土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量及加工品质的影响

研究了基础土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量变化及加工品质的影响。结果表明,高肥力土壤栽培的小麦比低肥力土壤栽培的小麦,其籽粒蛋白质及各组分含量都显著提高,但清蛋白和球蛋白占总蛋白含量的比例为低肥力土壤高于高肥力土壤,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白为高肥力土壤高低肥力土壤;低肥力土壤栽培的小麦籽粒醇溶蛋白开始形成的时间比高肥力的早,高肥力土壤栽培小麦的籽粒醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量的提高主要源于灌浆后期合成的快,高肥力土壤垢小麦湿面筋含量,沉降值,吸水率,面团形成时间,稳定时间,断裂时间和评价值均显著或极显著高于或长于低肥力的。     

土壤紧实度变化对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

以济南17(强筋品种)、烟农15(中筋品种)、鲁麦22(弱筋品种)为供试品种,设置人为碾压和不碾压2种处理,研究了土壤紧实度(以土壤容重表示)变化对不同类型小麦品种的籽粒产量和加工品质的影响。结果表明,随着土壤紧实度提高,3个品种的分蘖成穗率均显著降低,从而导致单位面积穗数和籽粒产量降低。3个品种相比较分蘖成穗率低的鲁麦22籽粒产量降幅最大。相关品质指标测定结果显示,提高土壤紧实度,对3个品种的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和吸水率均无显著影响,但济南17的面筋指数明显降低,面团断裂时间和面团稳定时间显著缩短,单位重量面粉烘焙所得的面包体积变小,而烟农15和鲁麦22受影响较小。其原因可能与土壤紧实度提高条件下济南17籽粒中谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比例和谷蛋白大聚体含量降低有关。将济南17面团流变学特性年际间变化幅度与紧实度变化的处理效应相比较发现,土壤紧实度是影响强筋小麦品种品质性状稳定性的重要因素之一。     

富硒营养液喷施量对春小麦产量和品质的影响

为避免过量施硒产生叶片损伤,实现籽实富硒并降低成本,必须选择合适的富硒营养液喷施量。本研究在内蒙古春小麦产区开展富硒营养液叶面喷施量对"宁春4号"小麦产量和面粉品质影响的田间试验,结果发现:朵日纳营养液最佳喷施量为7500 mL·hm^-2(硒施用量61.5 g·hm^-2),相比对照,"宁春4号"产量显著提高11.8%(达600 kg·hm^-2);面粉中的硒含量上升6.6倍,达0.66 mg·kg^-1,同时,面粉中锌和蛋白质含量分别提高5.4%和12.4%。研究结果确定了朵日纳营养液应用于小麦的合适喷施量,对其推广应用和支撑地区富硒产业发展具有重要意义。     

喷施脱水剂对不同熟期夏玉米脱水特性和籽粒品质的影响

目前,我国种植的夏玉米品种收获时籽粒含水率过高,限制了玉米机械粒收技术的发展。喷施脱水剂可以调控作物籽粒灌浆生理过程,降低收获时的籽粒含水率。本试验研究了喷施脱水剂对不同熟期夏玉米品种脱水过程、收获期籽粒含水率和籽粒品质的调控作用。结果表明: 喷施脱水剂减少了玉米各器官的干物质积累量,促进了植株向籽粒中的干物质转移,提高了收获指数,而且对籽粒品质没有显著影响。相关性分析显示,籽粒脱水速率与各器官脱水速率呈正相关,喷施脱水剂后籽粒脱水速率与茎鞘脱水速率呈极显著正相关。喷施脱水剂在产量没有显著降低的前提下提高了总脱水速率,缩短了开花期至生理成熟期的时间,增加了生理成熟期到收获的时间,有利于后期籽粒含水率的进一步降低,为玉米机械粒收提供了更大的可能性。不同熟期夏玉米品种喷施脱水剂进行机械粒收的经济效益与机械穗收相比没有显著差异,中晚熟品种的经济效益高于早熟品种。因此,收获前合理喷施脱水剂可以作为玉米机收籽粒的一种可行性配套技术。     

糯玉米籽粒的生长发育和品质变化

国内外对糯玉米的研究较少。我们在1938～1989两年中,以本所新选育的糯玉米杂交种为试材,对其籽粒发育过程中的鲜重、体积、干重淀粉、可溶性糖,蛋白质、赖氨酸和维生素B_2的变化,进行了系统检测。现报道如下。     

