黄土丘陵区柠条林地养分状况及其循环规律

黄土丘陵区柠条林地养分状况及其循环规律刘增文李雅素（西北林学院,陕西省杨陵７１２１００）ＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄＥｌｅｍｅｎｔｓＢｉｏ－ＣｙｃｌｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅＣａｒａｇａｎａＭｉｃｒｏｐｈｙｌａＬ．ＦｏｒｅｓｔｌａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅＲｏｌｉｎｇＬｏｅ...     

新疆67种荒漠植物叶碳氮磷计量特征及其与气候的关系

荒漠生态系统具有独特的耐旱植物种类和植物化学计量特征.本研究通过系统采集全疆63个荒漠地点的67种植物,探索荒漠植物叶碳、氮、磷(C、N、P)的计量特征及其与气候因子的关系.结果表明:荒漠植物叶C、N和P的平均含量分别为394、18.4和1.14 mg·g-1,C∶N、C∶P和N∶P平均值分别为28、419和18.灌木的N含量高于乔木和草本,灌木P含量比草本(乔木)低(高);C3植物叶的C、N、C∶P、N∶P高于C4植物.随年均降水量增加,叶C有先降低后升高的趋势,叶N、P先升高、后降低,叶C∶N、C∶P与叶N、P变化趋势相反,N∶P变化不显著;随年均温升高,叶C先降低后升高,叶N、P降低,C∶N变化不显著,C∶P、N∶P升高.年均降水量对叶片化学计量特征的影响大于年均温度和植物类型.本研究结果将有助于预测全球气候变化背景下的C、N、P元素循环规律的变化,并为干旱区生物地球化学建模提供参考和基础数据.     

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为正确认识桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P时空分配格局及两者间的关系,对5个林龄尾巨桉林分凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比进行测定分析。结果表明,凋落物的C含量均显著大于土壤,且不同林龄间凋落物C含量无显著差异,1年生人工林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的C含量显著小于3~7年生,其他土层C含量在不同林龄间差异不显著。凋落物的N含量均显著高于土壤,且1年生人工林显著大于其他林龄的,而土壤表层的N含量以7年生人工林最大,1年生的最小。凋落物的P含量除1年生人工林显著大于3年生外,其他林龄间均无显著差异,土壤的P含量在不同林龄间的差异均不显著。凋落物C∶N随林龄呈逐渐增大趋势,且显著大于土壤层。凋落物的C∶P和N∶P在不同林龄间的差异不显著,但均显著大于土壤层。凋落物的N含量与表层土壤的C、N含量呈极显著负相关,凋落物的C∶N与表层土壤的C∶P,N∶P呈显著正相关,表层土壤C、N积累受到凋落物N的制约。因此,在桉树人工林经营管理过程中如何降低凋落物分解的N限制性、提高养分传递效率及合理施肥显得十分重要。     

中亚热带同质园不同树种氮磷重吸收及化学计量特征

于2019年8月研究中亚热带同质园11个树种叶片的比叶面积、氮(N)和磷(P)养分重吸收和化学计量特征,分析其养分利用策略。结果表明: 常绿阔叶树种(香叶、香樟、木荷、米槠、醉香含笑和杜英)和常绿针叶树种(杉木和马尾松)成熟叶和衰老叶的比叶面积、N和P含量普遍低于落叶阔叶树种(枫香、无患子和鹅掌楸),而成熟叶片C∶N和C∶P则表现为常绿阔叶树种和常绿针叶树种高于落叶阔叶树种。除米槠外,同质园其他树种N∶P均小于14。相对于其他树种,基于单位质量与单位面积计算的无患子N和P重吸收率均高于50%,马尾松、杉木和香樟P重吸收率也高于50%,而醉香含笑N和P重吸收率最低,仅为15%～30%。成熟叶比叶面积与N和P含量呈显著正相关,而与C∶N和C∶P呈显著负相关。在同质园中,米槠和香叶等常绿阔叶树种与马尾松等常绿针叶树种属于缓慢投资-收益型树种,其通过降低叶片比叶面积以及N、P含量,减少养分损失,从而实现较高的N、P重吸收程度与利用效率。然而,无患子等落叶阔叶树种属于快速投资-收益型树种,N和P利用效率相对较低。此外,同质园树种多受N限制,却不具有较高的N重吸收率,而唯一受P限制的米槠也不具有高P重吸收率。这些结果深入认识了中亚热带不同类型树种的N和P养分利用特点,可为区域造林实践提供科学依据。     

