人工湿地除磷研究进展

从人工湿地除磷机理着手,综述了国内外有关湿地基质、湿地植物及微生物强化除磷的研究机理以及进展。深入研究多种基质组合对磷素的吸附与解析机理,可以从理论上推进诸多高效除磷基质的实际应用进程;植物间接净化作用及其与湿地水力停留时间的关系,是影响湿地植物选种和种植的重要依据;植物根际微环境以及植物与微生物的耦合作用可能是人工湿地除磷的主要途径之一;强调湿地的污水净化功能而忽视其生态服务功能,是湿地运行中普遍存在的认识错误。最后指出：湿地运行应采取高水力负荷、低污染负荷的方式,强调强化一级处理的重要性。     

复合人工湿地净化抚仙湖入湖河水的效果研究

通过构建复合人工湿地处理抚仙湖窑泥沟入湖河水, 对其净化效果进行了一周年的研究。结果表明, 窑泥沟复合人工湿地利用各类型湿地的特点进行有机组合, 年清除漂浮垃圾869.7 t, 年清淤600 m3, 年净化入湖河水118.9 万m3,对河水中SS、BOD5、COD、TN、TP 的年平均去除率分别为88.5%、83.8%、82.1%、36.4%、45.6%。生物氧化塘没有进行及时清淤, 形成了湿地系统最大的内源释放库, 是影响复合人工湿地去除率进一步提高的主要原因。研究可为高原湖泊应用复合人工湿地处理入湖河水提供理论依据。     

人工湿地系统对污水磷的净化效果

建立以亚热带湿生、水生植物为主的十二套下流行一上流－上行流人工湿地系统作为处理城镇生活污水的对策。以其中四套研究其在不同的水力负荷及气候条件下对污水中磷的去除效果。人工湿地系统随处理运行时间的推移趋于稳定,对污水中的总磷、无机磷显示较好的净化效率,平均去除率在冬季达到４０％以上,夏季达到６０％以上,出水达到国家地面水Ⅲ级标准。水生植物在系统中起到明显作用,有植物系统的除磷效率及稳定性均高于无植物对照,其中２号茭白－石菖蒲系统的效果最好,总磷平均去除率为６５％。４号9蔗－苔草系统在高水力负荷下的净效果优于２号。水力负荷的增加对系统的净效果没有明显影响。     

人工湿地生态系统的除藻研究

由于水体污染的日益加剧 ,水生态环境破坏严重 ,可利用的水资源不断减少 ,导致水资源供需矛盾日显突出。国内外学者在寻求多元化污水处理新技术方面进行了许多有意义的探索 ,人工湿地系统即是本世纪七十年代发展起来的污水处理新技术之一 ,由于具有高效的去除水体中的氮磷营养及有机物的能力 ,出水水质可达到或超过常规二级处理水平 ,且基建投资及日常运行费用却比常规二级处理厂低得多 ,因而被广泛应用于城镇污水、畜牧业、食品业和矿山等工农业废水的处理[1— 3] 。因藻类过量繁殖引起的富营养化问题在我国日趋突出 ,众多水厂也因水源中藻…     

人工湿地反应性填料开发及其脱氮除磷性能研究

【目的】人工湿地填料作为反硝化电子供体可以高效且稳定地脱氮除磷,但是填料的选用方式和作用机理尚不明确。【方法】本文以磁黄铁矿、菱铁矿和农业废弃物(木屑等)为人工湿地填料,研究了其对人工湿地反硝化脱氮除磷的效果。【结果】结果显示,质量比1:1的矿石组合和木屑以3:1的质量比作为混合填料,驯化8个周期后NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P的平均去除率达到88.6%和88.9%。扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)、X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)和群落分析结果表明,微生物能有效利用矿石及其次生产物和木屑进行高效和持久的脱氮除磷,脱氮除磷功能菌硫杆菌(Thiobacillus)、罗姆布茨菌(Romboutsia)和溶杆菌(Lysobacter)得到了富集。【结论】本研究为人工湿地实际应用中新型填料的选择提供理论依据与指导意义。     

植物吸收在人工湿地去除氮、磷中的贡献

探讨了植物在人工湿地系统处理污水中的作用,并分析了影响植物生长的主要环境因素,结合实例分析了湿地植物吸收氮磷在不同生长期的变化和其在去除氮磷营养物中的贡献,认为通过秋冬季的植物收割去除的氮磷量比较低,植物可以作为冬季保温材料而不收割,提出通过组合技术来改善破人工湿地氮磷去除能力的思路.     

