抗病毒基因MxA真核表达载体的构建及在鸡细胞中的表达

将人抗病毒蛋白基因MxA与携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因的真核表达质粒重组后构建MxA基因真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-MxA.经PCR和酶切方法鉴定后,重组质粒在脂质体介导下转染鸡成纤维细胞和睾丸组织原代细胞,通过荧光观察,RT-PCR及细胞免疫组化检测目的基因的表达.结果表明,MxA基因片段已经被克隆到pEGFP-C1表达载体,成功构建了MxA基因真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-MxA.经该重组质粒转染后的鸡细胞的胞质中呈现颗粒状分布的绿色荧光,RT-PCR扩增出EGFP和MxA基因的特异性片断,免疫组化结果显示EGFP报告基因在细胞内的阳性表达,并表现出MxA的表达特征,间接证明了MxA可在鸡细胞中表达.MxA基因真核表达载体的成功构建以及在鸡细胞中的表达为进一步研究MxA基因在抗禽病毒性疾病中的应用打下了基础.     

幽门螺杆菌VacA N端在巨噬细胞中表达对其细胞因子 分泌功能的影响

构建pDsRed-Monomer-C1/vacA N端真核表达载体,研究幽门螺杆菌空泡毒素单一毒力决定簇对THP-1巨噬细胞细胞因子分泌的影响.PCR扩增vacA目的基因片段,克隆人真核表达载体pDsRed-Monomer-C1中,经酶切、PCR及测序鉴定后,转染THP-1巨噬细胞中,Western blot和荧光显微镜鉴定VacA蛋白在细胞中的表达;电子显微镜和中性红摄人法观察巨噬细胞的空泡样变;ELISA法检测巨噬细胞培养上清TNF-α、IL-1β含量.重组质粒转染THP-1巨噬细胞24h,部分细胞胞浆中出现大小不等的空泡,且重组质粒组培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β含量明显高于空质粒组和阴性对照组(P＜0.001),二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate,PDTC)下调细胞因子的分泌.结果显示,成功构建pDsRed-Monomer-C1-vacA真核表达载体;VacA蛋白瞬时高表达上调THP-1巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-1β;核因子kB(nuclear factor kappaB,NF-kB)可能参与调节VacA诱导的THP-1巨噬细胞的分泌.     

表达猪瘟病毒石门株E0基因重组鸡痘病毒的构建及动物免疫试验

应用PCR从质粒pMD18-T-E0中扩增编码CSFV E0蛋白的基因片段,定向克隆到重组鸡痘病毒表达载体FPV-P11上,进一步构建出重组鸡痘病毒转移载体FPV-pSY-E0.用脂质体将该质粒转染至鸡痘病毒感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)后,通过蓝斑纯化实验筛选出重组鸡痘病毒FV282-CSFV-E0.PCR证实E0基因已整合至鸡痘病毒基因组中,Western blot检测到重组病毒感染CEF细胞中E0蛋白的表达.重组病毒3次腹腔接种小鼠,ELISA检测血清抗体滴度高达1∶4 096.重组病毒免疫猪3次之后,接种猪瘟病毒强毒进行攻毒试验,结果对免疫组产生75%的保护率,为研制猪瘟活载体疫苗奠定了基础.     

hsa-mir-373对肿瘤细胞中E-钙黏蛋白表达的影响

旨在探讨hsa-mir-373重组真核表达成体对肿瘤细胞中的E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)表达的影响.根据miR-Base数据库中hsa-mir-373序列,设计并构建hsa-mir-373重组表达质粒和对照质粒.采用脂质体转染技术将mir-373重组质粒和阴性对照质粒分别转染BIU 87细胞株.采用荧光显微镜观测转染效果.Western blotting检测细胞的E-钙黏蛋白表达量,免疫细胞化学方法检测细胞E-钙粘蛋白的分泌.结果显示,酶切和测序证明hsa-mir-373真核表达载体构建成功.E-钙黏蛋白在转染细胞中表达有明显增加.人工构建的hsa-mir-373载体经转染后可增加肿瘤细胞中E-钙黏蛋白的表达量.     

