基因工程胰岛素分泌细胞的研究

在体外构建胰岛素分泌细胞系作为糖尿病患者的胰岛细胞的代用品是国外进行糖尿病基因治疗的主要内容。１．β细胞系工程β细胞是人胰腺郎格罕氏细胞,早已被用来治疗糖尿病［１］,但是用胰腺移植治疗糖尿病有免疫排斥、供体有限以及必须纯化胰腺等困难。β细胞工程则可避...     

功能胰腺β细胞获取与应用的研究进展北大核心CSCD

胰腺β细胞生成和分泌的胰岛素对维持人体正常血糖起到关键作用,胰岛素分泌不足或利用缺陷将会导致糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)的发生。经典的DM治疗方法包括药物治疗和胰岛移植,新兴的胰腺β细胞替代疗法可以使患者摆脱对药物的依赖并且可以缓解胰岛移植供体缺乏的难题。通过重编程技术或者定向诱导干细胞分化等方法可以获得胰腺β样细胞,相关功能已经在体外细胞和动物体内水平得以验证。有些医院已开展了β细胞替代疗法的临床试验。体外获取具有功能的胰腺β样细胞有望成为临床DM细胞治疗的可靠来源。文中总结了胰腺β细胞主要获取方式,讨论了现有方法存在的问题,为将来获取和应用功能胰腺β细胞提供了思路。     

钙离子信号对胰岛素分泌的调控

胰岛素的分泌及其分泌的调控是维持机体内葡萄糖平衡的重要机制,胰岛素分泌量的不足会导致非胰岛素依赖的糖尿病的发生.胰岛素包裹在致密核心大囊泡中,胰腺β细胞通过调控致密核心大囊泡的胞吐过程来调节胰岛素的分泌.胞内Ca2 浓度是影响胰岛素分泌的重要因素.胰腺β细胞主要通过质膜上的ATP敏感的钾通道、钙通道和胞内钙库的活动改变胞内Ca2 浓度,从而调控β细胞胰岛素的分泌活动.     

ATP 调控大鼠胰腺β细胞胰岛素分泌的双重作用

实验以大鼠胰腺β细胞为研究对象,采用荧光测钙和全细胞膜片钳膜电容测量技术,研究 ATP 对胞内钙离子信号和细胞分泌的影响,并初步探讨了其作用机制 . 实验表明：胞外 ATP 刺激通过动员细胞内 thapsigargin 敏感的钙库 Ca2+ 释放,使大鼠胰腺β细胞内的游离钙离子浓度显著升高,细胞外的 ATP 信号对β细胞胰岛素分泌有双向调节作用,其一,主要通过降低去极化引起的钙电流而对β细胞胰岛素分泌产生较弱的抑制作用,其二,细胞在静息状态下, ATP 通过动员胞内钙库的 Ca2+ 释放使胞浆中的钙离子浓度显著增加,触发β细胞强烈分泌胰岛素 . ATP 的这种双向调节可能对胰岛素分泌的精确调控具有重要的生理意义 .     

游离锌离子和锌转运体-8在小鼠胰岛β细胞中的定位

目的观察游离锌离子和锌转运体-8(zinc transporter-8,ZNT-8)在小鼠胰腺定位,探讨游离锌离子和ZNT-8与胰岛素分泌的关系。方法应用金属自显影(AMG)染色技术显示小鼠胰腺中游离锌离子的定位,应用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学ABC法分别在mRNA水平和蛋白水平检测ZNT-8在小鼠胰腺内的表达,应用免疫荧光双标技术证明ZNT-8在小鼠胰岛β细胞内与胰岛素的共存。结果小鼠胰腺外分泌组织和胰岛均含有游离锌离子;在胰岛中,游离锌离子均匀分布在包括β细胞分布区在内的各个区域。胰腺组织表达ZNT-8 mRNA,ZNT-8主要表达于胰腺内分泌部胰岛中;在胰岛β细胞中,ZNT-8与胰岛素共存。结论游离锌离子在小鼠胰岛β细胞的存在及ZNT-8在小鼠胰岛β细胞中与胰岛素的共存提示ZNT-8可能通过参与胰岛β细胞内游离锌离子的转运而调节胰岛素的分泌。     