人工污水中的磷在模拟秋茄湿地系统中的分配与循环

在温室中建立模拟秋茄湿地系统,含底泥、潮汐海水和１年生秋茄苗。对照组用１５‰的人工海水,污水处理组分别用正常、５倍和１０倍浓度的人工污水每时、定量对模拟系统污２次,持续１ａ,用以研究Ｐ在系统中的分配和循环。结果表明：加入系统的污 Ｐ主要存留在土壤中,留存于植物体物凋落叶中的很少;植物吸收土壤或污水中的Ｐ在污水处理组中,以叶中含量最大,对对照组以根含量最高有明显的区别;对照组及３个污水处理组Ｐ元素的     

人工湿地系统微生物去除污染物的研究进展

人工湿地系统是模拟自然湿地,通过植物、土壤、微生物的相互作用去除污染物,从而实现净化污水、美化环境的功能,是一种经济环保且高效的污水处理技术。微生物作为人工湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,承担着对污水、废水中污染物的吸收和分解。本文从微生物种群分布特征和影响微生物生态分布及去污能力的三个因素,温度和营养物质、基质方面,总结归纳了人工湿地微生物去除污染物的研究进展。     

人工湿地脱除富营养化水体氮磷的研究进展

水体中氮磷营养物质不断积累,部分藻类及水生生物的过度繁殖,导致了水体的富营养化。水体富营养化防治的关键是减小水中氮、磷的含量。人工湿地是一项新型的废水处理技术,近年来在脱除富营养化水体氮磷中获得广泛研究和应用。本文在简述脱氮除磷机理的基础上,较系统地阐述了影响人工湿地脱除氮磷的因素及工艺的在改善水体富营养化的研究进展,以便在构建人工湿地中对各项因素综合考虑及兼顾利用,提高人工湿地修复富营养化水体的综合效能。     

亚硝酸盐对污水生物除磷影响的研究进展

亚硝酸盐作为生物硝化和反硝化的中间产物, 存在于污水生物脱氮除磷系统中。对于生物强化除磷工艺亚硝酸盐既是电子受体用于反硝化除磷, 同时又是抑制剂影响生物除磷过程。本文综述了聚磷菌在厌氧、好氧和缺氧环境中的代谢机理, 在此基础上分别从好氧除磷和反硝化除磷两方面介绍了亚硝酸盐对污水生物除磷影响的研究, 同时概述了亚硝酸盐对生物除磷的抑制机理, 并对该领域的研究提出了个人见解。     

煤渣-草炭基质垂直流人工湿地系统对城市污水的净化效果

垂直流人工湿地系统不但具有较高的水力负荷率(54—64cm.^-1),而且对有机物和N、P都具有较高的去除效果．其对化粪池出水中的COD、BOD5、NIA4^+-N和总P的去除率分别为76％--87％,88％--92％,75％--85％和77％--91％．处理出水中COD、BOD5、NH4^+-N和总P的平均浓度分别小于60、20、25和2．0mg.L^-1.植物种植试验结果表明,种植风车草可提高氨氮、总N和总P的去除率,分别为2％--3％、4％--6％、10％--14％．     

Relationships between plant photosynthesis,radial oxygen loss and nutrient removal in constructed wetland microcosms

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between root radial oxygen loss (ROL), photosynthesis, and nutrient removal, based on the hypothesis that ROL is primarily an active process which is affected positively by photosynthesis, and is correlated positively with nutrient removal. Four common wetland plants were studied in small-scale monoculture wetlands. Higher ROL coincided with faster growth among the four monocultures. Significant correlation between ROL and photosynthetic rate existed in Cyperus flabelliformis wetland (P < 0.01). Both ROL and photosynthesis represented close correlations with nutrient removal rates in all four monocultures. Significant differences in ROL, photosynthetic rate, removal rates of NH₄⁺, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were found among the four species. ROL and photosynthetic rates showed single-peak daily and seasonal patterns, with maximum daily values around noon, and with maximum yearly values in summer or autumn for the four monocultures. The results suggest that the ROL of wetland plants is related to active physiological processes. Both ROL and photosynthetic rate are indices which can be used to identify wetland plants with a higher nutrient removal capacity.     