ppGalNac-T10对人结直肠癌细胞株LoVo的生物学特性的影响

探讨多肽N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶10(ppGalNAc-T10)对人结直肠癌细胞株LoVo细胞特性的影响.ppGalNAc-T10正义真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-T10(+)、反义真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-T10(-)与空载体pcDNA3.1分别转染LoVo细胞,Western blot检测ppGalNAc-T10蛋白水平表达的变化,确定转染效果.CCK8法检测转染后各实验组细胞增殖的变化,细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力的变化,穿膜实验检测细胞侵袭能力的变化.Western blot证明各实验组经转染不同ppGalNAc-T10载体后,ppGalNAc-T10蛋白表达量发生变化,转染pp-GalNAc-T10正义真核表达载体的LoVo细胞,ppGalNAc-T10的蛋白表达量增加,同时细胞的增殖受到抑制,迁移能力和侵袭能力降低;而转染ppGalNAc-T10反义真核表达载体的LoVo细胞,ppGalNAc-T10的蛋白表达量降低,细胞生长加快,迁移能力和侵袭能力增强.ppGalNAc-T10可能影响人结直肠癌细胞株LoVo细胞的增殖、迁移能力和侵袭能力.     

人H-ras基因真核表达载体的构建及其对肿瘤细胞生长的促进作用

目的:构建癌基因H-ras真核表达载体,并检测其对肿瘤细胞生长的作用。方法:以乳腺文库为模板,PCR扩增H-ras基因片段,将其插入p XJ-40-myc载体后转染人胚肾HEK293T细胞,用Western印迹检测该融合蛋白的表达;将重组质粒转染人肠癌HCT-116细胞和人肝癌Hep G2细胞,通过细胞生长曲线(CCK8法)对myc-H-ras影响肿瘤细胞生长的情况进行分析。结果:利用PCR技术,从乳腺文库中扩增出H-ras基因片段,并成功插入p XJ-40-myc载体;重组质粒转染HEK293T细胞,经Western印迹检测融合蛋白正确表达;细胞生长曲线结果显示,转染myc-H-ras的结肠癌HCT-116细胞和人肝癌Hep G2细胞比转染空载体的细胞生长快。结论:构建了人H-ras基因真核表达载体,为进一步研究ras基因在肿瘤细胞中的作用奠定了一定基础。     

人EYA3基因真核表达载体的构建及其活性检测

目的：构建带myc标签的人EYA3基因真核表达载体,获得myc-EYA3融合表达蛋白,并对其功能进行初步检测。方法：采用PCR技术从乳腺文库中扩增人EYA3基因,并将其正确插入pXJ-40-myc载体;将重组质粒与空载体分别转染人乳腺癌细胞系ZR75-1后,Western印迹检测表达情况,并进行生长曲线实验。结果：双酶切和测序鉴定表明,myc-EYA3真核表达质粒构建成功,转染ZR75-1细胞后成功表达;生长曲线实验结果表明,EYA3可促进乳腺癌细胞的生长。结论：构建了带myc标签的人EYA3基因真核表达载体,myc-EYA3能在乳腺癌细胞ZR75-1中表达,且能促进该细胞的生长,本实验为进一步研究EYA3在乳腺癌中的功能奠定了基础。     

表达NDV-F基因重组马立克病病毒的构建及其在鸡体内外的复制

以敲除meq基因的MDV-Ⅰ型弱毒GX0101△meq为载体构建一株表达外源基因NDV-F的重组病毒。将外源基因NDV-F的ORF插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)中,扩增含有CMV启动子的NDV-F表达盒,同时扩增筛选基因Kan+表达盒,将他们插入到载体PMD18-T中。用含有MDV-US2区50bp同源臂的引物扩增串联表达盒,将产物电转进含有GX0101△meq的EL250宿主菌中,1%阿拉伯糖诱导掉阳性重组病毒基因组中的Kan+表达盒。挑选敲除Kan+表达盒的阳性克隆提取质粒,转染CEF细胞拯救重组病毒。将重组病毒腹腔注射鸡体,观察其在鸡体内的生长复制。成功拯救插入外源基因NDV-F的重组马立克病病毒rMDV-F,重组病毒在CEF细胞内能很好的复制表达且其在鸡体内也能很好的生长复制。以GX0101△meq为载体,结合Red E/T和FLP/FRT重组系统成功构建了表达外源基因NDV-F的重组病毒,为我们重组病毒的研究奠定了基础。     

鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞的培养和传代

本文旨在探索鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞(Primordialgermcells,PGCs)培养、传代以及各种因素对PGCs培养的影响。实验结果表明,在添加10%的胎牛血清、2%的鸡血清、2mmol/LL谷氨酰胺、1mmol/L丙酮酸钠、5.5×10-5mol/Lβ巯基乙醇、10μl/ml非必需氨基酸、以及5ng/ml人干细胞生长因子(Humanstemcellfactor,hSCF)、10U/ml鼠白血病抑制因子(Mouseleukemiainhibitoryfactor,mLIF)、10ng/ml碱性成纤维生长因子(Fibroblastgrowthfactorbasic,bFGF)、0.04ng/ml人白细胞介素11(Humaninterleukin11,hIL11),10ng/ml胰岛素样生长因子(Humaninsulinlikegrowthfactor,hIGF)的高糖DMEM培养体系中,以多次离散法进行传代获得5-6代鸡胚胎PGCs,有效地维持了PGCs的未分化状态和正常二倍体核型,同时能够定向地诱导分化为神经细胞,具有作为多能性胚胎干细胞的特征     

人FOXO3a基因真核表达载体的构建及其功能验证

目的:构建带myc标签的人FOXO3a基因真核表达载体,并对其功能进行初步检测。方法:采用PCR技术,从乳腺文库中扩增人FOXO3a基因,并将其正确插入pXJ-40-myc载体;将重组质粒与空载体分别转染人乳腺癌细胞系ZR75-1、MCF-7后,通过Western印迹检测其表达情况,并用CCK8法测定细胞生长曲线。结果:双酶切和测序鉴定表明myc-FOXO3a真核表达质粒构建成功,转染乳腺癌ZR75-1、MCF-7细胞后目的基因成功表达;细胞生长曲线结果显示,转染myc-FOXO3a的乳腺癌细胞较空载体细胞生长较慢。结论:构建了带myc标签的人FOXO3a基因真核表达载体,为进一步研究FOXO3a在乳腺癌中的功能奠定了基础。     

Mass isolation of primordial germ cells from transgenic rainbow trout carrying the green fluorescent protein gene driven by the vasa gene promoter

Mass isolation of live primordial germ cells (PGCs) was demonstrated for the first time in ectothermal vertebrates. To establish a stem cell-mediated gene transfer system in fish, a stem cell line that retains the ability to develop into gametes is necessary. PGCs are well suited for use as the initial material for such a stem cell line. We established transgenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) strains carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene driven by a rainbow trout vasa-like gene (RtVLG) promoter/enhancer. Because GFP expression was specific to the PGCs, PGCs were successfully visualized in all developmental stages examined. Isolated genital ridges containing GFP-labeled PGCs were enzymatically dissociated. To isolate PGCs from the complex pools of dissociated genital ridges, GFP-labeled cells were sorted by flow cytometry. The sorted GFP-positive cells were large and round with a large nucleus, typical characters of PGC morphology. The expression of RtVLG was detected only in the GFP-positive cell population, confirming that these cells were PGCs. This simple and efficient technique to purify a large number of viable PGCs opens the way for establishing a stem cell line, which can differentiate into the germline. The purified PGCs would also be a novel tool for cellular and molecular study of vertebrate germline stem cells.     

Primordial germ cells contain subpopulations that have greater ability to develop into pluripotential stem cells

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are undifferentiated germ cells in embryos. We previously found that some mouse PGCs develop into pluripotential cells (EG cells) when cultured on a feeder layer expressing the membrane bound form of Steel factor with culture medium containing leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. To understand the mechanisms of the conversion of PGCs into EG cells, we attempted to identify PGC subpopulations that have the ability to develop into EG cells. Using flow cytometry, we fractionated PGCs by the expression of the cell surface antigen integrin α6, as well as by the detection of side‐population (SP) cells in which stem cells are enriched in various tissues. PGCs with negative or low integrin α6 expression and with SP cell phenotype showed higher potential to convert to EG cells. Negative or low integrin α6 expression in PGCs was also correlated with lower expression of Ddx4, which is specifically expressed in PGCs after embryonic day 10.5. The results indicate that the primitive PGC population showing the SP cell phenotype among undifferentiated PGCs has a higher ability of being converted into EG cells. Thus, conversion of PGCs into pluripotential stem cells may be regulated by being influenced by the natural status of individual PGCs as well as the reprogramming process after starting culture.     

