莲藕CBF2基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

目的:克隆莲藕CBF2基因的c DNA全长并对其进行序列分析。方法:根据已有的ESTs序列,设计3'和5'端RACE引物,运用RACE技术克隆莲藕CBF2基因c DNA全长。结果:克隆得到全长为1 560bp c DNA序列,其中包括350bp的3'非编码区和124bp的5'非编码区及一个1 086 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码362个氨基酸,序列末端有poly(A)尾。其核苷酸序列与NCBI数据库中大豆DREB2C/CBF2、马铃薯DREB2A/CBF2、黄瓜DREB2A/CBF2及花生DREB2A/CBF2的同源性较高,分别为83%、77%、76%和76%,因此把该基因命名为Lr CBF2。氨基酸序列进化树分析表明该基因与葡萄相关基因亲缘关系较近。结论:分离克隆得到莲藕CBF2基因,为进一步研究莲藕中该基因的功能奠定基础。     

野生种马铃薯SpPHYB基因的克隆与表达分析

采用RT-PCR技术从野生种马铃薯中克隆到一个光敏色素基因PHYB,其cDNA全长为3470bp。含有一个3393 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码一条长1130个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量为125kDa,等电点为5.6。该基因编码的蛋白序列与栽培种马铃薯、番茄和烟草同源基因编码的氨基酸序列一致性分别为98%、95%、92%,命名为SpPHYB.半定量PCR分析表明,根、茎、叶和芽中SpPHYB表达水平较高且相似,但在花和块茎成熟器官中表达量稍低.     

马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白基因Ld-HSP60的克隆、序列分析及温度胁迫下的表达

【目的】马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata是一种世界性检疫害虫,对温度胁迫具有极强的适应性,为进一步明确其对温度胁迫适应性的分子机制,研究了热激蛋白HSP60在马铃薯甲虫温度胁迫应答过程中的作用。【方法】采用RT-PCR及RACE技术克隆马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白HSP60基因的cDNA全长序列;利用生物信息学软件分析该基因及其编码蛋白质的序列特性;运用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析该基因在温度胁迫下的表达模式。【结果】克隆得到马铃薯甲虫热激蛋白HSP60基因,命名为Ld-HSP60(Gen Bank登录号:KC556801),其cDNA全长2 234 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1 731 bp,编码576个氨基酸,相对分子量约为61.27 kD,理论等电点为5.51,5'端非翻译区(UTR)长101 bp,3'UTR长402 bp。氨基酸序列中含有HSP60家族典型的特征序列。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,低温胁迫(-10和0℃)下未检测到马铃薯甲虫雌雄成虫中Ld-HSP60的诱导表达;高温胁迫(38和44℃)诱导马铃薯甲虫雄成虫Ld-HSP60上调表达,随着胁迫温度的升高LdHSP60表达量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,38℃高温胁迫下表达量最高,胁迫时间越长Ld-HSP60表达量也越高。【结论】相比其他热激蛋白,HSP60对温度敏感性较低,推测HSP60可能在马铃薯甲虫雄成虫抵御高温胁迫中发挥作用。     

利用EST数据克隆大豆天冬氨酸代谢途径关键酶基因

DPR和DHAD基因经RT-PCR克隆和序列分析验证,长度分别为1 764 bp、1 467 bp、1 080 bp、1 035 bp和1 806 bp,结果与电子克隆序列基本一致.本实验通过与不同物种的这些基因蛋白序列比较,发现与双子叶植物拟南芥、蓖麻和马铃薯的同源性较高,而与单子叶植物水稻的同源性略低.     

