduced by both the doses of curcumin when compared to CP treated group. The anticytotoxic potential of curcumin towards CP was also evident as the status of mitotic index was found to show increment. The study revealed the antigenotoxic potential of curcumin against CP induced chromosomal mutations.     

Curcumin ameliorates doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity by abrogation of inflammation,apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage,and protein oxidation in rats

Doxorubicin (DXR) is a highly effective drug for chemotherapy. However, cardiotoxicity reduces its clinical utility in humans. The present study aimed to assess the ameliorative effect of curcumin against DXR‐induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Rats were subjected to oral treatment of curcumin (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. Cardiotoxicity was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of DXR (40 mg/kg body weight) on the 5th day and the rats sacrificed on 8th day. Curcumin ameliorated DXR‐induced lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, decrease in antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) enzyme activities, and cardiac toxicity markers (CK‐MB, LDH, and cTn‐I). Curcumin also attenuated activities of Caspase‐3, cyclooxygenase‐2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and levels of nuclear factor kappa‐B, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐1β, and cardiac tissue damages that were induced by DXR. Moreover, curcumin decreased the expression of 8‐OHdG and 3,3′‐dityrosine. This study demonstrated that curcumin has a multi‐cardioprotective effect due to its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.     

Nanoparticles Containing Curcumin Useful for Suppressing Macrophages In Vivo in Mice

To explore a novel method using liposomes to suppress macrophages, we screened food constituents through cell culture assays. Curcumin was one of the strongest compounds exhibiting suppressive effects on macrophages. We subsequently tried various methods to prepare liposomal curcumin, and eventually succeeded in preparing liposomes with sufficient amounts of curcumin to suppress macrophages by incorporating a complex of curcumin and bovine serum albumin. The diameter of the resultant nanoparticles, the liposomes containing curcumin, ranged from 60 to 100 nm. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that after intraperitoneal administration of the liposomes containing curcumin into mice, these were incorporated mainly by macrophages positive for F4/80, CD36, and CD11b antigens. Peritoneal cells prepared from mice injected in vivo with the liposomes containing curcumin apparently decreased interleukin-6-producing activities. Major changes in body weight and survival rates in the mice were not observed after administrating the liposomes containing curcumin. These results indicate that the liposomes containing curcumin are safe and useful for the selective suppression of macrophages in vivo in mice.     

One-step synthesis of biodegradable curcumin-derived hydrogels as potential soft tissue fillers after breast cancer surgery

A one-step synthesis of a curcumin-derived hydrogel (curcumin content of 25-75 mol %) is reported. Curcumin is incorporated into the hydrogel backbone and cross-linked through biodegradable carbonate linkages. Curcumin as a part of the polymer backbone is protected from oxidation and degradation, while hydrogel hydrolysis results in the release of active curcumin. Nontoxic poly(ethylene glycol) and desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine ethyl ester are used to tune the hydrophilic/hydrophobic hydrogel properties. In this way, hydrogels with a wide range of physical properties including water-uptake (100-550%) and compression moduli (7-100 kPa) were obtained. Curcumin release is swelling-controlled and could be extended to 80 days. In vitro, curcumin-derived hydrogels showed selective cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 (IC(50) 9 μM) breast cancer cells but no cytotoxicity to noncancerous quiescent human dermal fibroblasts even at high curcumin concentrations (160 μM). One possible application of these curcumin-derived hydrogels is as soft tissue filler after surgical removal of cancerous tissue.     

Effects of curcumin on methyl methanesulfonate damage to mouse kidney

Methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) is an alkylating agent that may react with DNA and damage it. We investigated histological changes and apoptosis caused by MMS and the effects of curcumin on MMS treated mouse kidneys. Twenty-four mice were divided into four equal groups: controls injected with saline, a group injected with 40 mg/kg MMS, a group injected with 40 mg/kg MMS and given 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage, and a group given 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage. MMS caused congestion and vacuole formation, and elevated the apoptotic index significantly, but had no other effect on kidney tissue. Curcumin improved the congestion and vacuole formation caused by MMS and decreased the apoptotic index. Curcumin administered with MMS appears to decrease the deleterious effects of MMS on the kidney.     

Effect of curcumin on atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice.

It is widely appreciated that inflammation and oxidant stress contribute to atherogenesis. Curcumin, a polyphenolic natural compound has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions. We hypothesized that curcumin could inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in the apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice fed with Western diet (21% fat, 0.15% cholesterol w/w, without cholic acid). Curcumin (purity>or=98%), premixed with diet, was given for 4 months at a dose of 0.3 mg/ per day/ per mouse. In this model curcumin inhibited atherogenesis, measured both by "en face" method (25,15+/-2,9% vs. 19,2+/-0,6%, p<0,05) and "cross-section" method (565867+/-39764 microm2 vs. 299201+/-20373 microm2, p<0,05). Importantly, curcumin influenced neither the concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood nor animal body weight. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows the anti-atherogenic effect of low dose of curcumin in fine model of atherosclerosis: gene-targeted apoE/LDLR-double knockout mice.