两栖爬行动物短讯4则

我曾在“中国龟鳖动物的分类与分布研究”一文介绍我国当时已知龟鳖动物6科22属36种。赵尔宓等(2000)列出我国龟鳖动物6科22属40种。最近,英国杂志“NATURE”(2003)撰文指出,美国学者James Parham和我国学者史海涛试验证实：艾氏拟水龟是黄喉拟水龟与三线闭壳龟的     

中国龟鳖物种多样性及濒危现状

本文对1949年以来我国龟鳖动物的新种和新记录、物种多样性和名录变化状况作了述评,分析了中国龟鳖物种多样性的特点及濒危现状。我国现存龟鳖动物1目6科21属41种。     

龟鳖动物体色研究进展

体色是动物重要的形态特征,具有信息传递、体温调节和反捕食等功能.动物体色的研究近2个世纪,已在进化和适应方面取得了较大突破,开拓了行为生态学研究的新方向,极大地促进了应用心理学、计算机科学和军事等应用学科的发展.在目前已知的356种龟鳖动物中,体色多样,但由于其特殊的甲壳结构,龟鳖动物体色研究起步较晚,各种体色的生态适...     

中国龟鳖动物的分布

本文依据1997年以来的文献,对中国龟鳖动物新增加的分布作了归纳和讨论;并对中国龟鳖动物的分布区系及特征作了初步分析和总结.     

湖南省的龟鳖目动物

根据历年在湖南省各地采集的标本及查阅文献记录,归纳出湖南省龟鳖目动物名录４种１０种。工作中核对了原始记录和标本,并长期饲养观察,对所有记录进行了客观地评价。讨论了当前情况下确定龟鳖类分布的原则以及本报道在中国龟鳖目分布方面的意义。     

新书介绍——《中国龟鳖分类原色图鉴》

<正>2013年11月中国农业出版社出版发行的国家出版基金项目图书《中国龟鳖分类原色图鉴》由周婷女士、李丕鹏教授合著,赵尔宓院士、马建章院士等人作序。全书285页,约45万字,1000多幅彩色照片,12开本,铜版纸彩色印刷,硬壳精装。两位作者对中国龟鳖的分类等问题作了梳理,力图将国内外最新的中国龟鳖分类研究成果呈现在读者面前。全书由六章主要内容和附录组成。首先扼要概述了古人对龟鳖的认识、龟鳖演化、生物学特性、物种多样性、分类专用术语和测量方法等内容;重点描述了6科19属36种中国龟鳖,内容包括模式标本、种名词源、色斑、主要特征、生活习性、野生资源状况、养殖状况和保护级别等;讨论了龟鳖的杂交和中国野生及人工杂交的龟鳖;介绍了中国野外和市场上常见的20种外国龟鳖动物,最后阐述了中国龟鳖的资源与保     

中国鳖属的分类历史简述

鳖属Pelodiscus隶属于鳖科Trionychidae,是我国分布较多的龟鳖类动物.现生龟鳖类物种繁多,中国已报道了鳖属动物4种,分别是中华鳖Pelodiscus sinensis、东北鳖Pelodiscus maackii、砂鳖Pelodiscus axenaria和小鳖Pelodiscus parviformi...     

水质理化性对龟鳖活动与生存的影响

国内龟鳖养殖业发展虽较迟,但速度却较快。随着渔域水源污染日趋严重,水中溶解的有机物和有害物质增多,以及养殖管理技术、水质调控能力还未达到国外先进水平,业者缺乏健康养殖、科学养殖的概念等,致使龟鳖疾病的发生,死亡率、暴发型疾病呈逐年上升趋势。龟鳖在天然的水生态环境中繁衍生息,与人工设置的水生环境相比,其变化很大。由于遗传性对人工生态环境,特别是人工控制的水生环境还不能完全适应,各种疾病的发生几乎取决于人们对水生环境的科学管理水平。其中,影响养殖龟鳖水体的理化因素较多。现就已知影响龟鳖生存、活动甚至死亡的水体…     

不同生境间龟鳖类体型的差异

体型是动物重要的形态特征,影响动物的生境利用。为揭示龟鳖类体型与生境之间的关系,通过文献收集331种龟鳖(龟鳖目Tesudines总物种数的98.8%)的最大背甲长及其生境信息,将生境分为海洋、淡水、岛屿性陆地和大陆性陆地4种类型,再将淡水生境分为大静水、大流水、小静水、小流水和所有水域5种亚类型,大陆性陆地生境分为高地、平地和荒漠3种亚类型,从而比较不同生境类型或亚类型之间龟鳖类体型的差异。广义线性混合模型分析结果显示:1)海龟体型最大,岛屿性陆龟次之,淡水龟鳖和大陆性陆龟体型最小,且后两者差异无统计学意义。2)淡水龟鳖类的体型在5种亚类型生境间存在差异,大静水和大流水水域的体型均显著大于小静水和小流水水域,而体型在大静水与大流水水域、小静水与小流水水域之间的差异均无统计学意义,表明淡水龟鳖类体型与水域面积有关,而与水域是静水或流水无关。广布所有水域的淡水龟鳖类体型趋于中间型,且与其他4种亚类型生境中的体型之间的差异均无统计学意义。3)大陆性陆龟的体型从高地到平地再到荒漠有逐渐变大的趋势,但差异无统计学意义。本研究揭示龟鳖类的保护对策需要考虑其体型和生境面积的相关性。     

