绿豆抗豆象品系及回交亲本抗性鉴定

对亚蔬中心（ＡＶＲＤＣ）抗豆象育种２个回交第１２代品系（ＢＣｌ２）及其回交亲本进行了豆象抗性评价和比较,结果表明：豆象在绿豆种子表面的产卵量及产卵率,ＢＣｌ２及其回交亲本之间无显差异;第一代成虫羽化量、羽化率及种子受害量、种子受害率,ＢＣｌ２与其回交亲本存在显差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。相关分析结果表明：绿豆种子受害量和一代成虫羽化量成极显正相关,种子受害量与成虫产卵量无相关关系。而成虫产卵量与一代成虫羽化量成极显正相关。回交后代与其回交亲本比较分析显示：在种子受害量上,ＢＣｌ２与其回交后代存在极显差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）,这意味看ＢＣｌ２确实存在抗豆家性能。     

短时高温对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗存活及繁殖的影响

【目的】了解短时高温对金银花Lonicera japonica Thunb.贮藏期害虫锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis(Linnaeus)存活及繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内测定了锯谷盗成虫经36、39、42、45、48℃高温处1、3、5、7 h后成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量及F_1代孵化率和羽化率的差异。【结果】短时高温对锯谷盗成虫存活率、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量及F_1代孵化率和羽化率均有显著影响,在36~48℃范围内,随着温度升高和时间的延长,成虫存活率不断下降、产卵前期不断延长、产卵期不断缩短、产卵量不断下降、F_1代孵化率和羽化率不断下降。经36、39、42、45、48℃高温处理7 h后,成虫存活率分别比对照下降了29.19%、34.47%、39.84%、55.64%和66.68%,产卵前期分别比对照延长了2.06、3.48、4.88、6.51、8.31 d,产卵期分别比对照缩短了4.99、7.89、12.07、16.89、23.14 d,产卵量分别比对照降低了52.26、61.06、70.82、82.87、92.97粒,F_1代孵化率分别比对照下降了21.52%、44.27%、73.44%、97.16%、100%,羽化率分别比对照下降了20.61%、32.85%、57.59%、95.15%、100%。方差分析显示,温度和时间的交互作用对成虫的存活率、F_1代的孵化率和羽化率均有显著影响(P<0.05),而对成虫产卵前期、产卵期和产卵量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】短时高温对金银花贮藏期害虫锯谷盗存活及繁殖有显著的影响,引起存活率及繁殖力显著下降。     

幼虫密度对马铃薯块茎蛾生殖的影响

[目的]为了研究马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)幼虫的饲养密度对生殖的影响。[方法]本实验研究并比较了两种幼虫密度(15头/130 g块茎、45头/130 g块茎)的马铃薯块茎蛾成虫按照1:5和1:1比例交配后代的产卵量、畸形卵率、孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率、性比等生物学参数。[结果]高幼虫密度饲养的马铃薯块茎蛾化蛹率、羽化率、存活率、性比均显著较低,而幼虫~蛹的历期显著短于正常幼虫密度的。两种密度成虫按1:5头配对产卵,若雄性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则卵的孵化率显著较低,若雌性亲本为高幼虫密度饲养则产卵量较低,畸形卵率显著较高。两种密度雌雄虫均为5头进行配对时,正常幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵的畸形率显著较低,产卵量、卵孵化率均显著较高,后代幼虫历期、化蛹率显著较高。而高幼虫密度雌虫其所产卵则受雄虫影响,亲代为高密度雄虫则畸形率较低,孵化率较高。[结论]高幼虫密度饲养的雄、雌虫生殖活力均降低。高幼虫密度雌虫可受高幼虫密度雄虫的诱导提高生殖能力,并影响其后代性比从而调节其种群动态。     

高温条件下茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒对茶尺蠖繁殖的影响

本文报告了高温季节茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒对其宿主繁殖的影响。结果表明,免于病死的雌性蛹、成虫的卵巢发育进度与对照相比,无显著性差异;3龄末和4、5龄初饲毒后,化蛹率与羽化率极显著下降,交配率一股明显下降,而羽化成虫的产卵前期、寿命、产卵量、总怀卵量及卵孵化率与对照相比并无显著差异。成虫饲毒后,繁殖力不受影响。     

绿豆抗豆象遗传的初步研究

绿豆象(Callos0bruchun chinensis L.)是豇豆属豆类作物重要的仓库害虫.本研究通过抗豆象杂交育种后代VC1973A/TC1966 F1、F2和VC1973A/(VC1973A/TC1966 F2)BC1F1及TC1966/(VC1973A/TC1966 F2)BC1F1分离群体的遗传分析,发现绿豆抗豆象性状符合31的遗传分离规律,证明绿豆对豆象的抗性由1对显性单基因(Aa)控制,抗虫性为显性(A),感虫为隐性(a).     