马铃薯块茎组织特异性启动子的克隆及序列分析

利用PCR技术从马铃薯陇薯3号基因组DNA中扩增出长度约为1.0 kb的DNA片段,经与T载体连接,测序表明,克隆到的DNA片段大小为969 bp,该序列与GenBank中已公布的patatin启动子序列同源性为97.94％;采用植物顺式调控元件数据库PLACE和PlantCare进行序列分析,结果表明,该片段含有启动子的保守序列TATA-box和CAAT-box,且在CAAT-box上游有8 bp的增强子.此外,还具有马铃薯块茎蛋白patatin基因启动子保守调控序列的蔗糖效应元件(SURE)4个及马铃薯储藏物特异结合调控patatin蛋白表达位点(B-box)2个,而这些特异序列可能是基因特异表达所必须的.     

簇毛麦端体6VS的显微切割及其专化DNA序列的克隆和分析

从簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur.)组合CA9211/RW15(6D/6V异代换系)幼胚培养SC2后代中,用原位杂交方法鉴定出T240-6为6VS端体异代换系. 以此为材料,采用微细玻璃针切割法及"单管反应"技术体系,对6VS进行切割分离及LA (Linker adaptor)-PCR扩增.扩增带在100～3 000 bp 之间,大部分集中在600～1 500 bp.利用32P标记的簇毛麦基因组为探针进行Southern杂交,证实扩增产物来源于簇毛麦.扩增产物纯化后,连接到pGEM-T载体上,构建了6VS DNA质粒文库.对文库的分析表明,文库大约有17 000个白色克隆;插入片段分布在100～1 500 bp,平均600 bp.点杂交结果表明,37%克隆有中度到强烈的杂交信号,证明含有中度或高度重复序列;63%克隆有较弱的信号或没有信号,证明为单/低拷贝序列克隆.从文库中获得8个簇毛麦特异克隆,对其中两个克隆pHVMK22和 pHVMK134进行了RFLP分析和序列分析,并利用该探针对小麦抗白粉病基因Pm21进行了检测.RFLP 结果表明,两个克隆一个为低拷贝序列克隆(pHVMK22),另一个为高度重复序列克隆,均为簇毛麦专化DNA序列.以pHVMK22为探针对抗、感病小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品系的Southern杂交发现抗病品系有一条2 kb的特征带, 该探针可能作为检测抗病基因Pm21的探针.     

马铃薯腐烂茎线虫L 型半胱氨酸蛋白酶新基因(Dd-cpl-1) 的克隆与序列分析

L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因 (Cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase gene) 为与植物寄生线虫寄生能力相关的多功能基因。运用RT-PCR和RACE的方法从马铃薯腐烂茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor中克隆出1个L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶新基因Dd-cpl-1 (GenBank登录号为GQ180107)。该基因Dd-cpl-1 cDNA全长序列含有1个1 131 bp的开放性阅读框 (ORF),编码376个氨基酸残基,其5′末端及3′末端分别含有29 bp和159 bp的非编码区 (UTR)。Dd-cpl-1内含子外显子结构分析结果表明,其基因组序列包含7个内含子,且各内含子两端剪接位点序列遵守GT/AG规则。Dd-cpl-1基因推定的蛋白Dd-CPL-1与松材线虫L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶高度同源,一致性达到77％。以不同物种中L 型半胱氨酸蛋白酶氨基酸序列进行比对分析,推测推定的蛋白 Dd-CPL-1含有L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因家族高度保守的催化三联体 (Cys183,His322 和Asn343) 以及ERFNIN基系和GNFD基系。半胱氨酸蛋白酶系统发育分析表明,Dd-cpl-1 属于由L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶组成的进化分支。Dd-cpl-1的这些序列特征进一步表明其为L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因。这是首次在马铃薯腐烂茎线虫中克隆到的L型半胱氨酸蛋白酶,为今后在蛋白水平对其进行进一步的功能分析提供基础。     