氮磷水平与气象条件对春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态的影响

以3个品质类型春小麦品种的施肥和播期试验为基础,通过建立籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态的拟合方程,定量揭示籽粒蛋白质含量形成动态及氮磷肥与气象条件的影响效应。结果表明,灌浆期籽粒蛋白质含量随时间动态变化的普遍规律符合一元三次多项式曲线,即呈自开花始先降低后升高的单谷曲线变化。氮磷肥与气象条件的影响及基因型差异通过方程特征量而体现。氮水平增加,高蛋白品种蛋白质含量增加,动态曲线谷值和峰值均明显提高且出现时间分别提前和推后。磷水平增加,高蛋白强筋品种蛋白质含量降低,高蛋白中筋品种则增加;高蛋白品种谷值和峰值均提高且出现时间推迟。低蛋白品种蛋白质含量随氮磷肥变化不明显且幅度很小。在没有水分胁迫的情况下,光温互作是影响籽粒蛋白质含量动态形成的首要因子,其次为降水;而气温日较差则为最敏感因子。较高光温条件互作前提下,增加灌浆期温度日较差使高蛋白品种蛋白质含量提高,低蛋白品种则降低。高蛋白相比于低蛋白品种更易受氮磷水平和气象条件影响。     

氮磷水平和播期对春小麦籽粒灌浆期降落数值动态变化的影响

利用不同品质类型春小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种在大田条件下研究了灌浆期籽粒降落数值动态变化规律以及氮磷肥与播期的影响效应。结果表明,开花15 d至成熟期间,籽粒降落数值呈先升后降的单峰曲线变化,并推知α_淀粉酶活性(液化值)呈先降后升的单谷曲线变化。在富钾情况下,氮素增施,高蛋白强筋品种降落数值增加,动态曲线峰值上升且出现时间推迟,而高蛋白中筋和低蛋白弱筋品种降落数值则降低,峰值下降且出现时间提前。磷素增施,各基因型品种降落数值均降低;动态曲线峰值、谷值及出现时间因基因型呈不同变化。氮磷(钾)素平衡配施是形成较高降落数值(较低α_淀粉酶活性)的关键。在无水分胁迫情况下,光温互作是影响各基因型籽粒降落数值动态形成的首要条件,其次为降水;且在光温因子互作中,光合有效辐射为最敏感因子。较高的光温条件互作是形成各品种较高降落数值的基础,在此基础上增加光合有效辐射则使高蛋白强筋品种降落数值增加;而以此为基础,在一定水平光照条件限度内,增加光合有效辐射则使高蛋白中筋和低蛋白弱筋品种降落数值增加,超过限度则使其降低。气象条件的影响作用及基因型差异可通过曲线动态变化反映出来。不同基因型降落数值在不同环境条件(氮磷肥水平和气象条件)下变异不同。     

面粉品质参数对面制品品质的影响研究

本次研究通过正交分析法考察面粉理化参数(粒度、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉/支链淀粉)等指标对面制品品质的影响—以面条品质为例进行考察。结果显示,各因素影响从大到小依次是蛋白质含量=面粉颗粒度面粉灰分直链淀粉/支链淀粉。     

增温和降水变化对西北半干旱区春小麦产量和品质的影响

为了明确未来气候变化对半干旱区春小麦产量和品质的影响,本研究选择典型半干旱区定西试验基地,利用开放式红外增温模拟系统和水分控制装置设置不同降水量(减少20%、不变、增加20%)和温度梯度[大气温度(对照)、增加1.0℃、增加2.0℃、增加3.0℃],模拟气候变化对春小麦生长发育、产量及其构成因素和品质的影响.结果表明:当增温幅度小于2℃时,降水变化对春小麦穗粒数影响不显著;当增温为3℃时,降水减少显著减少穗粒数,降水增加显著增加穗粒数.随着气温升高,降水减少对春小麦千粒重的负效应增大,春小麦不孕小穗数与气温呈二次曲线上升.降水减少20%条件下,增温1、2和3℃的春小麦产量分别下降12.1%、24.7%、42.7%;降水不变条件下,春小麦产量分别下降8.4%、15.1%、21.8%;降水增加20%条件下,春小麦产量分别下降9.0%、15.5%、22.2%.春小麦籽粒淀粉含量随温度的增加而下降,籽粒蛋白质含量随温度的增加而上升.增温2℃有利于蚜虫暴发,但增温3℃抑制蚜虫暴发;春小麦锈病发病率随着温度增加而上升.     

