Toll 样受体与天然免疫

Toll样受体家族是一类模式识别受体,它介导了一个植物,昆虫,哺乳动物共同拥有的高度保守的信号通路。最近几年相继发现了多种人类Toll样受体以及相关的病原微生物配体,这些配体涵盖了病毒,细菌,真菌等微生物上多种保守的病原相关分子模式。可见Toll样受体在多种病原微生物及其产物的识别和免疫防御反应中有重要的作用。     

Toll样受体家族与天然免疫

Toll受体是近年来发现的跨膜信号传递受体蛋白,它在哺乳动物,昆虫及植物的信号转导通路中有类似的作用。TLR可选择性识别病原微生物而启动天然免疫,因此,它在宿主的天然免疫中具有重要作用。本文主要对TLR家族的研究进展及其在天然免疫中的作用加以综述。     

Toll样受体的研究进展

Toll样受体是近几年发现的天然免疫受体,它们不仅能特异性地识别病原微生物的结构成分,激活天然免疫,同时也为激活获得性免疫提供共刺激信号。Toll样受体是天然免疫与获得性免疫之间的连接点。     

Toll样受体在抗感染免疫中的作用

目前已确认的人类Toll样受体有10个,它们分别识 病原微生物不同的病原体相关分子特式结构,其中TLR9与细菌CpG-DNA关系的发现,受到人们普遍的重视和关注,本文简要地介绍细菌CpG基序与TLR9,鞭毛蛋白与TLR5和病毒与TLR5等的相互关系及其意义。     

Toll样受体对病原寄生虫的天然免疫识别

Toll样受体是机体天然免疫系统最重要的模式识别受体之一,通过识别病原寄生虫的病原相关分子模式,活化依赖和非依赖于髓样分化因子88的信号转导通路,诱导干扰素、炎症因子、趋化因子等的表达以及树突状细胞的成熟,抵御病原寄生虫的感染。因此,以下综述了Toll样受体对原病寄生虫,尤其对动物寄生性原虫与蠕虫感染的模式识别与天然免疫应答机制,以进一步理解病原寄生虫与宿主相互作用的复杂性,为寄生虫病的有效防治提供理论参考。     

Toll样受体对病原真菌的天然免疫识别

天然免疫系统是宿主抵御病原入侵的第一道防线,在机体抗感染免疫中发挥重要作用。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是天然免疫系统最重要的模式识别受体(pattern recognitionreceptors,PRRs)之一,通过识别病原真菌的病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecularpatterns,PAMPs),招募特异接头蛋白,激活一系列信号级联反应,引发炎症因子、趋化因子等的释放和树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)的成熟,发挥抗真菌感染作用。通过简要介绍宿主的TLRs及信号通路的研究进展,总结了目前TLRs对不同病原真菌PAMPs的天然免疫识别及信号通路研究现状,以期对进一步研究宿主天然免疫系统与病原真菌相互作用的分子机制提供参考。     

Toll样受体信号转导途径研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)属于模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)家族,识别高度保守的微生物组分-病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pat-terns,PAMPS)。迄今为止,在人类基因组中已发现10个Toll样受体。这些受体通过感知不同的微生物刺激,招募特异接头蛋白,激活一系列信号级联反应,引发针对病原体的特异性免疫应答,是连接天然免疫和适应性免疫应答的桥梁。哺乳动物Toll样受体的发现引领天然免疫的研究进入飞速发展的时代。本文将对Toll样受体信号转导途径的最新进展作一综述,以便更好地理解Toll样受体介导的分子免疫机制,这将有助于研发免疫治疗的分子靶标,最终有效预防、控制Toll样受体介导的疾病。     

Toll样受体在创伤后炎症反应中的作用

创伤后发生炎症反应以促进损伤恢复,反映了天然免疫的活化。Toll样受体家族(TLRs)不仅能识别病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs),近来发现其某些成员,尤其是TLR4对于无菌性损伤后释放的众多内源性分子即损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs)也有反应。通过基因突变或基因敲除动物证实,在局部损伤、失血性休克、股骨骨折等模型中,TLRs在局部炎症反应、远隔器官损害、全身炎症反应中也有重要作用。通过研究TLRs,对于深入理解创伤后局部及全身炎症反应发生、发展动态过程具有重要意义,有助于阐释创伤后并发症发生的机制,甚至可能寻找到调节创伤早期炎症反应的治疗靶点。     