lncRNA TUG1在胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究

目的:关于lncRNA TUG1在体内外胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究。方法:通过qRT-PCR检测lncRNA TUG1在小鼠胰腺,脑,肌肉等不同组织的表达。体外干扰MIN6胰岛素瘤细胞系lncRNA TUG1后,通过MTT法和流式细胞计数检测对β细胞增殖和周期影响;通过GSIS检测β细胞不同糖浓度刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平;采用qRT-PCR检测β细胞Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2的变化;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,采用ELISA法检测对血清胰岛素的影响,采用免疫组化检测对胰岛形态的影响。结果:lncRNA TUG1在胰腺组织中高度表达。干扰lncRNA TUG1后可致β细胞增殖活力受到抑制,糖刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平下降,Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2减少;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,血清胰岛素减少,胰岛面积减小。结论:干扰lncRNA TUG1后在体内外均可导致胰腺β细胞分泌胰岛素减少,提示lncRNA TUG1可在体内外影响β细胞的胰岛素分泌,lncRNA TUG1是调节胰岛β细胞功能的因素之一。     

人诱导多能干细胞来源功能性胰岛β细胞的体外定向分化方法的建立

1型糖尿病是由胰岛β细胞功能受损、胰岛素分泌不足所致,目前,主要通过外源性胰岛素补充来治疗,但外源性胰岛素无法精准调控血糖,严重低血糖可危及生命。胰岛移植是一种替代疗法,但面临器官供体不足和异种来源胰岛β细胞存在人畜共患病交叉感染风险的问题。因此,获得足量且安全的胰岛β细胞是1型糖尿病细胞治疗面临的难题。本研究旨在通过人诱导多能干细胞(human induced pluripotent stem cells, hiPSCs)在体外向胰岛β细胞分化,提供一种潜在的1型糖尿病治疗新策略。为实现这一目标,我们采用了结合2D和3D培养系统的分化策略,模拟胰岛β细胞的体内发育环境,并使用多种生长因子调节在胰腺发育和β细胞分化中发挥重要作用的关键信号包括Notch信号通路(Notch signaling pathway)、Wnt信号通路(Wnt signaling pathway)、TGF-β/Smad信号通路(TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway)等,在体外将hiPSC定向诱导分化至胰岛β细胞。结果显示,在2D、3D结合的培养条件下,分化过程中定型内胚层细胞,胰腺祖细胞,胰腺...     

PDX-1基因与糖尿病治疗

胰腺-十二指肠同源框1(pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1,PDX-1),是在胰腺发育中起重要作用的转录因子,它可以调节胰岛素在胰岛β细胞中的表达,并可特异性激活基因的转录。葡萄糖、激素等物质可调节PDX-1基因的表达。Ⅰ型及部分Ⅱ型糖尿病是由于胰腺β细胞凋亡异常增多而使得β细胞数目减少,致使胰岛素分泌不足而引起的,与胰岛素分泌相关的PDX-1基因在治疗糖尿病方面的研究表现出了巨大的潜力。     

胰岛特异细胞因子PANDER在糖尿病病理生理过程中的作用

胰腺衍生因子(PANcreatic DERived factor,PANDER)是新近克隆的细胞因子,在胰腺的胰岛β细胞中特异性高表达.重组PANDER蛋白预处理或腺病毒过表达PANDER基因均可在体外显著地诱导人、大鼠及小鼠胰岛β细胞及多种β细胞系凋亡, 并抑制其胰岛素分泌.同时,炎症细胞因子IFN-γ能显著地上调β细胞PANDER基因的表达,提示PANDER有可能在炎症细胞因子介导的1型糖尿病病理生理过程中起作用.PANDER蛋白与胰岛素通过Ca2 依赖的方式从β细胞中共分泌进入循环系统,特异性地结合到肝细胞膜上并抑制肝细胞胰岛素信号转导,这提示PANDER可能也介入了机体胰岛素抵抗的形成.本文结合笔者多年从事PANDER的生理学功能研究,对PANDER的发现、最新研究进展及其潜在的生理学功能进行总结与分析.     

胰腺β细胞氧化还原状态对胰岛素加工与分泌的调控及其机制

胰腺β细胞的氧化还原异常不仅会引起β细胞凋亡,而且对胰岛素加工、分泌以及胰岛素抵抗也有重要的影响。近年来,国内外学者就胰腺β细胞氧化还原状态对胰岛素加工、分泌的影响及调控机制开展了大量的研究,取得了丰硕的成果,为2型糖尿病的防治提供了新思路和靶点。该文拟就胰岛素加工、分泌与细胞氧化还原状态的关系进行综述,以期进一步了解、认识2型糖尿病的发生和发展。     

Bovine colostrum ultrafiltrate supplemented with adult bovine serum and transferrin: An effective fbs substitute for cultivation of vero and CHO-K1 cells