岩溶区和非岩溶区两种优势植物凋落叶分解的比较研究

应用野外分解网袋法对岩溶地区和非岩溶地区两种优势树种桂花和青冈栎凋落叶的分解速率和养分释放规律进行研究。结果表明:分解1年后,凋落叶失重率桂花大于青冈栎,同一物种岩溶区大于非岩溶区。凋落叶各元素浓度随分解时间变化也有一定差异,C含量均表现为初期上升,后下降,最后上升的趋势;N含量前半年呈波动状态,后半年逐渐上升;P含量处波动状态,总体呈上升趋势。N、P含量和凋落叶失重率均表现为极显著正相关,而C:N、C:P、N:P与凋落叶失重率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),说明凋落叶分解过程中失重率与N、P含量及C:N、C:P、N:P关系密切。凋落叶桂花N、P含量比青冈栎高,分解速率也比较快。     

Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in cow manure composts formulated to different initial C:N ratios

Aerobic composting is a common management practice to inactivate pathogens in manure; however, additional research on the role of compost composition in pathogen inactivation is needed. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the effect of the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio and the presence of ammonium sulfate on inactivation of Salmonella spp. in cow manure-based mixtures composted in a bioreactor under controlled conditions. Compost preparations with an initial C:N ratio of 20:1 required a maximum of 4 days of storage before Salmonellae were inactivated by 7 log₁₀, whereas preparations with C:N ratios of 30:1 and 40:1 C:N required more than 5 and 7 days of storage, respectively. The pH values of both the 20:1 and 30:1 C:N preparations decreased during the onset of composting before increasing to >8. In contrast, pH values of 40:1 C:N preparations increased immediately to >8, generally within the first day of storage. Maximum temperatures observed in 20:1 C:N preparations for inactivation of pathogens were less than 50 °C, and the cumulative heat exposure required for pathogen inactivation in 20:1 C:N preparations was 15-fold less than in 40:1 C:N preparations. Supplementation of compost mixtures with 0.08% ammonium sulfate resulted in slightly higher temperatures; however, these higher temperatures did not translate into more rapid rates of pathogen inactivation.     

不同碳氮比对生物絮团形成及对日本沼虾生长、抗氧化酶和消化酶的影响

为了研究不同碳氮比对生物絮团形成及对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)生长、抗氧化酶和消化酶的影响, 设置5个不同实验组[对照组(不做任何添加), 碳氮比10组(C/N10)、碳氮比15组(C/N15)、碳氮比20组(C/N20)和碳氮比25组(C/N25)], 每组设三重复; 将初始体重(0.25±0.03) g的日本沼虾置于不同碳氮比的玻璃缸(30 cm×40 cm×100 cm)中, 进行50d的饲养实验。研究结果表明, 随着碳氮比升高, 生物絮团含量有上升趋势, 生物絮团含量C/N20>C/N25>C/N15>C/N10, C/N20生物絮团最多, 生物絮团体积和总固体悬浮物分别为(328.67±7.09) mL/L和(40.33±1.53) mg/L而C/N10几乎没有生物絮团产生, C/N15和C/N25有少量生物絮团, 但含量显著低于C/N20。对照组的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度持续升高, C/N10和C/N25的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度有较大波动, 先升高后降低, 随后又有升高的趋势, 氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度分别高于2和1.5 mg/L, C/N15和C/N20的氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度在整个养殖期间都维持在较低水平, 氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度分别低于0.35和0.6 mg/L, 且无剧烈波动。增重率依次是C/N20>C/N25>C/N15>C/N10>Control, C/N10、C/N15、C/N20和C/N25分别比对照组高出29.69%、50.22%、89.52%和75.98%(P<0.05); 特定生长率依次是C/N20>C/N25>C/N15>C/N10>Control, C/N10和C/N15、C/N20和C/N25分别比对照组高出18.41%、24.69%、42.26%和33.89%(P<0.05); 在抗氧化酶方面, 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活性C/N20>C/N25>C/N15>C/N10>Control, 与对照组相比, C/N10、C/N15、C/N20和C/N25分别高出1.70%、21.42%、43.19%和31.49%(P<0.05); 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性C/N20>C/N25>C/N15>C/N10>Control, 与对照组相比, C/N10、C/N15、C/N20和C/N25分别高了19.34%、35.26%、73.35%和47.12%。在消化酶方面, 淀粉酶活性依次是C/N20>C/N15>C/N25>Control>C/N10, 与对照组相比, C/N15、C/N20和C/N25分别高出68.09%、231.91%和42.55%(P<0.05); 脂肪酶活性依次是C/N20>C/N25>C/N15>Control>C/N10, 与对照组相比, C/N15、C/N20和C/N25分别高出2.86%、25.45%和23.12%(P<0.05); 胰蛋白酶活性依次是C/N20>C/N25>C/N15>C/N10>Control, 与对照组相比, C/N10、C/N15、C/N20和C/N25组分别高出12.98%、14.52%、36.45%和24.63%(P<0.05)。研究结果提示, 日本沼虾在生物絮团养殖模式下, 当碳氮比达到20时能有效产生生物絮团, 降低水体氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度并显著提高日本沼虾的生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性。     

