微生物源挥发性物质防治采后果蔬病害的研究进展

随着化学杀菌剂弊端的日益凸显,生物防治已逐渐成为采后果蔬病害控制的研究和开发热点.其中,很多微生物产生的多种挥发性物质(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),能显著抑制多种病原菌的生长繁殖,有效控制采后果蔬病害.由于微生物源VOCs具有有效、安全、环保、易降解和无残留等优点,越来越受到各国研...     

果蔬采后病害的生物防治(综述)

采用生物防治措施控制采后病害是当前果蔬采后保鲜的重要研究方向。概述了生物防治果蔬采后病害的方法,包括利用拮抗菌、诱导抗病性、天然植物产物以及抗病基因工程技术在果蔬病害防治上的研究与应用。     

油菜素内酯与美极梅奇酵母复配对葡萄灰霉病的抑制作用

【背景】生防酵母具有繁殖速度快、抗逆性强和不产生抗生素等特点,但其对病害的防控效果易受环境影响,油菜素内酯(brassinosteroid,BR)能调控植物生长发育与逆境响应平衡,可有效抑制葡萄果实灰霉病的发生。【目的】本研究旨在明确BR与生防酵母复配对葡萄果实灰霉病的抑制效果及作用机制,为新型生防制剂的研制和应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用美极梅奇酵母P01C004 (Y)、酵母和BR (YBR)、酵母和BR抑制剂(YBZ)处理“红地球”葡萄果实,处理6 h后人工接种灰霉菌孢子悬液。灰霉菌接种7 d后评价BR与生防酵母复配对灰霉菌的防治效果,并检测其抗氧化酶活性和13种酚类物质含量,利用qRT-PCR检测不同处理对葡萄BR、白藜芦醇和抗病相关基因表达水平的影响。【结果】7 d时,与Y处理相比,YBR对葡萄果实灰霉病防治效率提高了23.64%,显著提高了“红地球”葡萄果实中PPO酶活。YBR显著提高了2 d时果实中绿原酸、原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素和芹菜素等酚类物质含量,激活了果实内多种酚类物质的快速合成。YBR在48 h时激活了果实BR信号转导途径,显著上调VvBZR1和VvPR1基因的表达水平,更好地维持植物免疫反应,提高果实对病原菌的防御力。【结论】BR与美极梅奇酵母复配能触发果实多种抗病防御机制,提高葡萄果实灰霉病的防治效率,在采后病害防控方面表现出良好的应用前景。     

芒果、香蕉采后病害生物防治的研究进展

芒果、香蕉采后主要病害为炭疽病、蒂腐病、冠腐病、黑腐病、黑星病.生物防治是当前芒果、香蕉采后病害控制的重要研究方向.概述了生物防治芒果、香蕉采后病害的方法,包括诱抗剂、植物提取物、拮抗微生物在芒果、香蕉采后病害防治上的研究与应用.     

河北省玉米小斑病菌玉米离蠕孢dsRNA病毒的检测及带毒菌株的生物学特征

玉米小斑病是我国玉米生产上的重要病害之一,每年造成玉米大幅减产.真菌病毒能够在真菌体内进行复制和繁殖,可以作为生物防治的潜在资源.为了明确河北省玉米小斑病菌玉米离蠕孢dsRNA病毒的多样性及生物学特性,为玉米小斑病的防控提供潜在生防资源,本研究采用单孢分离的方法分离纯化玉米小斑病菌150株,通过dsRNA提取及凝胶检测...     

甘蔗内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CGB15的分离、鉴定及生防活性

真菌病害占作物病害种类的一半以上,病原真菌是目前已知种类最多的作物病原菌。从作物根际与/或体内分离筛选具有生防活性的微生物,并应用于病害的防控,是除作物品种改良与化学防治外的另一种高效的病害防控策略。【目的】本研究拟筛选并分离鉴定对重要作物病原真菌具有拮抗作用的甘蔗内生细菌,为开发生物防治作物真菌病害新策略提供理论依据。【方法】采用平板对峙法初步筛选对病原真菌具有拮抗能力的甘蔗叶片内生细菌,通过16SrRNA基因测序鉴定其种属;进一步检测候选拮抗内生细菌对甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)致病发育过程关键步骤：有性配合/菌丝生长、冬孢子萌发的抑制率,田间试验检测其对甘蔗鞭黑穗病的防治效果;检测候选拮抗内生细菌对稻梨孢菌(Pyricularia oryzae)附着胞形成、离体叶片及盆栽条件下叶片病斑形成的抑制作用。【结果】分离自甘蔗叶片的细菌菌株,编号为CGB15,经分子鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。CGB15菌株能有效抑制甘蔗鞭孢堆黑粉菌有性配合/菌丝生长,对峙培养条件下使真菌菌落呈现光滑;抑制冬孢子萌发,...     

