豆粕营养成分对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵产物的影响

为探索培养基中的豆粕以及制备豆粕的原材料大豆对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵产物的影响,我们比较了不同品种大豆和用其制成的豆粕的主要营养成分含量,包括粗蛋白、粗脂肪、6种微量元素（钙、镁、铜、锌、铁、锰）和总异黄酮（大豆苷、黄豆黄苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素）,以及豆粕作为培养基对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵产物的生物量和有效成分含量包括腺苷、腺嘌呤、虫草素和麦角甾醇的影响,结果表明大豆中钙和大豆苷与发酵产物中腺苷含量正相关。豆粕中钙、大豆苷、大豆苷元、染料木素与发酵产物中腺苷含量正相关;豆粕中钙、镁、大豆苷、大豆苷元、染料木素、总异黄酮与发酵产物中腺嘌呤含量负相关;豆粕中铁与菌丝体干重值正相关。结果表明,培养基中的豆粕和原料大豆主要营养成分含量对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵产物品质有显著影响。     

古尼拟青霉和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵菌丝体挥发性成分的分析与比较

对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉Paecilomyces hepiali和古尼拟青霉P. gunnii菌丝体的挥发性成分进行了研究,采用同时蒸馏萃取法分别提取两种菌丝体中的挥发性成分,经GC-MS联用仪对挥发性成分进行分离鉴定,分别分析出25种和32种挥发性成分。在蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体挥发性成分中2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚和1,5-二氢-1-甲基-2H-吡咯-2-酮相对含量较高,分别占65.78%和12.77%;在古尼拟青霉菌丝体中挥发性成分2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛相对含量较高,分别占62.11%和12.32%。两种菌丝粉共有8种共有成分,分别占蝙蝠蛾拟青霉挥发性成分的71.58%,古尼拟青霉挥发性成分的69.67%;由此可见蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和古尼拟青霉菌丝体主要挥发性物质的成分是相同的。通过对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和古尼拟青霉挥发性成分的研究,为我们进一步了解这两种真菌菌丝体的药理作用提供了实验依据。     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉液体发酵工艺优化及菌丝体腺苷含量的检测

通过摇瓶液体培养的方法,以菌丝体生物量为主要考察指标,筛选蝙蝠蛾拟青霉PH-2菌株液体发酵的培养基成分和条件。进一步采用正交试验,以菌丝体生物量和腺苷含量为联合指标,确定PH-2菌株液体发酵高产菌丝体和腺苷的培养基配方。通过试验获得的最佳配方为：玉米淀粉40g/L,葡萄糖5g/L,玉米浆25g/L,硫酸镁·7H₂O 1g/L,磷酸二氢钾1g/L,硫酸锌1.5g/L,维生素B1 25mg/L;培养条件为：初始pH 6.0,装液量150mL/500mL,接种量8%（V/V）,温度26℃,转速120r/min,培养7d。在该工艺下,菌丝体生物量达到25.2g/L。应用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,检测到菌丝体中腺苷含量为2.76mg/g。该方法简便、快速、准确,可作为蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体或其相关产品中腺苷的检测手段。本工艺的优化试验获得了较高的菌丝体收率,菌丝体质量良好。     

响应面法优化蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵培养基配方

为了提高虫草无性型蝙蝠蛾拟青霉(Paecilomyces hepiali)菌丝体中的腺苷含量,采用响应面法对其液体发酵培养基配方进行了优化。首先采用Plackett-Burman设计法对影响蝙蝠蛾拟青霉腺苷收率的8个相关因素进行了筛选,从中确定其主要影响因子为马铃薯和蚕蛹粉。然后用最陡爬坡试验逼近上述2个因素的最大响应区域,并通过中心组合设计和响应面分析法,确定了主要影响因子的最佳浓度。优化后的培养基组成为:马铃薯8.25%,蔗糖1%,玉米粉1%,蛋白胨0.5%,蚕蛹粉0.81%,KH2PO40.1%,MgSO4.7H2O 0.1%,(NH4)2 SO40.1%。该配方所产生的蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体中腺苷含量由优化前的2.15 mg/g(干重)提高到3.44 mg/g(干重)。     

冬虫夏草成熟过程中中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉DNA共存及竞争增殖力、化学成分变化

文献报道从冬虫夏草中分离得到蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢,本研究检测了蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢真菌及其DNA在冬虫夏草中的共存,同时检测了2个真菌在冬虫夏草成熟过程中的竞争增殖力。应用色谱法和质谱法检测了冬虫夏草及中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体的化学成分指纹谱。在冬虫夏草中检测到蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢活菌,在虫体和子座中检测到这两个真菌的DNA。从子座露出地表后,冬虫夏草的成熟伴有蛋白质和小分子有机化合物指纹谱的动态变化,中国被毛孢竞争增殖力下降(P<0.001)。中国被毛孢和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体的化学成分指纹谱均不能与冬虫夏草的成分完全重叠,与中国被毛孢相比,蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体与冬虫夏草的指纹谱更相似。结论:中药冬虫夏草的成熟伴有蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和中国被毛孢真菌共存于它的虫体和子座,也伴有冬虫夏草化学成分的变化和中国被毛孢竞争增殖力的下降。     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液的成分组成与急性毒性分析