鳜鱼胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶与胃蛋白酶原基因的克隆与序列分析

采用RT-PCR及RACE法,克隆得到鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)肝胰脏胰蛋白酶(trypsin, Try)、淀粉酶(amylase, Amy)基因 cDNA全序列.结果表明,鳜鱼Try基因cDNA全长为896 bp,其中开放阅读框 (open reading frame,ORF)为744 bp,编码247个氨基酸. 序列同源性分析发现,鳜鱼Try与 斑马鱼(Danio rerio)、非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)、 小鼠Try和人TRY氨基酸序列同源性分别为81.4%、75.3%、74.5%和71.4%.鳜鱼Amy 基因cDNA全长为1 647 bp,其中ORF为1 539 bp,编码512个氨基酸.鳜鱼Amy与斑马鱼 、非洲爪蟾、小鼠Amy和人AMY氨基酸序列同源性分别为79.7%、75.4%、71.9%和70.9%. 同时对鳜鱼基因组进行PCR,获得鳜鱼Try、Amy与胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen, Pep)全基因组DNA序列.序列分析表明,鳜鱼Try基因由4个内含子和5个外显子组成,全长1 362 bp;鳜鱼Amy基因由8个内含子和9个外显子组成,全长4 267 bp;鳜鱼Pep基因由8个内含子和9个外显子组成,全长 4 032 bp,与其它脊椎动物基因结构相似.应用Genome walker方法在鳜鱼克隆得到长度分别为1 189 bp、413 bp和527 bp的Try、Amy和Pep基因的5′侧翼区序列以及1段长为704 bp的Pep 基因3′侧翼区序列,并利用相关软件预测其中具有多个可调节其表达的调控元件.鳜鱼Try、Am y和Pep基因组全序列的克隆及其序列、结构分析和分子系统进化等的研究,为鱼类消化代谢相关基因的生理功能及表达调控机理进一步研究提供依据.     

亚麻中雄性不育基因同源序列MS2-F的克隆和表达分析

用同源序列克隆法从亚麻中克隆了雄性不育基因同源序列MS2-F cDNA(登陆号:EU363493).该cDNA全长1 91lbp,包含一个1 608 bp的ORF,编码535个氨基酸.推导的蛋白质序列中包含2个雄性不育保守区:NAD结合区域和雄性不育C-末端区域.该基因与油菜和拟南芥雄性不育基因的一致性分别为59.65%和59.16%,为花蕾特异表达基因,推测在亚麻花粉发育过程中与脂酰辅酶A还原酶有相似功能.MS2-F cDNA对应的gDNA大小为2 696 bp(登陆号:EU365361),含有8个内含子和9个外显子.     

奥利亚罗非鱼与尼罗罗非鱼rDNA内转录间隔区序列特征

核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacers,ITS)是经常被用作种和种群水平系统研究的分子序列.本文分离了奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)、尼罗罗非鱼(O.niloticus)内转录间隔区,包括部分185序列,ITS1、5.8S、ITS2全序列及部分28S序列.4尾奥利亚罗非鱼的10个克隆序列分析表明,其存在长度不同的a、b两种类型ITS1.a型长为536 bp,GC含量为69.96%;b型长为520 bp,GC含量为69.04%～69.42%.4尾尼罗罗非鱼的10个克隆序列分析表明,其只存在a型ITS1,长为536～540 bp,GC含量为69.42%～70.19%.与b型ITS1相比,a型ITS1在16～31 nt有16 bp片段(GGCCCGCCTCGGCGC)的插入.奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼共20条ITS序列中,5.8S长度均为157 bp,GC含量为56.69%～57.96%;ITS2为408 bp,GC含量为72.79%～74.26%.奥利亚罗非鱼和尼罗罗非鱼ITS区序列相似性高达98.2%,表明这两种罗非鱼亲缘关系很近.此外,本文对14尾奥利亚罗非鱼、15尾尼罗罗非鱼以及15尾奥尼罗非鱼[O.aureus(♂)×O.niloticus(♀)]ITS1的扩增结果显示,奥利亚罗非鱼均有a、b两种类型ITS1;15尾尼罗罗非鱼中1尾为a、b两类型ITS1,14尾为a型ITS1;15尾奥尼罗非鱼中则有6尾具有a、b两类型ITS1,9尾为单一的a型ITS1.分析表明,奥利亚罗非鱼在ITS1这个位点一致性高,但尼罗罗非鱼中有1尾混杂了奥利亚罗非鱼的基因,同时也说明分子生物学手段应用于种质鉴定比形态学手段更为精确.     