花后干旱或渍水逆境下氮素对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

 池栽试验条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理,每个水分处理下设置两个施氮水平 ,研究了花后渍水或干旱逆境下氮素营养对两个不同类型小麦（Triticum aestivum） 品种籽粒产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,花后渍水或干旱处理显著降低了小麦的千粒重、穗粒数和籽粒产量。在适宜水分和干旱条件下,增施氮肥增加了小麦籽粒产量,而在渍水条件下,增施氮肥降低了产量。干旱处理提高了蛋白质含量,干、湿面 筋含量,沉降值和降落值;而渍水处理则降低了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量。同 一水分处理下,增施氮肥提高了蛋白质含量,谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比,支链淀粉含量和支/直链淀粉比。在小麦籽粒主要品质性状上存在显著的水氮互作效应,且水分、氮肥及水氮互作效 应对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响因品种的不同而异。     

Nematicides Increase Grain Yields in Spring Wheat Cultivars and Suppress Plant-Parasitic and Bacterial-Feeding Nematodes

Grain yields of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. AC Barrie, AC Walton, AC Wilmot, Belvedere, Glenlea) in field plots over a 3-year period were increased (P < 0.001) by an average of 0.56 (25.1%) and 1.17 (52.5%) tonnes/ha in comparison to untreated check plots when aldicarb at 2.24 kg or fosthiazate at 13.5 a.i./ha, respectively, were broadcast and incorporated into the soil to suppress nematodes. The planned F test using orthogonal coefficients indicated that the mean response of grain yields to nematicide treatments of AC Barrie and Glenlea, which are grown primarily in the prairie provinces of Canada, was greater (48.5%) than the mean response of Belvedere, AC Walton, and AC Wilmot (33.7%), which are more common in the Maritime region of Canada (P < 0.001). Root lesion nematodes (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans) in wheat roots and in root zone soil at harvest were reduced by the nematicide applications (P < 0.001). Bacterial-feeding nematodes (primarily Diplogaster lheritieri (Maupas)) in root zone soil were also suppressed by fosthiazate (P < 0.01) but not by aldicarb. These data indicate that root lesion nematodes cause substantial yield losses in spring wheat in the Maritime region of Canada.     

Root Respiration,Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Two Spring Wheat in Response to Soil Drying

The effects of soil water regime and wheat cultivar, differing in drought tolerance with respect to root respiration and grain yield, were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Two spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars, a drought sensitive (Longchun 8139-2) and drought tolerant (Dingxi 24) were grown in PVC tubes (120 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter) under an automatic rain-shelter. Plants were subjected to three soil moisture regimes: (1) well-watered control (85% field water capacity, FWC); (2) moderate drought stress (50% FWC) and (3) severe drought stress (30% FWC). The aim was to study the influence of root respiration on grain yield under soil drying conditions. In the experiment, severe drought stress significantly (p < 0.05) reduced shoot and root biomass, photosynthesis and root respiration rate for both cultivars, but the extent of the decreases was greater for Dingxi 24 compared to that for Longchun 8139-2. Compared with Dingxi 24, 0.04 and 0.07 mg glucose m⁻² s⁻¹ of additional energy, equivalent to 0.78 and 1.43 J m⁻² s⁻¹, was used for water absorption by Longchun 8139-2 under moderate and severe drought stress, respectively. Although the grain yield of both cultivars decreased with declining soil moisture, loss was greater in Longchun 8139-2 than in Dingxi 24, especially under severe drought stress. The drought tolerance cultivar (Dingxi 24), had a higher biomass and metabolic activity under severe drought stress compared to the sensitive cultivar (Longchun 8139-2), which resulted in further limitation of grain yield. Results show that root respiration, carbohydrates allocation (root:shoot ratio) and grain yield were closely related to soil water status and wheat cultivar. Reductions in root respiration and root biomass under severe soil drying can improve drought tolerant wheat growth and physiological activity during soil drying and improve grain yield, and hence should be advantageous over a drought sensitive cultivar in arid regions.     

籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种间光合速率的比较

用15个蛋白质含量和产量均有较大差异的小麦品种为试材,分别测定了以CO2同化速率和光合放氧速率为指标的光合作用状况.相关分析表明,苗期以CO2同化速率表示的光合速率与籽粒蛋白质含量之间呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.75*),与籽粒产量则达极显著正相关关系(r=0.849**);以光合放氧速率表示的光合速率与籽粒蛋白质含量之间呈显著正相关(r=0.515*),而与产量无相关关系(r=0.415)(图1).用CO2同化速率和光合放氧速率对品种所作的聚类分析表明,15个品种被明显分为两个大类,一是光合放氧速率较高而CO2同化速率较低,另一类则相反(图2).蛋白质含量高的品种其CO2同化速率较蛋白质含量低的品种低,但光合放氧速率却不低,甚至高于蛋白质含量低的品种.籽粒形成期间,蛋白质含量高的品种光合CO2同化速率和光合放氧速率下降幅度相对较小,后期衰老较慢(图3),可能与其体内较高的氮素含量和较强的硝酸还原酶活性有关.     

不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官光合荧光特性研究

以强筋(郑麦9023)、中筋(新麦13)和弱筋(豫麦50)型小麦品种为试材,测定了它们非叶光合器官的叶绿素含量、荧光动力学参数、净光合速率及对籽粒的贡献率.结果显示,不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官叶绿素含量表现为旗叶鞘>穗下节间>芒>穗部颖片,各非叶光合器官开花18d后叶绿素含量均表现为弱筋小麦>中筋小麦>强筋小麦;弱筋小麦的非叶光合器官在灌浆前期具有较高的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ值,在灌浆后期其Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ值下降幅度显著小于强筋小麦并有较高的净光合速率;非叶光合器官对籽粒的相对贡献率依次为穗部>旗叶>节鞘,且对弱筋小麦籽粒的贡献率高于中筋和强筋小麦,其中节鞘和穗对弱筋小麦粒重的相对贡献率分别为15.7%和35.4%.研究表明,弱筋小麦豫麦50的非叶光合器官能维持较较强的光合能力,生产更多的光合产物,花后形成的光合产物对其粒重的增加起重要作用.     

Prebiotic Content of Bread Prepared with Flour from Immature Wheat Grain and Selected Dextran-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria

In the last few years the need to produce food with added value has fueled the search for new ingredients and health-promoting compounds. In particular, to improve the quality of bakery products with distinct nutritional properties, the identification of new raw materials, appropriate technologies, and specific microbial strains is necessary. In this study, different doughs were prepared, with 10% and 20% flour from immature wheat grain blended with type “0 America” wheat flour. Immature flour was obtained from durum wheat grains harvested 1 to 2 weeks after anthesis. Doughs were obtained by both the straight-dough and sourdough processes. Two selected exopolysaccharide-producing strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Leuconostoc lactis A95 and Lactobacillus curvatus 69B2, were used as starters. Immature flour contained 2.21 g/100 g (dry weight) of fructo-oligosaccharides. Twenty percent immature flour in dough resulted in a shorter leavening time (4.23 ± 0.03 h) than with the control and dough with 10% immature flour. The total titratable acidity of sourdough with 20% immature flour was higher (12.75 ± 0.15 ml 0.1 N NaOH) than in the control and sourdough with 10% immature wheat flour (9.20 ml 0.1 N NaOH). Molecular analysis showed that all samples contained three LAB species identified as L. lactis, L. curvatus, and Pediococcus acidilactici. A larger amount of exopolysaccharide was found in sourdough obtained with 20% immature flour (5.33 ± 0.032 g/kg), positively influencing the exopolysaccharide content of the bread prepared by the sourdough process (1.70 ± 0.03 g/kg). The addition of 20% immature flour also led to a greater presence of fructo-oligosaccharides in the bread (900 mg/100 g dry weight), which improved its nutritional characteristics. While bread volume decreased as the concentration of immature wheat flour increased, its mechanical characteristics (stress at a strain of 30%) were the same in all samples obtained with different percentages of fructo-oligosaccharides. These data support the use of immature wheat grain flour, and exopolysaccaride-producing lactic acid bacteria in formulating functional prebiotic baked goods whose nutritional value can be suitably improved.     