水稻免疫机制研究进展

植物先天免疫主要由两部分组成：一类是通过细胞膜上的病原菌分子模式识别受体识别病原微生物表面存在的分子特征激发的免疫反应（PTI）;另一类是专化性的抗病R蛋白识别病原微生物的效应蛋白,从而激发下游的病原菌小种特异性的防卫反应过程（ETI）．随着水稻抗病信号途径中越来越多的抗病基因以及关键的调控基因被克隆和功能鉴定,同时多种水稻病原菌效应蛋白的发现,水稻抗病机理的研究也越来越深入．本文阐述了水稻的PTI,ETI及其下游参与免疫信号转导的关键性组分,从而形成一个初步的水稻免疫调控网络．     

Origin of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Innate Immunity

Toll-related receptors (TLR) have been found in four animal phyla: Nematoda, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. No TLR has been identified thus far in acoelomates. TLR genes play a pivotal role in the innate immunity in both fruit fly and mammals. The prevailing view is that TLR-mediated immunity is ancient. The two pseudocoelomate TLRs, one each from Caenorhabditis elegans and Strongyloides stercoralis, were distinct from the coelomate ones. Further, the only TLR gene (Tol-1) in Ca. elegans did not appear to play a role in innate immunity. We argue that TLR-mediated innate immunity developed only in the coelomates, after they split from pseudocoelomates and acoelomates. We hypothesize that the function of TLR-mediated immunity is to prevent microbial infection in the body cavity present only in the coelomates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that almost all arthropod TLRs form a separate cluster from the mammalian counterparts. We further hypothesize that TLR-mediated immunity developed independently in the protostomia and deuterostomia coelomates.     

MAVS Coordination of Antiviral Innate Immunity

RNA virus infection is sensed in the cytoplasm by the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors. These proteins signal through the host adaptor protein MAVS to trigger the antiviral innate immune response. Here, we describe how MAVS subcellular localization impacts its function and the regulation underlying MAVS signaling. We propose a model to describe how the coordination of MAVS functions at the interface between the mitochondria and the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane programs antiviral signaling.     

Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Aggression

The papers in this volume present varying approaches to human aggression, each from an evolutionary perspective. The evolutionary studies of aggression collected here all pursue aspects of patterns of response to environmental circumstances and consider explicitly how those circumstances shape the costs and benefits of behaving aggressively. All the authors understand various aspects of aggression as evolved adaptations but none believe that this implies we are doomed to continued violence, but rather that variation in aggression has evolutionary roots. These papers reveal several similarities between human and nonhuman aggression, including our response to physical strength as an indicator of fighting ability, testosterone response to competition, a sensitivity to paternity, and baseline features of intergroup aggression in foragers and chimps. There is also one paper tackling the phylogeny of these traits. The many differences between human and nonhuman aggression are also pursued here. Topics here include the impact of modern weapons and extremes of wealth and power on both the costs and benefits of fighting, and the scale to which coercion can promote aggression that acts against a fighter’s own interests. Also the implications of large-scale human sociality are discussed.     

Differential Effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii BFE 6128 on Expression of Genes Related to TLR Pathways and Innate Immunity in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Probiotics have been shown to enhance immune defenses, but their mechanisms of action are only partially understood. We investigated the modulation of signal pathways involved in innate immunity in enterocytes by Lactobacillus johnsonii BFE 6128 isolated from ‘Kule naoto’, a Maasai traditional fermented milk product. This lactobacillus sensitized HT29 intestinal epithelial cells toward recognition of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by increasing the IL-8 levels released after challenge with this pathogen and by differentially modulating genes related to toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways and innate immunity. Thus, the modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and TLR-pathway-related molecules may be an important mechanism contributing to the potential stimulation of innate immunity by lactobacilli at the intestinal epithelial level.