普通小麦中一氧化氮相关因子(TaNOA)编码基因的克隆和分子生物学分析

一氧化氮是动植物体内重要的信号分子。本研究利用同源克隆技术从六倍体普通小麦中获得一个一氧化氮相关因子(TaNOA)编码基因的全长基因组和cDNA克隆。该基因具有13个外显子和12个内含子,与拟南芥以及水稻中同源基因结构相似。根据cDNA推导的氨基酸序列与拟南芥AtNOA1的序列一致性达60%以上,具备P-环GTPaseG4-G5-G1-G2-G3的排列特征和保守的序列。对其中2个内含子的测序分析表明在六倍体小麦中TaNOA至少有3个成员。进一步用中国春小麦缺体-四体材料将这3个TaNOA基因成员分别定位在第六同源群的6A、6B和6D染色体上,本研究中获得的成员定位于6B染色体上,因此将其命名为TaNOA-B1。原生质体表达实验表明,TaNOA-B1可能定位在线粒体中。TaNOA基因在小麦根、叶片中表达较高,在幼穗和小花中有少量表达,茎中几乎检测不到表达。TaNOA的转录本水平还因脱落酸或盐处理而上升,表明它可能参与小麦对非生物胁迫的反应。本研究为进一步克隆六倍体小麦中TaNOA的其他成员及研究该基因在小麦中的功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase.

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), identified as nitric oxide (NO), is derived from a guanidino nitrogen of L-arginine via its metabolism by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Herein, we report the molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the constitutive calcium-calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM)-regulated nitric oxide synthase (ECNOS). A full-length ECNOS clone was isolated by screening a bovine aortic endothelial cell cDNA library using a fragment of rat brain NOS (bNOS) cDNA. This cDNA has an open reading frame of 3615 nucleotides encoding a 1205-amino acid protein. Membranes prepared from COS cells transfected with the ECNOS cDNA demonstrated NADPH- and Ca2+/CaM- dependent conversion of L-, but not D-, arginine to NO and citrulline that was inhibited by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of ECNOS to the bNOS and macrophage NOS (Mac-NOS) sequences revealed 57 and 50% identity, respectively. In addition, ECNOS contains a unique N-myristylation consensus sequence (not shared by bNOS or Mac-NOS) that may explain its membrane localization.     

The structure of YqeH. An AtNOS1/AtNOA1 ortholog that couples GTP hydrolysis to molecular recognition

AtNOS1/AtNOA1 was identified as a nitric oxide-generating enzyme in plants, but that function has recently been questioned. To resolve issues surrounding AtNOA1 activity, we report the biochemical properties and a 2.36 A resolution crystal structure of a bacterial AtNOA1 ortholog (YqeH). Geobacillus YqeH fused to a putative AtNOA1 leader peptide complements growth and morphological defects of Atnoa1 mutant plants. YqeH does not synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine but rather hydrolyzes GTP. The YqeH structure reveals a circularly permuted GTPase domain and an unusual C-terminal beta-domain. A small N-terminal domain, disordered in the structure, binds zinc. Structural homology among the C-terminal domain, the RNA-binding regulator TRAP, and the hypoxia factor pVHL define a recognition module for peptides and nucleic acids. TRAP residues important for RNA binding are conserved by the YqeH C-terminal domain, whose positioning is coupled to GTP hydrolysis. YqeH and AtNOA1 probably act as G-proteins that regulate nucleic acid recognition and not as nitric-oxide synthases.     