全球森林土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷化学计量的季节动态

土壤微生物生物量在森林生态系统中充当具有生物活性的养分积累和储存库。土壤微生物转化有机质为植物提供可利用养分, 与植物的相互作用维系着陆地生态系统的生态功能。同时, 土壤微生物也与植物争夺营养元素, 在季节交替过程和植物的生长周期中呈现出复杂的互利-竞争关系。综合全球数据对温带、亚热带和热带森林土壤微生物生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量比值的季节动态进行分析, 发现温带和亚热带森林的土壤微生物生物量C、N、P含量均呈现夏季低、冬季高的格局。热带森林四季的土壤微生物生物量C、N、P含量都低于温带和亚热带森林, 且热带森林土壤微生物生物量C含量、N含量在秋季相对最低, 土壤微生物生物量P含量四季都相对恒定。温带森林的土壤微生物生物量C:N在春季显著高于其他两个森林类型; 热带森林的土壤微生物生物量C:N在秋季显著高于其他2个森林类型。温带森林土壤微生物生物量N:P和C:P在四季都保持相对恒定, 而热带森林土壤微生物生物量N:P和C:P在夏季高于其他3个季节。阔叶树的土壤微生物生物量C含量、N含量、N:P、C:P在四季都显著高于针叶树; 而针叶树的土壤微生物生物量P含量在四季都显著高于阔叶树。在春季和冬季时, 土壤微生物生物量C:N在阔叶树和针叶树之间都没有显著差异; 但是在夏季和秋季, 针叶树的土壤微生物生物量C:N显著高于阔叶树。对于土壤微生物生物量的变化来说, 森林类型是主要的显著影响因子, 季节不是显著影响因子, 暗示土壤微生物生物量的季节波动是随着植物其内在固有的周期变化而变化。植物和土壤微生物密切作用表现出来的对养分的不同步吸收是保留养分和维持生态功能的一种权衡机制。     

盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.     

热带季节雨林与人工橡胶林土壤碳氮比较

选取我国西南部西双版纳地区的热带季节雨林和人工橡胶林为对象,比较了2006—2007年两种土地利用方式下凋落物输入、土壤总碳氮含量及活性碳、氮的季节性变化.结果表明:与热带季节雨林相比,橡胶林的地上年凋落物量较低,而地面凋落物残留量较高,反映了橡胶林凋落物分解速率(凋落物消失率常数值,K )较低;橡胶林凋落物和土壤的C/N比值较高,暗示了其林内有机物的可降解性较热带季节雨林弱;橡胶林表层土壤总有机碳、生物活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量只有热带季节雨林土壤的60%～70%,硝态氮含量较少,pH 值则比热带季节雨林土壤低1.1.说明热带季节雨林转变为橡胶林后,林内地上凋落物向土壤输入的碳、氮量减少,土壤碳、氮含量和有效性降低,并且土壤呈现酸化倾向.应制定合理的橡胶林土壤管理措施,阻止土壤质量的下降趋势,以维持橡胶林的生产可持续性.     

Is there a feedback between N availability in siliceous and calcareous soils and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Cistus albidus</Emphasis> leaf chemical composition?