几种湿地植物净化生活污水COD、总氮效果比较

以无植被、基质为河砂的潜流型人工湿地为对照,研究了石菖蒲、灯心草和蝴蝶花3种类型植被、基质均为河砂的潜流型人工湿地净化生活污水COD、总氮的效果．结果表明,在污水COD浓度小于200mg·L^-1、总氮浓度小于30mg·L^-1的低浓度范围里,无植被的人工湿地和有植被的人工湿地对污水中COD、总氮均有很好的去除效果,两者差异不大,其COD去除率均达90％以上,总氮的去除率达80％以上．随着污水中COD和总氮浓度的增加,无植被人工湿地和有植被人工湿地去除COD和总氮的效果均有不同程度下降,两者差异明显,有植被的人工湿地能维持较高的COD、总氮的去除效果,无植被的人工湿地COD和总氮去除效果下降很快,植被在人工湿地系统去除污水COD和总氮过程中起着重要的作用．在整个试验阶段,石菖蒲植被人工湿地COD和总氮平均净化效率分别为80．46％和77．77％、灯心草人工湿地分别为75．53％和71．17％、蝴蝶花人工湿地分别为70．50％和66．38％,无植被人工湿地分别为61．39％和55．81％．同无植被人工湿地COD和总氮净化效果相比,石菖蒲植被人工湿地净化效果最好;其次为灯心草植被人工湿地,再次为蝴蝶花植被人工湿地．不同类型植被的人工湿地净化污水中COD和总氮的效果与其生物量关系密切,这与植被系统吸收同化有机物质和总氮数量、根际微生物分解有机物质和硝化-反硝化作用有关。     

潜流型菖蒲人工湿地不同C/N对污染物的去除效率

选取炉渣和砾石为基质,以无植被为对照,分别设置低、中、高浓度的3个碳水平(C1、C2、C3)和3个氮水平(N1、N2、N3)处理,研究潜流型菖蒲人工湿地在不同C/N下净化生活污水中COD、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的效果。结果表明,在不同C/N下,菖蒲人工湿地对污水中COD、TN的去除效果显著高于无植被的人工湿地,菖蒲植被能增加人工湿地COD去除率10.53%,增加TN去除率6.73%;而对于TP的去除,有无植被无显著差异。随着进水N、P浓度及C/N的变化,菖蒲湿地对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别为67.57%～75.85%、20.91%～56.82%和7.15%～17.78%;同时,菖蒲植株对N、P的积累量也相应的变化,其地上部的N、P积累量为4.44～14.79和1.11～3.37g.m-2,平均占湿地N、P去除率的6.91%和10.67%;地下部的N、P积累量分别为2.35～5.20和0.74～1.41g.m-2,平均占湿地N、P去除率的2.69%和6.02%。植物地上器官对湿地N、P的积累量大于地下部,有利于通过收割作用去除湿地系统中的N、P。     

风车草(Cyperus alternifolius)人工湿地系统氮去除及氮转化细菌研究

研究了风车草人工湿地污水处理系统TN去除率及氮转化细菌的数量。结果表明:风车草人工湿地对TN的去除率为73.8%,与无植物人工湿地系统相比较,去除率提高了17.4%。风车草人工湿地氨化细菌为7.98×10⁵cfu·g^-1(细砂),硝化细菌为1.95×10⁵MPN·g^-1(细砂),反硝化细菌为5.89×10⁴1.95×10⁴MPN·g^-1(细砂)。与无植物系统氮转化细菌相比,氨化细菌无明显差异,硝化细菌及反硝化细菌均高出1个数量级。     

Phosphorus retention in a constructed wetland system used to treat dairy wastewater

The aim of this study was to develop an input/output mass balance to predict phosphorus retention in a five pond constructed wetland system (CWS) at Greenmount Farm, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The mass balance was created using 14-months of flow data collected at inflow and outflow points on a weekly basis. Balance outputs were correlated with meteorological parameters, such as daily air temperature and hydrological flow, recorded daily onsite. The mass balance showed that phosphorus retention within the system exceeded phosphorus release, illustrating the success of this CWS to remove nutrients from agricultural effluent from a dairy farm. The last pond, pond 5, showed the greatest relative retention of 86%. Comparison of retention and mean air temperature highlighted a striking difference in trends between up-gradient and down-gradient ponds, with up-gradient ponds 1 and 2 displaying a positive quadratic relationship and down-gradient ponds 3 through 5 displaying a negative quadratic relationship.     