Oleic acid-dependent modulation of NITRIC OXIDE ASSOCIATED1 protein levels regulates nitric oxide-mediated defense signaling in Arabidopsis

The conserved cellular metabolites nitric oxide (NO) and oleic acid (18:1) are well-known regulators of disease physiologies in diverse organism. We show that NO production in plants is regulated via 18:1. Reduction in 18:1 levels, via a genetic mutation in the 18:1-synthesizing gene SUPPRESSOR OF SA INSENSITIVITY OF npr1-5 (SSI2) or exogenous application of glycerol, induced NO accumulation. Furthermore, both NO application and reduction in 18:1 induced the expression of similar sets of nuclear genes. The altered defense signaling in the ssi2 mutant was partially restored by a mutation in NITRIC OXIDE ASSOCIATED1 (NOA1) and completely restored by double mutations in NOA1 and either of the nitrate reductases. Biochemical studies showed that 18:1 physically bound NOA1, in turn leading to its degradation in a protease-dependent manner. In concurrence, overexpression of NOA1 did not promote NO-derived defense signaling in wild-type plants unless 18:1 levels were lowered. Subcellular localization showed that NOA1 and the 18:1 synthesizing SSI2 proteins were present in close proximity within the nucleoids of chloroplasts. Indeed, pathogen-induced or low-18:1-induced accumulation of NO was primarily detected in the chloroplasts and their nucleoids. Together, these data suggest that 18:1 levels regulate NO synthesis, and, thereby, NO-mediated signaling, by regulating NOA1 levels.     

AtNOS/AtNOA1 is a functional Arabidopsis thaliana cGTPase and not a nitric-oxide synthase

AtNOS1 was previously identified as a potential nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) in Arabidopsis thaliana, despite lack of sequence similarity to animal NOSs. Although the dwarf and yellowish leaf phenotype of Atnos1 knock-out mutant plants can be rescued by treatment with exogenous NO, doubts have recently been raised as to whether AtNOS1 is a true NOS. Moreover, depending on the type of physiological responses studied, Atnos1 is not always deficient in NO induction and/or detection, as previously reported. Here, we present experimental evidence showing that AtNOS1 is unable to bind and oxidize arginine to NO. These results support the argument that AtNOS1 is not a NOS. We also show that the renamed NO-associated protein 1 (AtNOA1) is a member of the circularly permuted GTPase family (cGTPase). AtNOA1 specifically binds GTP and hydrolyzes it. Complementation experiments of Atnoa1 mutant plants with different constructs of AtNOA1 show that GTP hydrolysis is necessary but not sufficient for the physiological function of AtNOA1. Mutant AtNOA1 lacking the C-terminal domain, although retaining GTPase activity, failed to complement Atnoa1, suggesting that this domain plays a crucial role in planta. cGTPases appear to be RNA-binding proteins, and the closest homolog of AtNOA1, the Bacillus subtilis YqeH, has been shown to participate in ribosome assembly and stability. We propose a similar function for AtNOA1 and discuss it in the light of its potential role in NO accumulation and plant development.     

Proinflammatory agents,IL-8 and IL-10, upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in avian osteoclast-like cells