The effects of the Mediterranean shrub Cistus albidus on N cycling were studied in two siliceous (granitic-derived and schistic-derived) and one calcareous soil differentiated by their texture and acidity. We aimed to find out whether soils under C. albidus were affected by the release of C compounds from the canopy, and whether phenolic compound production in C. albidus changed depending on the soil N availability. Calcareous soils, with higher clay content and polyvalent cations, had a higher organic matter content but lower net N mineralization rates than siliceous soils, and C. albidus growing therein were characterized by lower foliar N and phenolic compound concentrations. Under C. albidus, all types of soils had higher phenolic compound concentrations and polyphenol oxidase activity. C. albidus presence and leachate addition decreased net N mineralization and increased soil respiration in siliceous soils, and these changes were related to a higher soil C/N ratio under the canopy. In calcareous soils, however, no significant effects of plant presence on N cycling were found. In the studied plant-soil system it is not likely that higher phenolic compound concentrations were selected during evolution to enhance nutrient conservation in soil because (1) higher phenolic compound concentrations were not associated with lower soil fertilities, (2) C compounds released from C. albidus accelerated N cycling by increasing N immobilization and no evidence was found for decreased gross N mineralization, and (3) soil organic N content was more related to soil chemical and physical properties than to the effects of the C. albidus canopy.     

秦岭山区人工林地枯落叶客置对土壤生物、化学性质的影响

通过对秦岭山区日本落叶松、油松、灰楸和锐齿栎4种典型人工纯林2年的枯落叶客置试验,探讨了枯落叶客置对土壤生物、化学性质的影响,以及不同树种的种间关系.结果表明：阔叶林枯落叶的年分解速率高出针叶林33.70%.当针叶林枯落叶被客置到阔叶林地后,年分解速率提高8.35%～12.15%,而当阔叶林枯落叶被客置到针叶林地后,年分解速率下降5.38%～9.49%.针阔树种间的枯落叶客置均能不同程度地提高土壤有机碳、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,且针叶林地的增幅(8.70%～35.84%)明显大于阔叶林地(3.73%～10.44%),其中针叶林地客置灰楸枯落叶后的增幅(24.63%～35.84%)大于客置锐齿栎枯落叶(8.70%～28.15%). 客置阔叶林枯落叶使针叶林地土壤由偏酸向中性方向发展, 土壤酶活性、微生物量C、N含量及其微生物数量提高,其中,客置灰楸枯落叶的增幅大于客置锐齿栎枯落叶;客置针叶林枯落叶后阔叶林地土壤酶活性、微生物量C、N含量及其微生物数量变化因树种而异,其中锐齿栎林地土壤酶活性和微生物量C、N含量有所提高,而灰楸林地却有所下降.客置阔叶林地枯落叶可改善针叶林地的土壤性质,而客置针叶林枯落叶后阔叶林地的效应则因树种而异.说明在人工纯林土壤退化的防治过程中,引入其他树种形成混交林或进行枯落叶客置都应注意种间关系的方向性.     

祁连山3种典型生态系统土壤微生物活性和生物量碳氮含量

 测定分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林和干草原土壤中微生物活性、生物量碳氮含量。结果显示：就土壤微生物生物量碳含量,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中分别高60%和120%以上,干草原比高寒草甸中高40%以上(p<0.05)。就土壤微生物生物量氮含量,0～5 cm土层,森林比高寒草甸和干草原中分别高64%和111%以上,高寒草甸比干草原中高29%;5～15 cm土层,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中分别高7%和191%以上,干草原比高寒草甸中高171% 以上(p<0.05)。森林和干草原中土壤微生物生物量碳比例比高寒草甸中高32%以上,0～5和5～15 cm土层,森林和干草原中土壤微生物生物量氮比例比高寒草甸中高150%以上（p<0.05）。就土壤微生物活性,0～5和5～15 cm土层,森林和高寒草甸比干草原中高26%以上;15～35 cm土层,森林比干草原和高寒草甸中高28%以上 (p<0.05)。土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量与有机碳含量及微生物生物量氮含量和比例与微生物生物量碳含量和比例呈现正相关（r²>0.30,p<0.000 1）。土壤微生物生物量氮含量、微生物生物量碳氮含量比例、微生物活性与土壤pH值呈显著负相关,土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量及其比例、微生物活性与土壤湿度呈正相关。说明祁连山3种生态系统土壤中微生物生物量和活性受气候要素、植被、有机碳、pH值和湿度等因素 的共同影响。     