饲喂胡萝卜和蜂王浆对黄粉虫繁殖力的影响

采用多因素对比饲养试验,设计不同黄粉虫TemibriomolitorL.发育时期分别补饲胡萝卜、不同浓度的蜂王浆,研究胡萝卜和蜂王浆对黄粉虫繁殖力的影响。结果表明:各处理组比对照组羽化齐一,羽化率增高,产卵速度加快,总产卵量增多,良卵率、孵化率增高。幼虫期和成虫期都补饲2%的蜂王浆,可使产卵量极显著高于对照97.79%、孵化率极显著地高于对照8.90%;而只在成虫期补充2%的蜂王浆,也可使产卵量极显著高于对照90.65%、有效地提高孵化率6.66%。     

梨小食心虫蛹重对成虫繁殖力和寿命及下一代幼虫发育的影响

【目的】本文旨在明确营养状况不同造成的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)雌、雄蛹重量差异对其羽化的成虫产卵量、产卵期、寿命及下一代(F1)幼虫发育的影响。【方法】室内条件下,通过不同的饲养方法,获得个体重量不同的梨小食心虫雌、雄蛹,待其羽化交配后,记录其产卵量、产卵时间和成虫寿命;卵孵化前后,分别测量卵和初孵幼虫大小,计算卵孵化率,统计幼虫发育历期。【结果】雌蛹重量对梨小食心虫的成虫产卵量影响显著,其重量与产卵量呈正相关(y=15.505x-59.292);同一条件下,雌蛹与雄蛹重量也呈正相关(y=0.823x-0.538)。同时,雌蛹重量对成虫产卵期影响也较大,蛹重大的个体羽化的雌虫比蛹重小的个体羽化的雌虫产卵高峰期提前1 d;较重、中等和较轻蛹羽化出的雌虫个体每天产卵量高于10粒/雌的时间分别为9~10,7和5~6 d;产卵量高于5粒/雌的时间分别为12~13,9和6~7 d。而雄蛹重量对产卵量、雄成虫寿命影响没有明显影响。较轻的蛹羽化的雌成虫寿命比较重蛹羽化的雌成虫短2~3 d;而雄蛹重量对其羽化的雄成虫寿命影响没有明显规律。雌、雄蛹重量对其羽化成虫的卵孵化率、卵和初孵幼虫的大小影响均不显著,对F_1幼虫发育历期影响也不显著。【结论】梨小食心虫雌蛹重对羽化成虫的产卵量和产卵期等影响显著,田间防治时应注意在不同条件下完成发育的个体,尤其是雌虫,由于营养差异引起的个体大小对随后种群增长的影响。     

大豆蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性分析

摘要：以综合性状优良的黄淮海区主栽大豆品种中黄13为轮回亲本,从大豆微核心种质中选择蛋白质含量显著低于或高于轮回亲本的中黄20、东山69、迟黄豆-1和泰兴牛毛黄乙等4个品种作为供体亲本,比较分析了4个组合的RP、DP、F2、BC1F2和BC2F2蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,结果表明,双亲蛋白质含量高有利于提高其杂交、回交后代的蛋白质平均含量及超轮回亲本个体比例;F2、BC1F2和BC2F2群体蛋白质含量的变异系数依次降低,BC2F2的蛋白质平均含量及其变异系数接近于轮回亲本;蛋白质含量在F2群体内呈正态分布,在双亲蛋白质含量高的组合中,其BC1F2群体呈偏态分布,但在BC2F2群体恢复了正态分布,稳定较快;供体亲本与其杂交2代、回交1代和回交2代在蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、株高、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状上呈显著或极显著相关。     

白星花金龟室内外繁育技术研究

[目的]根据新疆气候特点和白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis生物学特性,探究在新疆人工繁育白星花金龟的可行性及潜力,以期为白星花金龟在新疆的人工繁殖和转化利用畜禽粪便提供科学依据.[方法]以牛粪为繁育基质,在适宜季节分别在室内外保育白星花金龟的蛹及作为成虫产卵基质,最终统计比较室内外成虫的羽化及产卵情况.[结果]室外露天条件更利于白星花金龟的羽化,老熟幼虫做土室26 d后羽化出成虫,比室内及室外棚下处理提前4d.在化蛹30d后进入羽化高峰期,持续13d,羽化率83％.成虫雌雄比接近1∶1,雌虫羽化时间早于雄虫1-3 d.白星花金龟成虫室内外产卵量差异不显著(P＜0.05),室内单雌产卵量109.80粒,室外105.94粒,成虫羽化后30-35 d进入产卵高峰期,第60天室内外成虫产卵量显著下降(P＜0.05),甚至不产卵.[结论]白星花金龟规模化人工繁育在新疆是可行性的,在室外自然条件和室内控温条件下白星花金龟繁育的效果差异不显著.     