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉是从新鲜的冬虫夏草上分离获得的虫草菌,可采用生物发酵制备大量菌丝体。该菌丝体具有和冬虫夏草相似的活性成分,具有抗肿瘤、抗病毒等多种功效。本研究对干燥后的蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液的主要成分进行了分析,结果显示：干燥后的蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液含粗脂肪21.33%,总蛋白27.34%,水解氨基酸16.79%,粗多糖11.16%,不饱和脂肪酸71.21%,其中以油酸、亚油酸为主;该干燥发酵滤液中还含有多种核苷类物质、多糖等生物活性成分以及多种人体必需的矿质元素。此外急性毒性实验的初步结果表明：小鼠在实验期内无死亡现象和明显的中毒反应,主要脏器的形态学正常;谷草转氨酶（AST）和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活性与对照组相比无统计学差异。蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵滤液有望在医药和保健领域进一步研究开发。     

水杨酸诱导下蝙蝠蛾拟青霉转录组分析及虫草酸代谢途径关键酶基因挖掘

【目的】虫草酸是虫草中重要的活性成分之一,但其低含量极大地限制了其工业应用。水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)是一种非生物诱导子,可以显著提高蝙蝠蛾拟青霉中虫草酸的合成,但蝙蝠蛾拟青霉虫草酸代谢途径及其对水杨酸的响应尚不明确。本研究旨在获得蝙蝠蛾拟青霉响应SA处理的转录组学信息,挖掘蝙蝠蛾拟青霉中虫草酸代谢途径关键酶基因。【方法】采用SA诱导培养蝙蝠蛾拟青霉,8 h后选取诱导和未诱导的菌丝进行转录组高通量测序分析。【结果】测序最终获得40.37 Gb的clean data,拼接得到20 317条unigene,平均长度为1 357.13 bp,功能注释共获得13 592条unigene。差异基因分析共筛选出差异基因2 574个,其中有1 135个上调,1 439个下调。KEGG富集分析表明,差异基因主要富集于细胞周期、减数分裂、半乳糖代谢、DNA复制、糖醇脂类生物合成、甘油脂类代谢等KEGG通路中。进一步分析得到与虫草酸代谢相关的基因13条,其中参与虫草酸生物合成的基因glk、gpi、gla、mpi、fbp、mtld在SA处理后表达量上调,而涉及虫草酸消耗的基因mdh在SA...     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉与放线菌共培养对次生代谢产物的影响

为了探究蝙蝠蛾拟青霉与放线菌共培养对次生代谢产物的影响。从冬虫夏草周围微生态系统中分离获得一株具有较强抑菌活性的放线菌TY134,通过16S r DNA序列分析,鉴定为极暗黄链霉菌(Streptomyces fulvissimus)。以大米固体培养基作为发酵基质分别进行蝙蝠蛾拟青霉单培养、放线菌TY134单培养以及蝙蝠蛾拟青霉与放线菌TY134共培养,培养30 d之后,将发酵产物用乙酸乙酯超声辅助提取,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和双层平板打孔法分别分析了单培养和共培养乙酸乙酯提取物化学成分和抑菌活性的差异。实验结果表明:共培养发酵产物的乙酸乙酯提取物在保留时间Rt=14.143 min处出现了一个新增的吸收峰,而在单培养中并没有这个吸收峰的出现;而且共培养发酵产物乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性明显要强于单培养,产生了新的抑菌活性物质。说明共培养可作为一种产生新的生物活性次级代谢产物的有效途径。     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体发酵的研究

用20t发酵罐培养蝙蝠蛾拟青霉。菌粉收率达2．5％,D-甘露醇含量大于8％,腺苷含量大于0．2％．对发酵过程中pH、总糖、还原糖、得率、折光等的变化规律进行了考察．确定以发酵液pH的升高和还原糖含量作为综合判断发酵终点的依据．     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体化学成分的研究

应用梯度提取、反复重结晶及硅胶色谱法分离和纯化,采用NMR等谱学方法鉴定结构对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉(Paecilomyces hepiali)菌丝体进行了化学成分的分析。从蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体中分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为4,6,8(14),22(23)-四烯-3-酮-麦角甾烷(1)、麦角甾醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、麦角甾醇过氧化物(4)、啤酒甾醇(5)、甘露醇(6)和1-油酰基-2-亚油酸-3-棕榈酸甘油(7),并对其石油醚提取物中的油状组分进行GC-MS分析,结果表明其中主要为亚油酸(9,12-十八碳二烯酸,含量41.949%)、反油酸(反9-十八碳烯酸,含量为27.696%);同时采用高效液相色谱法测定其中的麦角甾醇的含量,与海鲜菇、杏鲍菇、香菇、金针菇、滑子蘑、平菇等食用菌子实体比较,结果蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体中麦角甾醇含量为15.65 mg/g,平菇为21.43 mg/g,杏鲍菇为10.16 mg/g,香菇为13.34 mg/g,金针菇为9.48 mg/g,滑子蘑为10.43 mg/g,海鲜菇为14.42 mg/g。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.