Summary A mixture containing an ultrafiltrate fraction (UF) of bovine colostrum (6.7%), adult bovine serum (BS) (1%), and human holo-transferrin (hTF) (5 mg/liter) was developed for cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) and African green monkey kidney cells (Vero). The growth-supporting activity of the mixture (UF/BS/hTF) was comparable to that of 1 to 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and considerably better than 1 to 2% BS. Cells could be directly seeded from FBS-supplemented medium to UF/BS/hTF-supplemented medium without any weaning period, even at initial plating density of 1700 cells/ml. Vero and CHO-K1 cells were cultivated in UF/BS/hTF-supplemented media for up to 43 days without any apparent reduction in growth. The UF/BS/hTF mixture could also be used as a freezing medium. Cells were passaged twice in the mixture, frozen, and stored at liquid N₂ for 11 wk. After thawing, the viability of Vero and CHO-K1 cells was reduced 13 and 7%, respectively, and both cell lines started to grow well. Additional hTF could be replaced with bovine holo-transferrin, although a high concentration (150 mg/liter) should be used for CHO-K1 cells. The results suggest that the UF/BS/hTF mixture provides a new economical alternative to FBS in cultivation of Vero and CHO-K1 cells in the presence of reduced protein amounts.     

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and insulin in chemically induced pancreatic islet cell tumors in rats

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and insulin were measured by radioimmunoassay in acetic-acid extracts of 19 pancreatic islet cell tumors induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide in rats. In addition, gel filtration properties of TRH-immunoreactivity and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were examined in 5 and 14 tumors, respectively. TRH was demonstrated in 10 of 19 tumors, with a mean of 166 +/- 47 (SEM) pg/mg wet weight, whereas the concentration was less than 3 pg/mg wet weight in the other tumors. In contrast, all tumors contained IRI, with a mean of 11.0 +/- 1.6 micrograms/mg wet weight. Ten tumors in which TRH was demonstrated contained more IRI than those in which TRH was not detected (13.1 +/- 1.8 vs 6.5 +/- 1.7 micrograms/mg wet weight, P less than 0.02). After gel filtration, all TRH immunoreactivity was eluted at the same place as synthetic TRH in the 5 tumors. In addition, gel filtration elutes showed essentially the same pattern of IRI in the 14 tumors, with 3 peaks. The predominant IRI peak comigrated with marker insulin (95.7 +/- 0.8%), another prominent peak occurred coincident with proinsulin standard (3.3 +/- 0.5%), a third peak was present in the void volume (0.28 +/- 0.04%). These distributions of IRI were similar to those in extracts of normal pancreases. The present studies demonstrate TRH immunoreactivity in pancreatic islet cell tumors induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide in rats. Chemically induced insulinomas can serve as a model for insulin storage which is analogous to islet B cells.     

Insulin secretion from a continuously subcultivable isolate derived from foetal bovine pancreata beta cells. I. Monolayer cultures.

Monolayer cultures have been derived from bovine embryonic pancreatic cells grown in medium CMRL-1969 supplemented with foetal calf serum. The isolate has been subcultivated up to 10 population doublings. Insulin secretion from the cells into the culture medium declined with increasing passages. Of several insulin secretagogues, glucagon was found to be effective in potentiating insulin release from the cultivated cells into the medium. Insulin secretion rose to approximately 600 μU/culture/day in the presence of glucagon as compared to an average of 10 μU/culture/day in the control. This may be the first demonstration of a beta cell line developed from bovine embryonic pancreas.     

Different secretory response of pancreatic islets and insulin secreting cell lines INS-1 and INS-1E to osmotic stimuli

Objective of this study was to characterize osmotically-induced insulin secretion in two tumor cell lines. We compared response of freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets and INS-1 and INS-1E tumor cell lines to high glucose, 30 % hypotonic medium and 20 % hypertonic medium. In Ca(2+)-containing medium glucose induced insulin release in all three cell types. Hypotonicity induced insulin secretion from islets and INS-1 cells but not from INS-1E cells, in which secretion was inhibited despite similar increase in cell volume in both cell types. GdCl(3) (100 micromol/l) did not affect insulin response from INS-1E cells to hypotonic challenge. Hypertonic medium inhibited glucose-induced insulin secretion from islets but not from tumor cells. Noradrenaline (1 micromol/l) inhibited glucose-induced but not swelling-induced insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Surprisingly, perifusion with Ca(2+)-depleted medium showed distinct secretory response of INS-1E cells to hypotonicity while that of INS-1 cells was partially inhibited. Functioning glucose-induced insulin secretion is not sufficient prerequisite for hypotonicity-induced response in INS-1E cells suggesting that swelling-induced exocytosis is not essential step in the mechanism mediating glucose-induced insulin secretion. Both cell lines are resistant to inhibitory effect of hyperosmolarity on glucose-induced insulin secretion. Response of INS-1E cells to hypotonicity is inhibited by the presence of Ca(2+) in medium.     