水菖蒲活性物质β-辛醚对四纹豆象行为、死亡率和繁殖的影响

在室内条件下研究了水菖蒲Acorus calamus活性物质β-细辛醚对四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculates成虫行为、产卵和繁殖的影响。结果表明：经过β-细辛醚接触处理后的四纹豆象成虫行为主要表现为兴奋→失去平衡→击倒→死亡,接触药剂64 h后,试虫成虫全部死亡。β-细辛醚处理可显著的降低四纹豆象成虫的交配次数,随着处理时间的延长,成虫的交配次数减少,且处理雄虫比处理雌虫对交配竞争能力的影响更大。处理雌虫与未处理雄虫配对后以及处理雄虫与未处理雌虫配对后,雌虫的产卵数均极显著低于对照,且随着处理时间的延长,雌虫的产卵数显著减少,但两种配对处理之间雌虫的产卵数无显著差异。处理雌虫与未处理雄虫配对后以及处理雄虫与未处理雌虫配对后,雌虫产卵的孵化率均显著低于对照处理,但不同处理时间后卵的孵化率无显著差异; 两种配对处理所产卵的孵化率无显著差异。据此得出结论：水菖蒲根茎提取物β-细辛醚为神经毒剂,可以减少四纹豆象的种群数量,具有开发为储粮害虫四纹豆象防治剂的潜力。     

Characterization of resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in mungbean variety VC6089A and its resistance-associated protein VrD1

Characteristics of resistance of VC6089A, a mungbean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, bred by using a wild Vigna species, V. sublobata (Roxburgh) Verdcourt (accession no. TC1966), and containing a novel protein, VrD1, were investigated against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The seeds of VC6089A showed high level of resistance; > 96% of the bruchid eggs failed to develop into adults, whereas 85% of eggs laid on susceptible cultivar VC1973A became adults. Mortality of surviving bruchids raised for five generations on VC6089A remained higher than 96%; however, female adults maintained high fecundity and thus showed a positive population growth through these generations. We therefore cannot exclude the possibility that the beetles could develop resistance to the resistant mungbean VC6089A. The protein VrD1 purified from seeds of VC6089A showed marked toxicity to C. maculatus when beetles were reared on artificial seeds containing varying levels of VrD1. Thorough inhibition of development was observed when artificial seeds containing 0.2% (wt:wt) VrD1 was provided for insect feeding. Our findings demonstrated the insecticidal activity of VC6089A mungbean seeds and VrD1 protein against C. maculatus. These results may facilitate safer control against bruchid infestation.     

A preliminary investigation of pre-dispersal seed predation by Acanthoscelides schrankiae Horn (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze trees

This is the first record of Acanthoscelides schrankiae Horn. feeding in seeds of Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze. We investigated the pattern of oviposition and seed exploitation by A. schrankiae, and the distribution of mature fruits and seed predation in the inflorescences. We also compared the percentage of predated seeds, the total dry weight of fruits and non-predated seeds, the percentage of aborted seeds, and the percentage of non-emergent insects, among different quadrants of the M. bimucronata canopy. To determine the occurring species, the emergence of bruchids and parasitoids was observed in the laboratory, resulting altogether, only in individuals of A. schrankiae and Horismenus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) species, respectively. Mean number of fruits produced in the median region of inflorescence was significantly higher than in the inferior and superior regions, and the frequencies (observed and expected) of predated and non-predated seeds differed among the different regions of inflorescence. Females of A. schrankiae laid their eggs on fruits, and larvae, after emergence, perforated the exocarp to reach the seeds. Most fruits presented one to three eggs and only one bruchid larva was observed in each seed. The highest value of the rate "number of eggs/fruit" and the highest percentage of predated seeds were recorded in April. Dry weight of fruits (total) and seeds (non-predated), proportions of predated seeds, seed abortions, and non-emergent seed predators, were evenly distributed in the canopy.     