控制果蔬采后病害的生物学技术

化学农药对环境和农产品的污染直接影响人类的健康,已成为当今公众所关注的主要问题之一。为了保证农产品的卫生和安全,世界各国都在探索能代替化学农药的防病新技术。生物防治是近年来被证明很有成效的新途径,它主要是利用微生物之间的拮抗作用,选择对农产品不造成危害的微生物来抑制引起采后腐烂的病原真菌的生长。生物防治的研究主要包括以下三方面：（1）选用有拮抗作用的微生物;（2）利用植物和动物产生的自然抗病物质;（3）抗性的诱导。本文主要论述近年来生物防治领域的研究结果与进展,拟在为进一步开拓和发展控制采后病害的安全有效的技术提供新的思路。     

猕猴桃果实采后生理研究进展

猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis Planch.）属于呼吸跃变型果实,采后易软化腐烂,不耐贮藏,如何延长猕猴桃果实贮藏期限已成为猕猴桃产业发展壮大亟待解决的问题。猕猴桃果实采后生理变化强烈影响果实的贮藏期限和果实品质,特别是呼吸作用、乙烯合成及其信号转导系统和果实软化等,并且它们与猕猴桃贮藏保鲜技术的研发与应用密切相关。本文重点从这3个方面就国内外相关研究进展进行综述,并讨论它们对猕猴桃耐贮性的影响,以期为猕猴桃耐贮新品种的培育和贮藏保鲜技术的研发提供理论依据。     

荧光假单胞菌防治果蔬病害的研究进展

病原微生物侵染引起的果蔬病害日趋严重,现阶段果蔬病害的防治措施主要依赖化学防治,但长期大量施用合成农药的弊端如化学残留、环境污染、抗药性病原菌株出现等日益凸显。近年来,生物防治由于其安全性及高效、经济、环保等优点,成为研究热点。荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)分布广泛,施用方便,许多菌株能有效抑制多种病原微生物,成为最具应用价值的一类生防菌和根际促生菌。本文综述了荧光假单胞菌控制果蔬病害的生防效果、主要作用机制(直接寄生作用、营养物质和空间位点竞争、次生抗性代谢物、诱导宿主系统抗性)以及菌剂混配、物理方法、化学处理、分子技术在提高荧光假单胞菌生防效力等方面的研究进展,为荧光假单胞菌在生物防治领域的进一步开发利用提供一定的基础资料。     

钙在控制水果采后病害中的应用

钙在果实生长发育中起着非常重要的作用。果实的许多生理失调和病害都与钙在水果组织中的含量有关。钙处理与气调、热处理、生物防治等联用在减少果实采后病害方面发挥了显著的作用。主要论述钙在控制水果采后病害中的作用机理、钙处理的方法、影响果实钙吸收的因素、以及钙与其它防病方法联用的效果。对于钙处理中可能出现的问题 ,提出了一些可行的解决方法     

Exploring the Citrus Sour Rot pathogen: biochemical aspects,virulence factors,and strategies for disease management - a review

Citriculture is an important economic activity worldwide and for decades, this sector has been responsible for creating job opportunities. Currently, Brazil is the largest orange producer in the world, which contributes to the country's economy. However, citrus production has been facing several issues that compromise the quality of the fruits. For instance, several postharvest diseases occur during storage and transportation, directly harming product marketing. Green mold, blue mold, and sour rot are considered the most common postharvest citrus diseases. Citrus sour rot is less common; however, the disease can lead to a significant loss in high rainfall seasons. The fungus Geotrichum candidum is the causal agent of sour rot and its chemical and biochemical infection strategies are still little explored in citrus fruits. Several conventional control methods, including the application of fungicides, aim to contain the disease proliferation, but most of the commercially available fungicides are not efficient against sour rot. For this reason, other strategies have been studied for disease control, such as chemicals (e. g. essential oils or other natural products), biological agents used as biocontrol, and physical strategies. Despite its importance, few reviews have focused on sour rot disease. Here, we summarize the biochemical aspects of G. candidum, as well as the metabolites produced by this phytopathogen, the known virulence factors, and advances for disease management.     