Growth hormone is a growth factor for the differentiated pancreatic beta-cell

The regulation of the growth of the pancreatic beta-cell is poorly understood. There are previous indications of a role of GH in the growth and insulin production of the pancreatic islets. In the present study we present evidence for a direct long-term effect of GH on proliferation and insulin biosynthesis of pancreatic beta-cells in monolayer culture. In culture medium RPMI 1640 supplemented with 2% normal human serum islets or dissociated islet cells from newborn rats maintained their insulin-producing capacity. When supplemented with 1-1000 ng/ml pituitary or recombinant human GH the islet cells attached, spread out, and proliferated into monolayers mainly consisting of insulin-containing cells. The number of beta-cells in S-phase was increased from 0.9-6.5% as determined by immunochemical staining of bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into insulin-positive cells. The increase in cell number was accompanied with a continuous increase in insulin release to the culture medium reaching a 10- 20-fold increase after 2-3 months with a half-maximal effect at about 10 ng/ml human GH. The biosynthesis of (pro)insulin was markedly increased with a normal rate of conversion of proinsulin to insulin. It is concluded that GH is a potent growth factor for the differentiated pancreatic beta-cell.     

Primary cultures of rat pancreatic acinar cells in serum-free medium

Summary Rat pancreatic acinar cells were isolated and cultured in Ham's F12 medium with 15% bovine calf serum. Caerulein, insulin, somatostatin, and dexamethasone (DEX) had no effect on intracellular or secreted amylase in these cultured cells. A serum-free medium, using Waymouth's MB 752/1 supplemented with albumin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), DEX, and HEPES, was then developed to avoid serum factors that might mask hormonal effects. In this SF medium, pancreatic acinar, cells maintained the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of freshly isolated cells and secreted amylase in response to the secretagogue, carbamyl choline. Insulin, at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, significantly increased intracellular and secreted amylase activity after 3 d. This model cell system can be used to study the regulation of the synthesis of amylase and other pancreatic enzymes in vitro.     

Production of Gluconobacter oxydans cells from low-cost culture medium for conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone

Gluconobacter oxydans could be immobilized as a biocatalyst for the conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone. To reduce the production cost, the cells were produced from agricultural byproducts. Corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor were employed to replace of sorbitol and yeast extract as medium for G. oxydans cell production. The optimal medium contained 80 g/L reducing sugar, 25 g/L corn steep liquor, and 10 g/L glycerol. The cell mass was about 4.22 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.23 U/mL. For comparison, the cell mass was about 4.0 g/L and the glycerol dehydrogenase activity was about 5.35 U/mL cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium. These studies shown the corn meal hydrolysate and corn steep liquor medium was similar in performance to a nutrient-rich medium, but the cost of production was only 15% of that cultured in sorbitol and yeast extract medium. It was an economical process for the production of G. oxydans cells as biocatalyst for the conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone in industry.     

Establishment of rat pancreatic endocrine cell lines by infection with simian virus 40.

The feasibility of infection and transformation by SV40 (simian virus 40) of primary cell cultures derived from newborn-rat pancreas was investigated. As judged by the presence of intranuclear SV40 T-antigen, exposure to the virus resulted specifically in infection and transformation of epithelioid (predominantly endocrine) cells. The transformed cells were subcultured (more than 64 passages) and cloned. Culture medium and acid/ethanol extracts of the cells did not contain detectable amounts of immunoreactive insulin after the third subculture. However, inoculation of such SV40-transformed pancreatic cells into immunodeficient rats results in tumours in which insulin production was partially restored through the passage in vivo, since the tumour cells contained and synthesized small amounts of immunoreactive insulin which co-migrated with an insulin marker on gel chromatography. Interestingly, the transformed cells maintained under tissue-culture conditions produced a protein immunologically related to insulin, soluble in aqueous buffer but insoluble in acid/ethanol. This 3000-dalton protein is too large to be a translation product of the rat preproinsulin 9S mRNA. SV40-transformed pancreatic cells might prove useful in the investigation of the factors controlling and maintaining insulin biosynthesis.