中华鳖卵子发生与卵黄形成特征

动物卵子形成及卵黄发生的研究多集中于鱼类1和两栖类2, 而对其他动物的实验报道则比较少。不同种类的动物, 其卵子发生的形态变化过程存在较大差异。关于爬行动物卵子形成的研究, 有鳞目的蜥蜴类和蛇类已有报道3,4, 但对龟鳖目卵黄发生的过程描述则很少。       

Prosthetic valves in adult patients with congenital heart disease: Rationale and design of the Dutch PROSTAVA study

Background

Data on long-term complications in adult patients with congenital heart disease (ACHD) and a prosthetic valve are scarce. Moreover, the influence of prosthetic valves on quality of life (QoL) and functional outcome in ACHD patients with prosthetic valves has not been studied.

Objectives

The primary objective of the PROSTAVA study is to investigate the relation between prosthetic valve characteristics (type, size and location) and functional outcome as well as QoL in ACHD patients. The secondary objectives are to investigate the prevalence and predictors of prosthesis-related complications including prosthesis-patient mismatch.

Methods

The PROSTAVA study, a multicentre cross-sectional observational study, will include approximately 550 ACHD patients with prosthetic valves. Primary outcome measures are maximum oxygen uptake during cardiopulmonary exercise testing and QoL. Secondary outcomes are the prevalence and incidence of valve-related complications including prosthesis-patient mismatch. Other evaluations are medical history, physical examination, echocardiography, MRI, rhythm monitoring and laboratory evaluation (including NT-proBNP).

Implications

Identification of the relation between prosthetic valve characteristics in ACHD patients on one hand and functional outcome, QoL, the prevalence and predictors of prosthesis-related complications on the other hand may influence the choice of valve prosthesis, the indication for more extensive surgery and the indication for re-operation.     

多循环植物病害病情控制效果计算公式的比较

比较了3个多循环植物病害病情控制效果计算公式:Abbott公式,Henderson-Tilton公式和杨信东公式,认为杨信东公式为最优公式。总结出Abbott公式的误差产生规律:处理区与对照区的初始病情的比值越大,误差越大;处理区与对照区的初始病情的值越小,误差越大;随着处理区与对照区的终期病情的增大,公式的计算误差明显增大。Henderson-Tilton公式的误差产生规律:处理区与对照区的初始病情的比值越小,误差越大;处理区与对照区的初始病情的值越大,误差越大;随着处理区与对照区的终期病情增大,公式的计算误差明显增大。在处理区与对照区的初始病情相差悬殊,处理区与对照区的终期病情大于0.5甚至更多的条件下Abbott公式、Henderson-Tilton公式会产生较大误差,不能客观评价杀菌剂或其它控病措施的功效,而采用杨信东公式则能客观评价杀菌剂或其他控病措施的效果。     

Transgenic animals as models for human disease

Transgenic animals, especially mice, have been used quite extensively as models for various human diseases. At first, the level of scientific inquiry was driven by the need to establish the model. In many cases, these models may be considered quite crude because of their limitations. More recently, transgenic models of disease have become more refined and are currently being used to study the pathological mechanisms behind the disease rather than to just provide a model of the disease. Using some examples from the recent literature, we will document the current level and complexity of inquiry using transgenic animals. New techniques and techniques that may prove promising will be discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Avoidable errors in the modelling of outbreaks of emerging pathogens, with special reference to Ebola

As an emergent infectious disease outbreak unfolds, public health response is reliant on information on key epidemiological quantities, such as transmission potential and serial interval. Increasingly, transmission models fit to incidence data are used to estimate these parameters and guide policy. Some widely used modelling practices lead to potentially large errors in parameter estimates and, consequently, errors in model-based forecasts. Even more worryingly, in such situations, confidence in parameter estimates and forecasts can itself be far overestimated, leading to the potential for large errors that mask their own presence. Fortunately, straightforward and computationally inexpensive alternatives exist that avoid these problems. Here, we first use a simulation study to demonstrate potential pitfalls of the standard practice of fitting deterministic models to cumulative incidence data. Next, we demonstrate an alternative based on stochastic models fit to raw data from an early phase of 2014 West Africa Ebola virus disease outbreak. We show not only that bias is thereby reduced, but that uncertainty in estimates and forecasts is better quantified and that, critically, lack of model fit is more readily diagnosed. We conclude with a short list of principles to guide the modelling response to future infectious disease outbreaks.     

