S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶反应条件的优化

优化了重组毕赤酵母表达的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶催化L-甲硫氨酸(Met)和ATP合成 S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的条件,确定了该酶的最适酶活力检测条件为20mmol/L的L -Met,26mmol/ L的ATP,52mmol/L的MgCl2,300mmol/L的KCl,8mmol/L的还原型谷胱甘肽,100mmol/ L的Tris,反应液pH 8.5,35°C反应 1h,比活力达到23.84U/mg.该酶还可以催化以DL-Met代替L-Met为底物的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成反应,以降低生产成本.     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达

目的:克隆与表达大肠杆菌S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的基因。方法:应用PCR技术从E.coliBL21(DE3)的总DNA中扩增出1.1kb的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因,将其连接到PGEMT载体上,测序证明正确后再将目的基因插入大肠杆菌高表达载体PET28a中,含有目的基因的重组质粒在大肠杆菌中进行表达与分析。结果:SAM合成酶在E.coliBL21(DE3)中的表达量达到23.6%,酶活达到4.17μmol/h.ml。结论:大肠杆菌表达出了具有生物活性的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶。     

微生物转化生产S-腺苷甲硫氨酸

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosyl-L-methionine,SAM)是具有广阔市场前景的活性氨基酸,微生物转化法是近年来报道较多的SAM生产方法.综合近年来SAM生产菌株的基因改造和发酵优化方面的进展,从提高SAM合成酶表达和酶活、优化甲醇和甘油的流加方式、改善ATP的生成和L-甲硫氨酸的补料、阻断下游代谢路径等方面,综述了促进SAM合成及其积累的多重策略及机制.最后结合笔者多年研究实践,讨论了微生物转化生产SAM的未来研究方向.     

树脂载体固定S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的研究

目的:筛选一种适合S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶固定化的树脂载体,进行固定化工艺优化及固定化酶性质研究。方法:以固定化率和表观酶活回收率为指标,筛选固定化效果最佳的一种树脂,采用单因素实验对固定化条件进行优化。结果:阴离子交换树脂载体ESR-2表现出最优的固定化率(94.03%)和酶活回收率(47.45%);最佳固定化条件为加酶量4U/g、pH 8.0、15℃吸附10h,最佳条件下固定化酶表观酶活为2.1U/g,表观酶活回收率达51.6%。固定化酶的最适pH为8.5,最适温度为35℃,连续反应10批次后酶活剩余77.92%。结论:树脂载体ESR-2固定化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶酶活及稳定性较好,能够用于S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的工业化大规模生产。     

烟草中一条新的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因的克隆及表达分析

利用差异显示技术从烟草中分离到一个受乙烯利诱导表达的cDNA片段,结合RACE扩增技术获得该基因的全长序列。该全长cDNA共含1350个碱基,编码区有1170 bp,通过GenBank同源性比较发现它与一条已知的烟草S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMS1,EC2．5．1．6)的基因编码区存在90％的同源性,编码的氨基酸顺序96％同源,而在cDNA的5’及3’非编码区同源性很低,且有一些短片段的缺失。设计合适的引物分别对这两个SAMS基因进行RT-PCR分析表明,SAMS1基因受高温诱导表达增强,但不受甲基紫晶诱导的氧化胁迫及盐胁迫影响,而新分离到的这个基因(SAMS2)的表达同时受高温、甲基紫晶及高盐3种胁迫的诱导。     

腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的提取纯化研究

腺苷蛋氨酸具有转甲基、转硫和转氨丙基等重要生理作用,已成为治疗疾病的重要药物。目的：为腺苷蛋氨酸合酶的基因克隆做准备。方法：研究了腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的提取和纯化。腺苷蛋氨酸合酶为胞内酶,其提取需先进行细胞破碎,然后进行盐析和离子交换层析等方法来纯化。酵母的破壁试验考察了研磨、加入有机溶剂和超声波等不同的破碎方法。结果：超声波破碎法最好,得到粗酶液的酶活力为0．934U／ml;经过硫酸铵盐析后,利用离子交换层析法纯化腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶,作出了腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的穿透曲线和洗脱曲线。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的组成型表达、产物纯化及鉴定

将大肠杆菌(E.coli K12) S 腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶(SAMS)基因克隆至质粒pBR322中,获得的重组质粒pBR322-SAMS转入大肠杆菌JM109菌株,构建了能高效组成型表达SAMS的重组菌E.coli JM109 (pBR322-SAMS)。将重组大肠杆菌破碎后上清液经20%~40%硫酸铵分级盐析、Phenyl-Sepharose Fast Flow疏水层析和Q Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析,即可得到纯度提高5倍,比活为48.7 μ/mg的SAMS,三步纯化的总回收率为62%,纯度达到92%。SAMS表达量为1 176μ/L,占到菌体可溶性总蛋白的20%。重组酶的最适反应pH为8.5,4℃下在pH 7.5的缓冲液中保温10h酶活性几乎不改变。重组酶反应的最适温度为55℃ ,酶活性稳定的温度范围为20~35℃。重组酶的KmL Met为0.22mmol/L,Vmax L-Met为1.07mmol/(L·h),Km ATP为0.52 mmol/L,Vmax ATP为1.05 mmol/( L·h)。     

腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的基因及结构研究进展

腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶催化ATP和L-甲硫氨酸合成腺苷甲硫氨酸,在不同生物体和不同组织中腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的存在形式和编码酶的基因都有差别,本文综述了不同生物的腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的基因、酶结构、酶反应动力学及应用前景。     

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸的研究进展

S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)是甲硫氨酸和三磷酸腺苷相结合的代谢物,广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内,参与40多种生化反应,主要作为三种代谢途径(转甲基、转硫基、转氨丙基)的前体,临床上被广泛用于治疗肝病、抑郁症、关节炎等。SAM的制备方法主要有化学合成法、酶促合成法、发酵法三种。化学合成的SAM是消旋体,需进行光学拆分,且存在产率低、原料L-高半胱氨酸价格昂贵和环境污染等问题。酶促合成法合成的SAM纯度高,但原料ATP成本太高。发酵法已成为目前生产SAM最常用的方法,欧洲利用发酵法生产SAM已实现了产业化,但国内的起步较晚,目前还处于实验室研究阶段。因此,应加强发酵法生产SAM的产业化关键技术研究。     

抗癌新药——埃博霉素的研究现状

埃博霉素（Epothilones）是一类由黏细菌产生的具有抗癌活性的物质,其作用机理与紫杉醇相似,却有着远远高于紫杉醇的抗癌效果。埃博霉素被认为是目前最具市场潜力的“后紫杉醇类药物”。本文主要对埃博霉素的理化性质、药用机制、生物合成及其提取等方面进行了综述。     

盐胁迫下过量表达腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因的转基因烟草的生长

以转腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因（SsSAMS2）烟草纯合子ST8-9为实验材料,研究盐胁迫下过量表达SsSAMS2对转基因烟草生长影响的结果表明,200mmol·L-1NaCl处理后的转基因烟草的光合速率和生物量都比野生型烟草高,积累的自由多聚胺比较多,同时精氨酸脱羧酶的转录本也更丰富。显示转基因烟草的耐盐性比野生型烟草高,多聚胺在烟株缓解盐胁中可能是起了重要作用。     

Penicillium oxalicum S-adenosylmethionine synthetase is essential for the viability of fungal cells and the expression of genes encoding cellulolytic enzymes

As the universal methyl donor for methylation reactions, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) plays an indispensable role in most cellular metabolic processes. AdoMet is synthesized by AdoMet synthetase. We identified the only one AdoMet synthetase (PoSasA) in filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum. PoSasA was widely distributed in mycelium at different growth stages. The absence of PoSasA was lethal for P. oxalicum. The misregulation of the PoSasA encoding gene affected the synthesis of extracellular cellulolytic enzymes. The expression levels of cellobiohydrolase encoding gene cbh1/cel7A, β-1-4 endoglucanase eg1/cel7B, and xylanase encoding gene xyn10A were remarkably downregulated as a result of decreased PosasA gene expression. The production of extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases was also reduced. By contrast, the overexpression of PosasA improved the production of extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases. A total of 133 putative interacting proteins with PoSasA were identified using tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry. The results of functional enrichment on these proteins showed that they were mainly related to ATP binding, magnesium ion binding, and ATP synthetase activity. Several methyltransferases were also observed among these proteins. These results were consistent with the intrinsic feature of AdoMet synthetase. This work reveals the indispensable role of PoSasA in various biological processes.     

Temporal, spatial and hormonal regulation of the S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene in petunia

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) promotes corolla elongation and pigmentation in petunia flowers. We have previously shown that G.A₃ induces pigmentation by activating specific genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. The aim of the present work was to examine whether GA₃ induces also the expression of genes from other metabolic pathways in petunia corollas that may be associated with growth. Recently we reported the cloning of the petunia sam gene coding for S -adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAM-S). In the present work we show that sam expression is induced by GA₃ in both corollas and stems. The expression of the gene was correlated with corolla elongation. GA₃ and the cylokinin, N -6-benzyladenine (BA) promoted corolla growth and sam expression, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) inhibited corolla elongation and repressed sam mRNA accumulation. An analysis of sam expression in stems indicated a high level in young, elongating internodes and a very low level in the mature, non-elongating stem zone. The results of the present study show that the effect of GA₃ on gene expression in the corolla of petunia, is not restricted to the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, they also suggest a possible role for sam in GA₃-induced corolla and stem elongation.     