Epidemiological and Ecological Studies of Japanese Encephalitis in Okinawa,Subtropical Area in Japan. II. Prevalence of Japanese Encephalitis Antibody in Residents in Okinawa,Miyako and Ishigaki Islands

During 1989 to 1990, human sera were collected by age groups in Okinawa (the northern, central and southern areas), Miyako and Ishigaki islands and examined for the neutralization (N) antibodies to two strains, Nakayama (vaccine strain) and C307 (Okinawan strain), of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus. In Okinawa island, the N antibody positive rate to C307 was higher than that to Nakayama, while in Miyako and Ishigaki islands, the positive rate to Nakayama was higher than that to C307, suggesting that JE virus transmission rate was higher in Okinawa than in Miyako and Ishigaki islands. In Okinawa Prefecture, JE vaccine had not been administered to most of residents over 31 years of age at the time of serum collection. In residents over 31 years old, the positive rate to C307 was highest in the north of Okinawa (83.3%) and was lowest in Miyako (26.3%), with the second lowest in Ishigaki (33.3%). The distribution of N antibody titers to C307 gave hyperbolic patterns in the 0–5 age groups in Miyako and Ishigaki, and also in the 31–40, 41–50 age groups in Miyako and the 41–50 age group in Ishigaki, suggesting low rates of natural infection in these 4–5 decades in both islands. In residents of ages subjected to JE vaccine, a characteristic pattern was obtained, in which the curves to Nakayama shifted to higher titers than those to C307, suggesting that the first antigenic stimulation was caused by vaccine, not by natural infection of JE virus.     

云南西双版纳常见寄生植物生态化学计量特征及其与寄主的关系

对云南西双版纳地区常见的半寄生植物澜沧江寄生(Scurrula chingii var. yunnanensis)、五蕊寄生(Dendrophthoe pentandra)和全寄生植物优势种金灯藤(Cuscuta japonica)的生态化学计量特征及其与寄主关系进行研究。结果表明,相较于普通高等陆生植物,两种半寄生植物叶片的C、N含量及N:P较低,P含量较高,全寄生植物金灯藤的N、P含量较高,N:P较低;两种半寄生植物C:N、C:P均显著高于全寄生植物金灯藤。两类寄生植物C、N、P生态化学计量特征季节差异不显著。相较于全寄生植物,半寄生植物与寄主间具有更强的相关性。全寄生植物金灯藤的化学计量内稳性指数显著高于两种半寄生植物,全寄生植物内稳性雨季显著高于旱季。     

干旱区不同地理种群骆驼刺元素组成及表面结构特征的对比研究

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素在植物各器官中的组成,及植物表面结构差异是其对外界环境适应性的重要表征。以干旱区3个地理种群骆驼刺(塔里木盆地策勒种群,吐鄯托盆地托克逊种群,准噶尔盆地阜康种群)为研究对象,通过对植株各器官C,N,P元素组成的测定及表面形貌观测,对其在不同环境中的适应特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)同一种群的骆驼刺,C元素在各器官中的分配没有显著规律;N元素在叶片中含量最高,茎中最低;策勒种群和阜康种群的P含量,叶片中最高,茎与刺中差异不显著;但托克逊种群茎中P含量显著高于其他部位。(2)3个地理种群的骆驼刺叶中元素组成相比,策勒种群C,N含量均最高,托克逊种群C,N含量最低;3个种群叶片的P含量,C∶N,C∶P,N∶P值均没有显著差异。刺中元素含量相比,C含量没有显著差异;N含量阜康种群策勒种群托克逊种群。茎中元素含量相比,N含量差异不显著,但托克逊种群茎中P含量为其他两个种群的2倍,可能与托克逊土壤中高浓度的全N,速效N,速效P有关。(3)托克逊种群表皮极厚,蜡质非常致密,各器官气孔密度均高于其他两个种群;策勒种群比阜康种群叶表皮增厚,蜡质致密,但叶片气孔密度却减小;策勒种群和阜康种群茎与刺的气孔密度差异不显著。研究表明,策勒种群骆驼刺最适应当地环境条件:其叶片具有最高的C,N含量,且表面结构没有明显的干旱胁迫特征。托克逊种群表现出明显的干旱适应特征:其表皮增厚,蜡质致密,气孔密度增大,叶片C,N含量最低。虽然托克逊种群茎中P含量显著高于其他地理种群,但3个地理种群骆驼刺叶片中C∶N,C∶P,N∶P比值保持恒定,C∶N=30.6±4.3,C∶P=357.4±49.9,N∶P=12.0±2.4,说明骆驼刺能够保持较高内稳性,这也可能是其在新疆各地广泛生存的重要原因。     

Nitrogen fixation by the thermophilic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum.