PGC-Enriched miRNAs Control Germ Cell Development

Non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the translation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) involved in the growth and development of a variety of cells, including primordial germ cells (PGCs) which play an essential role in germ cell development. However, the target mRNAs and the regulatory networks influenced by miRNAs in PGCs remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate a novel miRNAs control PGC development through targeting mRNAs involved in various cellular pathways. We reveal the PGC-enriched expression patterns of nine miRNAs, including miR-10b, -18a, -93, -106b, -126-3p, -127, -181a, -181b, and -301, using miRNA expression analysis along with mRNA microarray analysis in PGCs, embryonic gonads, and postnatal testes. These miRNAs are highly expressed in PGCs, as demonstrated by Northern blotting, miRNA in situ hybridization assay, and miRNA qPCR analysis. This integrative study utilizing mRNA microarray analysis and miRNA target prediction demonstrates the regulatory networks through which these miRNAs regulate their potential target genes during PGC development. The elucidated networks of miRNAs disclose a coordinated molecular mechanism by which these miRNAs regulate distinct cellular pathways in PGCs that determine germ cell development.     

Heterogeneity of mouse primordial germ cells reflecting the distinct status of their differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis can be classified by the expression of cell surface proteins integrin α6 and c-Kit

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) in mouse embryos likely include heterogeneous cells having distinct cellular properties. In the present study, we found that heterogeneity of PGCs can be defined by the expression of integrin α6 and c-Kit. The changes in integrin α6 and c-Kit expression in PGCs were obvious as embryonic development progressed, and the PGCs became a mixture of populations consisting of cells with distinct levels of cell surface protein expression. The changes and heterogeneity of cell surface protein expression mainly reflected asynchronous differentiation of PGCs. Apoptosis of PGCs was biased in populations of c-Kit or integrin α6 negative PGCs at particular developmental stages, suggesting possible linkage between PGC apoptosis and the levels of expression of these cell surface proteins. Histochemical analysis confirmed the heterogeneous expression of c-Kit and integrin α6 in PGCs in embryonic gonads, and revealed that PGCs showing different levels of integrin α6 or c-Kit expression and the apoptotic PGCs were scattered and did not show specific localization within gonads. The present study enables us to analyze and isolate populations of living PGCs showing a distinct status of differentiation, or different properties of proliferation or of cell death in individual embryos, and provides a new strategy to examine the mechanisms of PGC development.     

Direct Evidence for in vitro Binding of a Lectin from Arachis hypogea to Endoblastic Primordial Germ Cells of Amphibian Embryos

Peanut agglutinin was previously shown to have a specific affinity for primordial germ cells (PGCs) from anuran amphibian embryos. For separation of these cells from endoblastic ones, suspensions of dissociated cells from the endoblastic masses of Xenopus laevis and Rana dalmatina embryos were treated with peanut agglutinin. This treatment resulted in agglutination of a small number of cells, and these aggregates were separated from unaggregated single cells by gravity in 50% calf serum medium. Histological and ultrastructural analysis of numerous sections of the aggregated cells showed that they contained the germinal plasm characteristic of PGCs. The specificity of the PGCs agglutination was confirmed by disocciation of the aggregates with 0, 2 M D-galactose solution.
This embryonic cellular population of PGCs should be useful in further in vitro experiments.     

Serum-free culture of murine primordial germ cells and embryonic germ cells

Fetal calf serum (FCS) has usually been used for culture of embryonic stem (ES) cell as a component of the culture medium. However, FCS contains undefined factors, which promote cell proliferation and occasionally stimulate differentiation of ES cells. Recently, a chemically-defined serum replacement, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR), was developed to maintain ES cells in an undifferentiated state. In this experiment, we examined the effects of KSR on the growth and differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and embryonic germ (EG) cells. PGCs were collected 8.5 days postcoitum (dpc) from B6D2F1 (C57BL/6JxDBA/2J) female mice mated with B6D2F1 males. Most of the PGCs that were cultured in FCS-supplemented medium (FCS medium) had alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and acquired a fibroblast cell shape. In contrast, PGCs in KSR-supplemented medium (KSR medium) proliferated, maintaining round and stem cell-like morphology. In addition, EG cells were established more easily from PGCs cultured in KSR medium than from PGCs cultured in FCS medium. The percentage of undifferentiated colonies of EG cells was significantly higher in KSR medium than in FCS medium. The germ line chimera was also produced from EG cells established in KSR medium. These results suggest that KSR can be used for sustaining an undifferentiated state of PGCs and EG cells in vitro.     