Polyketide-nonribosomal peptide epothilone antitumor agents: the EpoA,B, C subunits

The epothilones are a family of macrolactone natural products from the myxobacterial species Sorangium cellulosum. Similar to taxol, they are of current clinical interest as anticancer agents. Sequence analysis of the epothilone gene cluster allowed the identification of polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase modules involved in catalyzing epothilone biosynthesis. Given this information, it has been possible to test the predicted functions of several modules to date. EpoA ACP, EpoB, and EpoC have been overproduced in Escherichia coli, allowing in vitro reconstitution of the EpoA/B/C interface and production of the expected epothilone precursor. Further experiments probed the tolerance of EpoB and EpoC for unnatural substrates. These studies of the first three modules of the epothilone biosynthetic cluster suggest that combinatorial biosynthesis may lead to the production of a variety of epothilone analogs that incorporate diversity into the heterocycle starter unit. Additional efforts with the remaining modules, coupled with increased understanding of the macrocyclizing thioesterase domain, may lead to the production of epothilone variants with improved clinical properties.     

过量表达腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因能提高转基因烟草中多聚胺的生物合成

以土壤农杆菌介导的转化方法将盐地碱蓬的腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶cDNA（SsSAMS2）转化到烟草K326中。PCR分析的结果表明,SsSAMS2整合进K326的基因组内。共筛选到8个转基因纯合品系,分析其中3个品系（ST8．9、ST14—2、ST3．5）基因表达和多聚胺含量的结果表明,SsSAMS2可在转基因烟草中表达,转基因烟草中的多聚胺含量明显高于野生型烟草。这些结果表明,腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶基因已在转基因烟草中过量表达并导致多聚胺含量提高。     

S-adenosylmethionine activates adpA transcription and promotes streptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus

Using a two-plasmid system, we recently identified sigma(E)-dependent promoters directing expression of the sigma(E) regulon genes in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Comparison of the promoters revealed a consensus sequence almost identical to the sigma(E)-dependent rpoEp3 promoter directing expression of rpoE. This two-plasmid system was previously optimized to identify nucleotides critical for the rpoEp3 promoter activity. However, two highly conserved nucleotides in the sigma(E) consensus sequence were not identified by this screening. In the present study, we have improved the two-plasmid screening system using a new optimized error-prone PCR mutagenesis. Together with site-directed mutagenesis, we further identified nucleotides critical for activity of the rpoEp3 promoter and quantified the effect of the particular mutation upon promoter activity. All the identified critical nucleotides of the rpoEp3 promoter (in capital) were located in the -35 (ggAACtt) and -10 (gTCtaA) regions and corresponded to the most conserved nucleotides in the sigma(E) consensus sequence. The expression of the wild-type and mutated rpoEp3 promoters was confirmed in S. Typhimurium and was found to exhibit a different pattern of sigma(E) activation compared with Escherichia coli, with a peak rpoEp3 promoter activity in early stationary phase followed by a decrease in late stationary phase.     

Improved methods for the preparation of [3H]folate polyglutamates: biosynthesis with Lactobacillus casei and enzymatic synthesis with Escherichia coli folylpolyglutamate synthetase

Tritiated forms of polyglutamyl folates are not commercially available but are often needed for experimental uses in folate biochemistry. Thus, considerable interest exists in the preparation of polyglutamyl [³H]folates from the commercial monoglutamyl [³H]folates. However, refinement of established enzymatic and biological synthesis methods is still needed. To address this need we developed improved procedures for the conversion of monoglutamyl [³H]folates to various polyglutamyl forms. In the bacterial synthesis, Lactobacillus casei was grown in the presence of 1 ng/ml (2.27 nM) [³H]folic acid in Folic Acid Casei Medium. Washed cells were resuspended in 2% sodium ascorbate containing 10 mM β-mercaptoethanol and heated to release the folates. The extracted [³H]folates were purified on a folate-binding protein affinity column and then applied to a Sephadex G-10 column to separate the eluted poly- from the monoglutamyl folate species. High performance liquid chromatography with multichannel electrochemical detection indicated that the bacterial synthesis yielded predominantly polyglutamates of [³H]5-methyltetrahydrofolate and [³H]5-formyltetrahydrofolate (di- through heptaglutamates). The alternative method consisted of enzymatic polyglutamylation of [³H]folic acid catalyzed by recombinant Escherichia coli folylpolyglutamate synthetase. This enzymatic synthesis yielded predominantly tri-, tetra-, and pentaglutamyl species for the [³H]folate substrate.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of epothilone A dimeric compounds

The preparation and biological evaluation of a novel series of dimeric epothilone A derivatives (1–6) are described. Two types of diacyl spacers were introduced to establish the various dimeric epothilone A constructs. The effect of these compounds on tubulin polymerization and their cytotoxicity against four different cancer cell lines are reported. Several of the newly synthesized compounds inhibit endothelial cell differentiation and endothelial cell migration that are key steps of the angiogenic process.