The thermophilic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum grew with N2, NH4+, or glutamine as the sole nitrogen source under phototrophic (anaerobic-light) conditions. Growth on N2 required increased buffering capacity to stabilize uncharacterized pH changes that occurred during diazotrophic growth. Increased sulfide levels were stimulatory for growth on N2. Levels of nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) in N2-grown C. tepidum cells were very high, among the highest ever reported for anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Maximal acetylene reduction rates in C. tepidum cells were observed at 48 to 50 degrees C, which is about 15 degrees C higher than the optimum temperature for nitrogenase activity in mesophilic chlorobia, and nitrogenase activity in C. tepidum responded to addition of ammonia by a "switch-off/switch-on" mechanism like that in phototrophic purple bacteria. C. tepidum cells assimilated ammonia mainly via the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway, elevated levels of both of these enzymes being present in cells grown on N2. These results show that N2 fixation can occur in green sulfur bacteria up to at least 60 degrees C and that regulatory mechanisms important in control of nitrogenase activity in mesophilic anoxygenic phototrophs also appear to regulate thermally active forms of the enzyme.     

盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.     

Lupine influence on soil carbon,nitrogen and microbial activity in developing ecosystems at Mount St. Helens

Summary Lupine influence on soil C, N, and microbial activity was estimated by comparing root-zone soil (LR) to nonroot-zone soil (NR) collected at Mount St. Helens. Samples were collected from 5 sites forming a gradient of C and N levels as a reflection of different locations and varying volcanic disturbance by the 1980 eruption. In volcanic substrates undergoing primary ecosystem development, C and N levels were low, as would be expected, but higher in LR soil than NR soil. At the least disturbed sites, N was only slightly greater in LR soil whereas significantly less C was observed in LR soil than in surrounding NR soil. Inorganic-N concentrations were small at all sites but comprised a significant proportion of the total amount of soil N in volcanic substrates. In general, LR zone soil contained significantly more NH _inf4 ^sup+ –N. The addition of glucose increased respiration in soils from all sites with the greatest relative response in volcanic soil from the low end of the C and N gradient. Active soil microbial biomass-C and cumulative respiration were correlated with C and N and were significantly greater in LR soil than in NR soil for all sites. These results are consistent with some expected trends in ecosystem development and demonstrate the significance of resource dynamics and lupines in determining patterns of ecosystem response to disturbance at Mount St. Helens. They also suggest that processes leading to soil heterogeneity can be related to either development or to degradation depending on the context of the specific ecosystem or resource under consideration.     

不同施肥处理对玉米秸秆碳氮比及其矿化特性的影响

以两个长期定位试验不同施肥处理玉米秸秆为对象,采用室内培养试验研究了其碳、氮养分在土壤中的矿化特性.结果表明：与未施肥处理相比,施用化肥（NPK）或化肥与有机肥配施（MNPK）处理明显增加了玉米秸秆的氮素含量,降低了其C/N.不同处理秸秆碳、氮矿化量和被微生物固持的碳、氮量因培养时期不同而异,NPK、MNPK和240 kg N·hm^-2处理秸秆在培养期间碳的矿化率显著高于相应不施肥处理;60 d培养期结束后,NPK处理秸秆的有机碳矿化量最大,占加入总有机碳的13.24%.各施肥处理玉米秸秆施入土壤后引起的土壤矿质氮固持量均较不施肥秸秆低,其中MNPK处理最低.施用秸秆增加了土壤微生物的代谢熵（qCO₂）,但不同处理间qCO₂的差异较小;各处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量因培养时期不同而异.因此,生产中利用秸秆时应考虑不同施肥处理秸秆养分含量的差异.