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes generate nitric oxide (NO), a sensitive multifunctional intercellular signal molecule. High NO levels are produced by an inducible NOS (iNOS) in activated macrophages in response to proinflammatory agents, many of which also regulate local bone metabolism. NO is a potent inhibitor of osteoclast bone resorption, whereas inhibitors of NOS promote bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. The possibility that osteoclasts, like macrophages, express a regulated iNOS and produce NO as a potential autocrine signal following inflammatory stimulation was investigated in well-characterized avian marrow-derived osteoclast-like cells. NO production (reflected by medium nitrite levels) was markedly elevated in these cells by the proinflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the synergistic action of IL-1α, TNFα, and IFNγ. Inhibitors of NOS activity (aminoguanidine, L-NAME) or iNOS induction (dexamethasone, TGFβ) reduced LPS-stimulated nitrite production. LPS also increased the NOS-associated diaphorase activity of these cells and their reactivity with anti-iNOS antibodies. RT-PCR cloning, using avian osteoclast-like cell RNA and human iNOS primers, yielded a novel 900 bp cDNA with high sequence homology (76%) to human, rat, and mouse iNOS genes. In probing osteoclast-like cell RNA with the PCR-derived iNOS cDNA, a 4.8 kb mRNA species was detected whose levels were greatly increased by LPS. Induction of iNOS mRNA by LPS, or by proinflammatory cytokines, occurred prior to the rise of medium nitrite in time course studies and was diminished by dexamethasone. Moreover, osteoclast-like cells demonstrated an upregulation of NO production and iNOS mRNA by IL-8 and IL-10, regulatory mechanism's not previously described. It is concluded that osteoclast-like cells express a novel iNOS that is upregulated by inflammatory mediators, leading to NO production. Therefore, NO may serve as both a paracrine and autocrine signal for modulating osteoclast bone resorption. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The dependence of leaf senescence on the balance between 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate acid synthase 1 (ACS1)‐catalysed ACC generation and nitric oxide‐associated 1 (NOS1)‐dependent NO accumulation in Arabidopsis

• Ethylene and nitric oxide (NO) act as endogenous regulators during leaf senescence. Levels of ethylene or its precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate acid (ACC) depend on the activity of ACC synthases (ACS), and NO production is controlled by NO‐associated 1 (NOA1). However, the integration mechanisms of ACS and NOA1 activity still need to be explored during leaf senescence.
• Here, using experimental techniques, such as physiological and molecular detection, liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and fluorescence measurement, we investigated the relevant mechanisms.
• Our observations showed that the loss‐of‐function acs1‐1 mutant ameliorated age‐ or dark‐induced leaf senescence syndrome, such as yellowing and loss of chlorophyll, that acs1‐1 reduced ACC accumulation mainly in mature leaves and that acs1‐1‐promoted NOA1 expression and NO accumulation mainly in juvenile leaves, when compared with the wild type (WT). But the leaf senescence promoted by the NO‐deficient noa1 mutant was not involved in ACS1 expression. There was a similar sharp reduction of ACS1 and NOA1 expression with the increase in WT leaf age, and this inflection point appeared in mature leaves and coincided with the onset of leaf senescence.
• These findings suggest that NOA1‐dependent NO accumulation blocked the ACS1‐induced onset of leaf senescence, and that ACS1 activity corresponds to the onset of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.

     

Nitric oxide accumulation in Arabidopsis is independent of NOA1 in the presence of sucrose

Nitric oxide signals diverse responses in animals and plants. Whereas nitric oxide synthesis mechanisms in animals are well understood, how nitric oxide is synthesized and regulated in plants remains controversial. NOA1 is a circularly permuted GTPase that is important for chloroplast function and is implicated in nitric oxide synthesis. However, the reported consequences of a null mutation in NOA1 are inconsistent. Whereas some studies indicate that the noa1 mutant has severe reductions in nitric oxide accumulation, others report that nitric oxide levels are indistinguishable between noa1 and the wild type. Here, we identify a correlation between the reported ability of noa1 to accumulate nitric oxide with growth on sucrose-supplemented media. We report that noa1 accumulates both basal and salicylic acid-induced nitric oxide only when grown on media containing sucrose. In contrast, nitric oxide accumulation in wild type is largely insensitive to sucrose supplementation. When grown in the absence of sucrose, noa1 has low fumarate, pale green leaves, slow growth and reduced chlorophyll content. These phenotypes are consistent with a defect in chloroplast-derived photosynthate production and are largely rescued by sucrose supplementation. We conclude that NOA1 has a primary role in chloroplast function and that its effects on the accumulation of nitric oxide are likely to be indirect.