Biocontrol of aerial plant diseases in agriculture and horticulture: current approaches and future prospects

Until recently, the majority of research on the biological control of aerial plant diseases was focused on control of bacterial pathogens. Such research led to the commercialization of the biocontrol agent Pseudomonas fluorescens A506, as BlightBan A506™, for control of fire blight of pear. In contrast, chemical fungicides typically have provided adequate control of most foliar fungal pathogens. However, fungicide resistance problems, concerns regarding pesticide residues and revocation of registration of certain widely used fungicides have led to increased activity in the development of biocontrol agents of foliar fungal pathogens. Much of this activity has centered around the use of Trichoderma spp and Gliocladium spp to control Botrytis cinerea on grape and strawberry. The biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum T39 is commercially available in Israel, as Trichodex ™, for control of grey mold in grapes and may soon be registered for use in the US. Also targeted primarily against a foliar disease of grapes, in this case powdery mildew caused by Uncinula necator, is the biocontrol agent Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10, marketed as AQ^{10  TM} biofungicide. Another promising development in the area of foliar disease control, though one which is not yet commercialized, is the use of rhizobacteria as seed treatments to induce systemic resistance in the host plant, a strategy which can protect the plant against a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Received 06 February 1997/ Accepted in revised form 05 June 1997     

Isolation and characterization of Bacillus subtilis KS1 for the biocontrol of grapevine fungal diseases

Bacillus subtilis KS1 was isolated from grape berry skin as a biological control agent against grapevine fungal diseases. KS1 was identified as a new strain of B. subtilis according to morphological, biochemical, and genetic analyses. In vitro bioassay demonstrated that KS1 suppressed the growth of Botrytis cinerea (the casual agent of grape grey mold) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (the casual agent of grape ripe rot). The biocontrol activity of KS1 against grapevine fungal diseases in vineyards was evaluated over a 3-year span (from 2007 to 2009). Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, was reduced on berry skins and leaves by treatment with KS1. The KS1 genome possesses ituD and lpa-14 genes, both of which play a role in iturin A production followed by iturin A production in the culture. In contrast, mutants lacking both genes lost the antagonistic activity against B. cinerea and C. gloeosporioides and the activity in iturin A production, suggesting that the antagonistic activity of KS1 against grapevine fungal pathogens may depend on iturin A production. As KS1 showed tolerance to various chemical pesticides, chemical pesticides could be applied before and/or after KS1 treatment in vineyards. Due to its potential as a biological control agent against grape downy mildew, KS1 is expected to contribute to the further improvement of integrated pest management systems and to potentially reduce the amount of chemical fungicides applied in vineyards.     

Biocontrol of Postharvest Grey Mould on Tomato by Yeasts

The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea causes severe rots on tomato fruit during storage and shelf life. Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit may be an effective alternative to chemical control. Yeasts are particularly suitable for postharvest use, proving to be highly effective in reducing the incidence of fungal pathogens. Yeast fungi isolated from the surface of solanaceous plants were evaluated for their activity in reducing the postharvest decay of tomato caused by B. cinerea. Of 300 isolates, 14 strains of Rhodotorula rubra and Candida pelliculosa were found to be strongly antagonistic to the pathogen in vitro and were selected for further storage experiment. The antagonists were evaluated for their effect on the biological control of postharvest grey mould. Artificially wounded fruits were treated by means of a novel technique: small sterile discs of filter paper imbibed separately in suspensions of each yeast and the pathogen were superposed onto each wound. After 1‐week, 11 isolates were significantly effective in reducing the diameter of lesions by more than 60% compared to the control treated with B. cinerea alone. Total protection was obtained with the strain 231 of R. rubra on fruits challenged with pathogen spores. To our knowledge, R. rubra and C. pelliculosa have not been described as biocontrol agents against grey mould caused by B. cinerea. Our data demonstrate that the application of antagonistic yeasts represents a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to fungicide treatments to control postharvest grey mould of tomato.     

Can synthetic pesticides be replaced with biologically-based alternatives?—an industry perspective

Agricultural chemical companies have invested in the discovery and development of biological pesticides to complement synthetic pesticides for the control of insects, diseases, and weeds on agronomic and horticultural crops. For plant disease control, companies envisage biological fungicides entering markets where they have the best chance of performing and which are most receptive to using biological control methods. Fewer regulatory requirements can mean faster registration for a biological than a synthetic pesticide. However, industry’s requirements for competitive performance, effective formulations, and economic production can mean significant investments in time and money for a biological pesticide, although total investment may be less than for a synthetic pesticide. One biocontrol project in which industry has invested is baculoviruses for insect control. Insect baculoviruses, genetically modified to kill insects faster than wild-type viruses, are attractive biocontrol agents because their selectivity to insect pests and safety to beneficial insects and mammals enable them to compete with synthetic insecticides. Industry is looking for similar biocontrol opportunities in disease control. Biocontrol agents for seedling disease, root rot, and postharvest disease control have been registered by the EPA and are trying to compete with synthetic fungicides for market share. To date, effective biocontrol agents have not been identified for the control of serious foliar diseases, such as grape downy mildew, potato late blight, wheat powdery mildew, and apple scab. Farmers must rely on synthetic fungicides and agronomic methods to control these diseases for the foreseeable future. Received 06 February 1997/ Accepted in revised form 01 June 1997     