Changes in Thiol Content in Roots of Wheat Cultivars Exposed to Copper Stress

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars GK Tiszatáj, Yubileinaya, GK Öthalom and a landrace Kobomugi were grown for 18 d in hydroponic cultures containing 0 (control), 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 µM Cu²⁺. On a dry mass basis, cvs. Tiszatáj and Kobomugi accumulated slightly more Cu²⁺ in the root tissues than did cvs. Yubileinaya and Öthalom, but their controls also contained higher amounts of Cu²⁺. As a result of perturbation in the plasma membrane functions the K⁺ content of roots was reduced at 10 µM Cu²⁺ in all cultivars, whereas the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio decreased significantly only in the roots of cv. Öthalom. In the sensitive cultivar, Öthalom, the dry mass of the roots decreased while the cysteine content, which is a limiting factor for glutathione synthesis, did not satisfactorily increase with increasing tissue Cu²⁺ content. This suggests that in cv. Öthalom the membrane damage of the root cells at 10 µM Cu²⁺ concentration may affect the sulphur availability or metabolism. Concentrations of glutathione and hydroxymethyl-glutathione, a tripeptide which may play a similar biochemical role to glutathione, were also lower in the sensitive cultivar. In the absence of glutathione the root tissues failed to cope with the oxidative stress caused by the excessive amount of Cu²⁺. A significant accumulation of iron in the roots of the sensitive cultivar at 10 µM Cu²⁺ supply enhanced the oxidative damage.     

不同冠温特征冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程中内源激素含量的变化

"豫麦50"在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型;而"豫麦34"和"豫麦70"则在灌浆后期冠层温度有上升趋势,表现为暖尾型,在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5℃.冷尾型"豫麦50"强势粒中ZR、IAA、GA3含量峰值均高于其它两个品种,其ZR/ABA、GA3/ABA、IAA/ABA峰值亦高于暖尾型"豫麦70"和"豫麦34",ABA含量在灌浆中期上升快,高峰值大于"豫麦70"和"豫麦34",达到高峰后下降较快;"豫麦50"弱势粒中的各种激素含量仍较高.     

Low-Temperature Effects on Photosynthesis and Correlation with Freezing Tolerance in Spring and Winter Cultivars of Wheat and Rye

Winter cultivars of rye (Secale cereale L., cv Musketeer) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs Kharkov and Monopol), but not a spring cultivar of wheat (Glenlea), grown at cold-hardening temperatures showed, at high irradiances, a higher proportion of oxidized to reduced primary, stable quinone receptor (QA) than did the same cultivars grown under nonhardening conditions. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the effects of low-growth temperature on this increased proportion of oxidized QA, and a concomitant increase in the capacity for photosynthesis, and LT50, the temperature at which 50% of the seedlings are killed, in cultivars showing different freezing tolerances. This suggests that low-temperature modulation of the photosynthetic apparatus may be an important factor during the induction of freezing resistance in cereals. Finally, the control of photosystem II photochemistry by nonphotochemical quenching of excitation energy was identical for nonhardened and cold-hardened winter rye. However, examination of measuring temperature effects per se revealed that, irrespective of growth temperature, nonphotochemical quenching exerted a stronger control on photosystem II photochemistry at 10[deg] C rather than at 20[deg] C.     

人工老化对春小麦种子萌发及根尖超微结构的影响

选取‘新春6号’小麦种子为材料,进行不同时间的高温高湿人工加速老化处理,考察发芽率、幼苗根长、幼苗鲜重、幼苗干重等指标,并用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察其种子根尖表皮形态及细胞结构变化,明确不同老化处理对春小麦种子萌发及根尖细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,随着种子劣变程度加深(老化处理时间的延长),春小麦种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、幼苗根长、鲜重、干重等相关活力指标急剧下降,而平均发芽时间持续增加,且以老化处理4d为种子活力下降的转折点。种子萌发72h后,胚根尖表皮结构的扫描电镜观察发现,随着老化程度加深,胚根尖表皮皱缩逐渐加深、紧凑,最终致使表皮破裂,内部细胞裸露;透射电镜观察则显示,老化处理越久,根尖细胞中细胞器溶解程度越明显,最终导致整个细胞形成空腔。可见,根尖表皮形态、内部细胞结构上的改变可能是引起种子逐步丧失活力的原因。