Determinants of oviposition in Acanthoscelides obtectus: a nonconformist bruchid

Abstract. Acanthoscelides obtectus is atypical of bruchids found in stored seeds because females do not attach eggs individually to host seeds but scatter them irregularly among potential hosts. In other respects, its life history resembles that of other species and comparison provides evidence for the adaptive nature of their behaviour. Individual females differ dramatically in the temporal pattern of their oviposition. The hypothesis is proposed that this is an adaptation to life in heterogeneous habitats. Oviposition is not regulated by host availability to the same extent as in other bruchids, providing evidence that regulation of the number of eggs laid by species which stick eggs to host seeds is an adaptation to the abundance of hosts. The continued presence of males and opportunity for multiple matings does not affect fecundity or egg viability. Females preferentially lay on clean seeds when provided with a choice between them and seeds previously exposed to other adult beetles. However, they do not appear to be deterred by, or cannot detect, the presence of larvae infesting seeds. Other bruchid species avoid such seeds that they can identify by the occurrence of egg cases and pheromones. The number of eggs laid is influenced by the host cultivar available for oviposition. Oviposition by A. obtectus appears to be an adaptation to both storage environments and the heterogeneous environment of a growing crop or uncultivated land. Its behaviour suggests an ancestral condition in bruchids and the changes which might have occurred in the ecology of other bruchid species as they have adapted to become pests of human seed stores.     

Performance of Uscana mukerjii (Mani) for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) and allied bruchid species

Investigations have been carried out on the relative preference of U. mukerjii to four common species viz., C. maculatus, C. analis, C. chinensis and Zabrotes subfasciatus of store bruchids. Results show correspondence between the acceptance/contact ratio and the total number of eggs laid by the parasitoid for Callosobruchus species. U. mukerjii shows maximum preference on C. maculatus followed by C. analis, C. chinensis and Z. subfasciatus in the decreasing order. Z. subfasciatus has been the least preferred host having 2-3% parasitization in choice situation. Percentage emergence of the adults and females differ insignificantly from each other in Callosobruchus species. In no choice experiments, U. mukerjii laid sufficient number of eggs in the eggs of C. chinensis and Z. subfasciatus but less number of eggs in a choice situation due to competition with the preferred host. As is evident, U. mukerjii gives the first preference to primary host C. maculatus. Moreover, the congeneric species i.e C. analis and C. chinensis are given more preference than Z. subfasciatus.     

Response of cowpea bruchid,Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to cheese wood,Alstonia boonei De Wild stem bark oil extracted with different solvents

Cheese wood, Alstonia boonei De Wild stem bark was extracted with five different solvents namely: methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane. The extracts were tested for insecticidal activity on cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.). Adult mortality and adult emergence of the insects were investigated. Oviposition deterrences using dual-choice and multiple-choice tests were also investigated as well as percentage damage and weight loss at temperature of 28?±?2?°C and 75?±?5% relative humidity. Results showed that at the rate of 2% extract per 20?g of cowpea seeds, methanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts caused 100% mortality of adult cowpea bruchid after four?days of post treatment. When the bruchid had choice of oviposition substrate, they laid significantly (p?<?0.05) fewer eggs on cowpea seeds treated with extracts compared to untreated seeds. There was no adult emergence in seeds treated with methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts and 100% reduction in F₁ progeny was recorded compared with untreated that had 81.86% adults emergence and 0% reduction in F₁ progeny. The results obtained from this study revealed that methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether and n-hexane extracts of A. boonei stem bark were effective in controlling C. maculatus and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for the protection of stored cowpeas against bruchids.     

Factors affecting egg maturation in the bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus

Abstract. This paper concerns the effects of mate and seed availability on the rate of egg maturation in the bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Egg maturation starts before emergence from the seed and, provided that both oviposition sites and mates are available, eggs are laid at a rate determined by the number of oviposition sites, and mature at a similar rate. If seeds or mates are absent then a small number of eggs are laid, but oocytes continue to mature until the oviduct-capacity is approached. The number of eggs that a female can store is dependent on her body weight and does not correlate with the number of ovarioles. If, after a period in which oocyte development has been halted, conditions for egg-laying become suitable, then egg maturation can be re-started, but only after the oviducts have been emptied of eggs. The rate of egg maturation is then similar to that for females of the same age which have been maturing eggs since emergence.     