Spatial and temporal expression of a Polysphondylium spore-specific gene

In the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium spherical masses of cells are periodically released from the base of the culminating sorogen. These whorls undergo a morphogenetic transformation from spherical to radial symmetry, marked by the early emergence of a radially symmetric prepattern on the whorl surface. In previous experiments, morphogenesis was followed by observing prestalk cell markers. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a spore coat gene whose expression pattern is the negative image of the prestalk pattern. To study the molecular mechanism of sp-45 gene regulation, we have cloned and analyzed the sp-45 promoter. Deletion analysis localized a single positive regulatory element (PRE) to a 106-bp fragment between positions -246 and -352 of the upstream coding sequence. This fragment can be further divided into a promoter-proximal and promoter-distal PRE and a 29-bp sequence between them. The distal PRE can regulate prespore expression when fused to a nonfunctioning basal promoter. The distal PRE contains two adjacent essential elements, a Gr box (GTGATATAGTGG) and a TA box (TAATATATT). Each element can drive prespore cell-specific reporter gene expression independently when incorporated into a nonfunctional promoter. Our results also show that prespore cell-specific gene expression is solely under positive regulation, with no evidence for spore-specific enhancers or cis-acting negative regulatory elements. By fusing GFP to the C-terminus of sp-45, we have demonstrated that the graded gene expression of SP45 in the sorogen is regulated by a sequence lying within the sp-45 coding sequence. The temporal and spatial expression pattern of this protein, taken together with the prestalk expression pattern, demonstrates unambiguously that the radial symmetries that emerge in the whorl are established by a system of positional coordinates and that cell sorting plays little if any role in this process.     

Expression and knockdown analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase in chicken primordial germ cells

Glucose is an important monosaccharide required to generate energy in all cells. After entry into cells, glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and then transformed into glycogen or metabolized to produce energy. Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. Without GPI activity or fructose-6-phosphate, many steps of glucose metabolism would not occur. The requirement for GPI activity for normal functioning of primordial germ cells (PGCs) needs to be identified. In this study, we first examined the expression of chicken GPI during early embryonic development and germ cell development. GPI expression was strongly and ubiquitously detected in chicken early embryos and embryonic tissues at Embryonic Day 6.5 (E6.5). Continuous GPI expression was detected in PGCs and germ cells of both sexes during gonadal development. Specifically, GPI expression was stronger in male germ cells than in female germ cells during embryonic development and the majority of post-hatching development. Then, we used siRNA-1499 to knock down GPI expression in PGCs. siRNA-1499 caused an 85% knockdown in GPI, and PGC proliferation was also affected 48 h after transfection. We further examined the knockdown effects on 28 genes related to the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway and the endogenous glucose level in chicken PGCs. Among genes related to glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, 20 genes showed approximately 3-fold lower expression, 4 showed approximately 10-fold lower, and 2 showed approximately 100-fold lower expression in knockdown PGCs. The endogenous glucose level was significantly reduced in knockdown PGCs. We conclude that the GPI gene is crucial for maintaining glycolysis and supplying energy to developing PGCs.     

Implication of DNA Demethylation and Bivalent Histone Modification for Selective Gene Regulation in Mouse Primordial Germ Cells

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) sequentially induce specific genes required for their development. We focused on epigenetic changes that regulate PGC-specific gene expression. mil-1, Blimp1, and Stella are preferentially expressed in PGCs, and their expression is upregulated during PGC differentiation. Here, we first determined DNA methylation status of mil-1, Blimp1, and Stella regulatory regions in epiblast and in PGCs, and found that they were hypomethylated in differentiating PGCs after E9.0, in which those genes were highly expressed. We used siRNA to inhibit a maintenance DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt1, in embryonic stem (ES) cells and found that the flanking regions of all three genes became hypomethylated and that expression of each gene increased 1.5- to 3-fold. In addition, we also found 1.5- to 5-fold increase of the PGC genes in the PGCLCs (PGC-like cells) induced form ES cells by knockdown of Dnmt1. We also obtained evidence showing that methylation of the regulatory region of mil-1 resulted in 2.5-fold decrease in expression in a reporter assay. Together, these results suggested that DNA demethylation does not play a major role on initial activation of the PGC genes in the nascent PGCs but contributed to enhancement of their expression in PGCs after E9.0. However, we also found that repression of representative somatic genes, Hoxa1 and Hoxb1, and a tissue-specific gene, Gfap, in PGCs was not dependent on DNA methylation; their flanking regions were hypomethylated, but their expression was not observed in PGCs at E13.5. Their promoter regions showed the bivalent histone modification in PGCs, that may be involved in repression of their expression. Our results indicated that epigenetic status of PGC genes and of somatic genes in PGCs were distinct, and suggested contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in regulation of the expression of a specific gene set in PGCs.