Morphology, ecology, and contaminant removal efficiency of eight wetland plants with differing root systems

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fibrous-root plants and rhizomatic-root plants are characterized by different root morphologies, root growth and distribution, and contaminant removal capabilities. Four fibrous-root and four rhizomatic-root wetland plants were studied in mono-cultured microcosms which received wastewater. Fibrous-root plants had significantly greater (P < 0.05) small-size root (diameter ≤ 1 mm) biomass and a larger (P < 0.05) root surface area per plant than the rhizomatic-root plants and exhibited accelerated growth in both shoots and roots compared to the rhizomatic-root plants. Fibrous-root plants developed the majority of their root biomass increment within a shallower gravel medium than the rhizomatic-root plants. All plants demonstrated fast root biomass growth from July to September. The wetland microcosms planted with fibrous-root plants showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal rates from July to December than those planted with the rhizomatic-root plants. These results suggest that root characteristics of wetland plants, which are related to their shoot and root growth, root distribution, and decontamination ability, can be used in the selection of wetland plants with a higher contaminant removal capacity and in the construction of a multi-species wetland plant community. Handling editor: S. M. Thomaz     

Estrogen removal from treated municipal effluent in small-scale constructed wetland with different depth

The presence of estrone (E1), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in sewage treatment work (STW) effluent pose a potential risk to aquatic ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of vertical-flow wetland as polishing step of conventional wastewater treatment in the removal of estrogens and to examine the effect of sand depth. The highest removal efficiency of 67.8 ± 28.0%, 84.0 ± 15.4% and 75.3 ± 17.6% for E1, E2 and EE2, respectively, was achieved by the shallowest wetland among three constructed wetlands with different filter layer depth (i.e. 7.5, 30 and 60 cm). Together with the result that the performance of wetlands when operating in unsaturated condition was superior to that when operating in water-saturated condition, it is suggested that maintaining sufficient aerobic circumstance in constructed wetlands was important for estrogens removal. Core sampling indicated that the highest efficiency achieved in extremely shallow wetland might be due partly to the highest root density, besides the superior condition for penetration of oxygen. The adsorbed estrogens in sand accounted for less than 12% of the removed estrogens irrespective of the depth, indicating biotic processes play a major role in the estrogens removal.     

Development of a constructed subsurface-flow wetland simulation model

This paper presents a mechanistic, compartmental simulation model of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. The model consists of six submodels, including the nitrogen and carbon cycles, both autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria growth and metabolism, and water and oxygen balances. Data from an existing constructed wetland in Maryland were used to calibrate the model. Model results reproduced seasonal trends well. Interactions between the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles were evident in model output. In general, effluent biochemical oxygen demand, organic nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate concentrations were predicted well. Because little is known about rootzone aeration by wetland plants, oxygen predictions were fair. The model is generally insensitive to changes in individual parameters. This is due to the complexity of the ecosystem and the model, as well as the numerous feedback mechanisms. The model is most sensitive to changes in parameters that affect microbial growth and substrate use directly. This dynamic, compartmental, simulation model is an effective tool for evaluating the performance of subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. The model provided insights into treatment problems at an existing constructed wetland. With further evaluation and refinement, the model will be a useful design tool for subsurface-flow constructed wetlands.     

Roles of oyster shells in an integrated constructed wetland system designed for P removal

This research aimed to investigate the applicability of an integrated constructed wetland system for P removal from low-strength wastewaters. The integrated system consisted of a constructed wetland and a post-filter unit, in series; both units were packed with oyster shells (OS) as adsorption and filtration media. Based on 1 year of operation under the overall hydraulic retention time of 3.5 days, the integrated system was found to be highly effective in removing BOD₅ (92.3%), N (85.7%), P (98.3%) and total suspended solids (TSS) (94.4%) compounds, in which the constructed wetland unit was responsible for most of the treatment performance, while the post-filter unit served as a polishing unit, especially in the removal of the remaining N, P and TSS. To simulate heavy rainfall conditions, the integrated system was tested under hydraulic shock loading at the overall hydraulic retention time of 0.7 day for 14 days that represented the extreme period of high drainage flows. There were some increases of P concentrations in the post-filter effluent during the 14 days of operation up to about 5 mg/l, but these P concentrations were later decreased to about 1 mg/L after the shock loading period. These experimental results suggested the applicability of the integrated constructed wetland system which used oyster shells as adsorption and filtration media for P removal which should help to minimize eutrophication problems in receiving waters.