Development, fecundity and egg dispersion of Zabrotes subfasciatus

Zabrotes subfasciatus Boh. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is the smallest of the bruchids commonly infesting stored legume seeds, yet its wild and cultivated hosts, Phaseolus lunatus and P. vulgaris, have large seeds. It is demonstrated that the maximum fecundity of females is around 55 eggs which are aggregated onto some of the available hosts. About 80% of the eggs normally hatch and development at 27°C and 70% relative humidity takes around 34 days. The sex ratio of emerging adults is slightly biased towards males. About 75% of the larvae in a seed produce adults at low and moderate initial densities and up to 20 adults can emerge from a single seed. Adult weight is not influenced by the initial larval density in the seed but there is a strong correlation between the weight of females at emergence and their fecundity. These results are considered in the light of existing knowledge of Z. subfasciatus, much of which is apparently contradictory or inconsistent. Many of these difficulties are resolved and it is demonstrated that the behaviour and bionomics are well adapted to the normal situation in which the beetle is found and that the differences between this species and other bruchids are explicable in this context.     

大豆荚发育程度对点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命及生殖力的影响

【目的】为明确大豆荚发育程度对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris成虫存活及生殖力的影响。【方法】在室内24℃±1℃恒温下,用不同日龄(5, 15, 25, 35和45日龄)离体鲜豆荚饲喂点蜂缘蝽,测定成虫寿命、产卵前期、产卵期、单雌产卵量等生物学参数和不同日龄豆荚籽粒中脂肪、总蛋白和总糖含量,分析点蜂缘蝽成虫的生物学参数与不同日龄豆荚籽粒中主要营养成分含量之间的相关性。【结果】随着所取食豆荚日龄的增加,点蜂缘蝽成虫的平均寿命、产卵期、单雌产卵量呈先增加然后下降的趋势,而产卵前期的变化趋势则相反。当饲喂35日龄豆荚时,点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命最长(56.90±9.47 d),产卵前期最短(6.00±0.58 d),产卵期最长(29.67±6.61 d),单雌产卵量最高(129.56±36.53粒),且与取食其他日龄豆荚的成虫之间存在显著差异。点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命、产卵期、单雌产卵量均与豆荚籽粒脂肪和总蛋白含量呈显著正相关,产卵前期与豆荚籽粒脂肪和总蛋白含量呈显著负相关。【结论】大豆荚发育程度对点蜂缘蝽成虫寿命及生殖力等生物学参数具有显著的影响,35日龄豆荚对点蜂缘蝽成虫存活和繁殖最为有利。     

Comparative seed resistance in eighty cowpea accessions to the seed bruchid,Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Eighty cowpea accessions comprising both improved and local were assessed for their resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) attack under laboratory conditions (29 ± 3?°C and 65 ± 5% R.H.). Sixty-nine accessions were derived from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture breeding programmes, four were local cultivars, while seven were improved cultivars from national research institutes. Results showed that there were significant differences among the accessions in terms of number of initial bruchid eggs laid on them, adult emergence, number of seeds damaged and bruchid-induced seed weight loss at three months after artificial infestation with C. maculatus. On IT04K-334-2, IT04K-343-1, IT06K-141, IT99K-216-48-1, IT99K-494-6 and IT99K-529-2, fewer initial eggs were laid and no adult emergence, seed damage or weight loss and were considered highly resistant to C. maculatus. On the other hand, IT03K-337, IT04K-217-51, IT04K-332-1, IT04K-339-1, IT06K-188-49, IT81D-1137, IT845-2231-15, IT93K-452-1, IT04K-154-1, IT96K-610, IT97K-1069-6, IT97K-390-2, Ife Bpc, IT99K-573-2-1, Ife Modupe, IT845-2246, Drum, Ife Brown and Oloyin were the most susceptible with the highest damage indices values (p?<?0.05). The range of each of the resistance indices measured in the susceptible varieties was: number of initial eggs laid (61–100), adult emergence (40.0–62.10%), number of seeds damaged (53.0–85.5) and seed weight loss (58.0–66.25%).     

Bruchid (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) ovicidal phenylbutanoid from Zingiber purpureum

The larvicidal activity of the dichloromethane extract of Zingiber purpureum Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) rhizome against the second instar of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is shown to be due to 4-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)buta-1,3-diene. The diene also showed ovicidal activity against the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Most of the eggs laid by bruchids on treated cowpea seeds were transparent, and very few of them contained developing embryos. The few larvae produced from these embryos were unable to penetrate the seed coat and enter the seed. Similar effects were seen when adults were exposed to the compound and then placed on untreated cowpea seeds, suggesting that a new type of maternally mediated ovicidal effect was involved. Coated and impregnated granular formulations of the extract were evaluated for use in the control of bruchid infestation of stored cowpea seeds. Coated granules showed activity similar to that of the crude extract but were found to lose activity rapidly. Impregnated granules were found to be less active than the crude extract.