Caries and periodontal disease of the elderly in Pomerania, Germany: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the oral health status of older adults living in north‐eastern Germany. Materials and Methods: Representative samples of adults aged 60 years or older were examined as part of Study of the Health in Pomerania, a cross‐sectional, population‐based study. Data on 1446 subjects aged 60–79 years were evaluated for coronal caries using the decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index, root caries using the root caries index (RCI), calculus, plaque, bleeding on probing, pocket depth and attachment loss. Results: The prevalence of edentulousness varied from 16% in the 60–65‐year‐old group to 30% in the 75–79‐year‐old group, whereas the median number of remaining natural teeth per subject varied from 14 in the youngest age group (60–65 years) to one in the oldest (75–79 years). Among subjects aged 60–69 years, a quarter (26%) of the teeth examined had coronal restoration against 17% in the oldest age group (70–79 years). Coronal caries was found in 2% of the teeth in both age groups. Among teeth with gingival recession, 6% had fillings on root surfaces and 2% had root caries, irrespective of age. In all, 11% of the subjects had at least one untreated coronal lesion and 27% had at least one untreated root caries lesion. Plaque score, calculus score and bleeding on probing were higher in the oldest age group (70–79 years). The prevalence of periodontal disease expressed as the presence of at least one periodontal pocket of 4 mm and more, was higher in men and among the younger subjects (men aged 60–69 years: 85% vs. 71% in 70–79‐year‐old men; women aged 60–69 years: 71% vs. 62% in 70–79‐year‐olds). The prevalence of attachment loss of 3 mm or more followed a similar pattern. Conclusions: It seems therefore that in this population, the major oral health concern is related to caries and the small number of teeth retained among the dentate subjects.     

蛋白质组学在疾病研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是在蛋白质水平定量、动态、整体地研究生物体的一门学科。双向电泳技术、质谱技术和生物信息学是蛋白质组学的三大支撑技术。近年来,蛋白质组学技术从整体水平出发,在更贴近生命本质的层次上去发现和理解并应用于许多疾病的早期预警、诊断和治疗。我们对蛋白质组学在心血管疾病、肝病、胰腺疾病和自身免疫性疾病等研究中的应用做了简单阐述,揭示了蛋白质组学技术在许多重大疾病研究方面具有十分诱人的发展前景。     

SELEX技术在神经系统疾病研究中的应用

配体指数级富集系统进化（systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX）技术是一种组合化学技术,可经过反复筛选扩增得到针对靶分子的高亲和力和高特异性的适配子.适配子通过识别、结合特定靶分子并对其进行功能调控从而达到对疾病诊断和治疗的目的 .近年来SELEX技术在神经系统功能和疾病研究中的应用越来越多.现已经筛选出针对朊蛋白、肌腱蛋白-C、β-淀粉样肽、乙酰胆碱受体的自身抗体等靶标的适配子,促进了对朊病毒病、脑肿瘤、阿茨海默病、重症肌无力等神经系统疾病的诊断和治疗研究,为这些疾病的诊治提供了新的研究工具.     

Mutations in LRRK2/dardarin associated with Parkinson disease are more toxic than equivalent mutations in the homologous kinase LRRK1

Several mutations have been found in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2), encoding the protein dardarin, which are associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson disease. We have previously shown that mutant LRRK2/dardarin is toxic to neurons and neuron-like cell lines in culture and that some mutations are also associated with an inclusion-body phenotype. There is a homologous kinase, LRRK1, which has a similar domain structure but is not known to carry mutations causing Parkinson disease. In the current study, we introduced mutations at equivalent residues in both LRRK2 and LRRK1 to determine their effects in cells. We show that mutations in dardarin are more prone to form inclusion bodies in transfected cells and are more toxic than equivalent mutations in LRRK1. This work suggests that dardarin/LRRK2 is inherently more damaging than LRRK1.     

植物内生菌及其防治植物病害的研究进展

综述了植物内生菌及其防治植物病害的研究进展.植物内生菌分布广,种类多,几乎存在于所有目前已研究过的陆生及水生植物中,目前全世界至少已在80个属290多种禾本科植物中发现有内生真菌,在各种农作物及经济作物中发现的内生细菌已超过120种.感染内生菌的植物宿主往往具有生长快速、抗逆境、抗病害、抗动物危害等优势,比未感染内生菌的植株更具生存竞争力.植物内生菌的防病机理主要表现在通过产生抗生素类,水解酶类,植物生长调节剂和生物碱类物质,与病原菌竞争营养物质,增强宿主植物的抵抗力以及诱导植物产生系统抗性等途径抑制病原菌生长.另外,对植物内生真菌和内生细菌的分离、筛选和检测方法;利用植物内生菌控制植物病害的途径如人工接种内生菌,利用内生菌代谢产生的抗生素以及将内生菌作为基因工程的载体菌等进行了综述.同时,对植物内生菌作为生物防治因子未来发展前景及存在的问题进行了讨论.利用植物内生菌作为生物防治因子进行大田防病,需要考虑它的病理学、生态学和形态学等方面的影响.