Non-conventional methods for the control of post-harvest pear diseases

Pears are highly perishable products, especially during the post-harvest phase, when considerable losses can occur. Among the fungal diseases, blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum, grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea, Mucor rot caused by Mucor piriformis are common on pear fruits. Other (weak) pathogens like Phialophora malorum, Alternaria spp., and Cladosporium herbarum tend to infect wounds and senescent fruits. A post-harvest fungicide treatment can reduce decay but effectiveness decreases with the appearance of resistant strains. There is a clear need to develop new and alternative methods of controlling post-harvest diseases. The emerging technologies for the control of post-harvest fungal diseases are essentially threefold: application of antagonistic microorganisms, application of natural antimicrobial substances and application of sanitizing products. Two biological control products, Aspire (Candida oleophila I-182) (Ecogen, Langhorne, PA, USA) and Bio-Save 110 (Pseudomonas syringae) (EcoScience, Worcester, MA, USA; formerly Bio-Save 11) are currently registered in the USA for post-harvest application to pears. Other potential biocontrol agents have been isolated from fruit and shown to suppress post-harvest decay in pear. It is important that evaluation of these microorganisms be carried out in a product formulation because the formulation may improve or diminish antagonistic efficacy depending on the concentration of chemical product and the duration of exposure to the treatment. Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial effects on post-harvest pathogens. Detailed studies have been conducted on aromatic compounds, essential oils, volatile substances and isothiocyanates, with encouraging results. In particular, allyl-isothiocyanate used as a volatile substance, controls blue mould in 'Conference' and 'Kaiser' pear inoculated with a thiabendazole-resistant strain. Sanitizing products such as chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid and ozone have considerable fungicidal activity against P. expansum and M. piriformis, depending on the concentration of chemical product and the duration of exposure to the treatment. Sanitizing solutions can be integrated easily with current handling and storage practices; however, further research is required to define the effective procedures better.     

Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains.

The genus Trichoderma comprises a great number of fungal strains that act as biological control agents, the antagonistic properties of which are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms. Trichoderma strains exert biocontrol against fungal phytopathogens either indirectly, by competing for nutrients and space, modifying the environmental conditions, or promoting plant growth and plant defensive mechanisms and antibiosis, or directly, by mechanisms such as mycoparasitism. These indirect and direct mechanisms may act coordinately and their importance in the biocontrol process depends on the Trichoderma strain, the antagonized fungus, the crop plant, and the environmental conditions, including nutrient availability, pH, temperature, and iron concentration. Activation of each mechanism implies the production of specific compounds and metabolites, such as plant growth factors, hydrolytic enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, and carbon and nitrogen permeases. These metabolites can be either overproduced or combined with appropriate biocontrol strains in order to obtain new formulations for use in more efficient control of plant diseases and postharvest applications.     

水果采后生物防治拮抗机理的研究进展

近20年来,人们在水果采后生物防治领域里取得了显著的成绩。目前巳经分离获得了数百种对水果采后主要病害有明显拮抗效果的生物拮抗菌。很多拮抗菌经过生产中试,有的巳制成了生物药剂用于水果采后的商业化处理。有关拮抗菌的抑病机理研究也一直贯穿于采后生物防治的整个发展历程。本文在探讨了水果采后拮抗菌剂病机理的基础上,回顾了该领域的研究进展,并从拮抗菌与病原菌发生拮抗作用的4条主要途径入手,对该领域的研究成果及研究方法作一简要总结。     

水果采后生物防治拮抗机理的研究进展

近20年来,人们在水果采后生物防治领域里取得了显著的成绩。目前已经分离获得了数百种对水果采后主要病害有明显拮抗效果的生物拮抗菌。很多拮抗菌经过了生产中试,有的已制成了生物药剂用于水果采后的商业化处理。有关拮抗菌的抑病机理研究也一直贯穿于采后生物防治的整个发展历程。本文在探讨了水果采后拮抗菌抑病机理的基础上,回顾了该领域的研究进展,并从拮抗菌与病原菌发生拮抗作用的4条主要途径入手,对该领域的研究成果及研究方法作一简要总结。