降香檀叶的非黄酮类成分研究

为阐明降香檀(Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen)叶的化学成分,采用色谱分离方法,从叶的醇提和水煮液中得到8个非黄酮类化合物。经理化性质和波谱分析,分别鉴定为(3S)-6,7-二羟基-6,7-二氢芳樟醇(1)、淫羊藿次苷B1 (2)、淫羊藿次苷B6 (3)、淫羊藿次苷F2 (4)、苯甲醇β-巣菜糖苷(5)、苯乙醇β-巣菜糖苷(6)、2,3-丁二醇2-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)和腺嘌呤(8)。化合物1为单萜、2和3为大柱香波龙烷糖苷、4～6为芳基糖苷、7为烷基糖苷、8为嘌呤,均为首次从该植物中报道。     

交趾黄檀心材的黄酮类和三萜类成分

为研究交趾黄檀(Dalbergia cochinchinensis)的化学成分,采用有机溶剂提取、萃取及多种色谱分离技术,从其心材中分离得到5个新黄酮和7个其他类型成分.根据理化性质和波谱数据,其结构分别鉴定为:7-hydroxy-2?,3?,4?-trimethoxyisoflavan(1)、6,4?-dihydro...     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from cotyledon explants of a timber-yielding leguminous tree,Dalbergia sissoo Roxb

Efficient plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was achieved from callus cultures derived from semi-mature cotyledon explants of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., a timber-yielding leguminous tree. Somatic embryos developed over the surface of embryogenic callus and occasionally, directly from cotyledon explants without intervening callus phase. Callus cultures were initiated from cotyledon pieces of D. sissoo on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with 4.52, 9.04, 13.57, and 18.09 mumol/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.46 mumol/L Kinetin. Maximum percentage response for callus formation was 89% on MS medium supplemented with 9.04 mumol/L 2,4-D' and 0.46 mumol/L Kn. Somatic embryogenesis was achieved after transfer of embryogenic callus clumps to 1/2-MS medium without plant growth regulators (1/2-MSO). Average numbers of somatic embryos per callus clump was 26.5 on 1/2-MSO medium after 15 weeks of culture. Addition of 0.68 mmol/L L-glutamine to 1/2-MSO medium enhanced somatic embryogenesis frequency from 55% to 66% and the number of somatic embryos per callus clump from 26.5 to 31.1. Histological studies were carried out to observe various developmental stages of somatic embryos. About 50% of somatic embryos converted into plantlets on 1/2-MSO medium containing 2% sucrose, after 20 days of culture. Transfer of somatic embryos to 1/29-MSO medium containing 10% sucrose for 15 days prior to transfer on 1/2-MS medium with 2% sucrose enhanced the conversion of somatic embryos into plantlets from 50 to 75%. The plantlets with shoots and roots were transferred to 1/2 and 1/4-liquid MS medium, each for 10 days, and then to plastic pots containing autoclaved peat moss and compost mixture (1:1). 70% of the plantiets survived after 10 weeks of transfer to pots. 120 regenerated plantlets out of 150 were successfully acclimatised. After successful acclimatisation, plants were transferred to earthen pots.     

Plant regeneration from encapsulated nodal segments of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., a timber-yielding leguminous tree species

One of the alternative methods adopted in recent years is to use biotechnological approaches for improving the tree species. The synthetic seeds offer several advantages, e.g., easy handling, storability, reduced size of propagules, and transportability. Germplasm can be effectively stored in the form of synthetic seeds. A protocol has been developed for plant regeneration from encapsulated nodal segments of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Nodal segments collected from basal sprouts of mature trees were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. Inability of nodal segments entrapped in calcium alginate beads to form root was a major problem. To avoid this problem, an appropriate root induction treatment was given to nodal segments for 10 days, prior to encapsulation to allow formation of root primordia. For synthetic seeds production and subsequent conversion into plantlet, nodal segments with root primordia were encapsulated using sodium alginate and calcium chloride as gelling matrix. The best gel complexation was achieved using 3% sodium alginate and 75 mmol/L CaCl2 2H2O. Maximum percentage response (85%) for conversion of encapsulated nodal segments into plantlets was achieved on 1/2-MS medium without plant growth regulators, after 25 days of culture. The frequency of conversion of encapsulated nodal segments into plantlets affected by the concentration of sodium alginate, and the presence or absence of 1/2-MS nutrients in calcium alginate beads. Plantlets with well developed roots and shoots were transferred to pots containing autoclaved mixture of peat moss and soil (1:1). Plants were also established in pots. The conversion of encapsulated nodal segments into plantlets also occurred when calcium alginate beads having entrapped nodal segments were directly sown in autoclaved peat moss moistened with 1/2-MS0 medium. Out of 60 encapsulated nodal segments, in each experiments, stored at 4 degrees C for 30 days, 44 plants developed under in vitro conditions, and 27 on peat moss moistened with 1/2-MS0.     

Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia

Cordyceps sinensis, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, possesses anti-tumor, immunostimulant and antioxidant activities; however, the identities of active components have not been determined. In our previous study using antioxidant activity-guided fractionation [Li et al., 2003. A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Life Sci. 73, 2503-2513], a polysaccharide of molecular weight approximately 210kDa was isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia by ion-exchange and sizing chromatography. The isolated polysaccharide, named CSP-1, which has strong anti-oxidation activity, contains glucose, mannose and galactose in the ratio of 1:0.6:0.75. In the present study, we demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect of CSP-1 on normal and alloxan-diabetic mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. The basal glucose level did not differ significantly among the normal mice. CSP-1 (at 200 and 400mg/kg body wt./day for 7 days, p.o.), however, significantly reduced the blood glucose level by 12.0+/-3.2% and 22.5+/-4.7% in normal mice, respectively (p<0.05). When administered at a dose of higher than 200mg/kg body wt. daily for 7 days, CSP-1 produced a significant drop in blood glucose level in both STZ-induced diabetic rats and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The serum insulin levels in diabetic animals were also increased by administration of CSP-1 (p<0.05). CSP-1 with hypoglycemic properties increased circulating insulin level in diabetic animals, which suggests that CSP-1 may stimulate pancreatic release of insulin and/or reduce insulin metabolism.     

Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei PCM 1196

An acidic O-specific polysaccharide was isolated from Hafnia alvei PCM 1196 lipopolysaccharide and studied by sugar and methylation analyses along with one- and two-dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, including NOESY and HMBC experiments. The following structure of the pentasaccharide repeating unit was established:

     

干旱胁迫对降香黄檀幼苗光合生理特性的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,设置对照(CK)、轻度(LS)、中度(MS)和重度(HS)干旱胁迫4个水分条件,研究不同水分条件对降香黄檀幼苗光合和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度增加,降香黄檀幼苗叶片叶绿素总含量总体呈现出下降趋势。(2)降香黄檀幼苗叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率随着干旱胁迫强度增加均呈现出先增加后降低趋势,且MS和HS处理下的气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度同时降低,此时幼苗光合能力的下降主要受气孔因素限制。(3)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,降香黄檀幼苗叶片细胞膜相对透性、丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量和POD活性均呈现出增加趋势,而同期SOD和CAT活性呈现出先升高后降低趋势。可见,降香黄檀幼苗在轻度干旱胁迫下可通过增加叶片保护酶活性来清除活性氧对其组织造成的伤害,但胁迫超过一定程度后保护酶活性下降,表明降香黄檀幼苗的耐旱能力有限。     

Water-soluble polysaccharide from Bupleurum chinense DC: Isolation, structural features and antioxidant activity

The water-soluble polysaccharide (BCPS-1) was isolated from Bupleurum chinense DC. BCPS-1 (M_w = 29 kDa) was composed of Ara; Gal; Glc with a molar ratio of 2.1:2.5:1. According to FT-IR, partial acid hydrolysis, periodate oxidation and Smith degradation, methylation and GC-MS analysis, the results indicate BCPS-1 had a backbone of (1→5)-linked Ara, (1→4)-linked Gal and (1→3)-linked Gal residues with occasionally branches at O-6. The branches were composed of (1→4)-linked Glc, and terminated with Gal residues. The in vitro antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging method showed that BCPS-1 had a significant antioxidant effect in a concentration-dependent manner.     

降香黄檀土壤微生物数量的时空动态特征

【目的】研究降香黄檀土壤微生物数量在时间和空间上的动态特征,可为降香黄檀栽培技术的完善提供数据支持。【方法】采用稀释平板涂布法,比较分析降香黄檀根际和非根际土壤微生物三大类群(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量的季节及垂直分布情况。【结果】(1)降香黄檀根际和非根际土壤均表现为春季细菌、真菌数量较多,冬季细菌数量较少,秋季真菌数量较少;非根际土壤放线菌冬季数量较多,秋季数量较少。(2)细菌的根际效应最为明显,其R/S为0.12~62.96;真菌次之,其R/S为0.22~2.46;放线菌的根际效应较小,其R/S为0.32~1.01。(3)降香黄檀上层土(0~20 cm)的微生物数量普遍高于其他土层;随着土层加深,微生物数量表现为逐渐下降或先下降后升高2种变化趋势。【结论】降香黄檀土壤微生物数量的分布受季节和土层的影响。     

In vitro antioxidant activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide derived from Dendrobium nobile Lindl. extracts

A water-soluble polysaccharide (DNP), isolated from the aqueous extracts of the stem of Dendrobium nobile Lindl., was found to have an average molecular weight (Mw) of about 8.76 × 10⁴ Da. Monosaccharides analysis revealed that DNP was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.00:2.80:2.20:30.76:117.96:31.76. The evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro revealed that DNP is a novel potential antioxidant. The NMR spectra suggested that the main structure of DNP was possible as     

Dalbergia prazeri Prain(豆科)之考证

在发表Dalbergia prazeri Prain时Prain曾认为其与托叶黄檀(D.stipulacea Roxb.)近缘,只是该种小叶背面疏被微柔毛,花萼被硬毛与托叶黄檀不同,同时又指出其荚果也与后者不同,但是并没有解释其不同点。之后Prain又将其归并入奥氏黄檀(D.oliveri Gamble ex Prain),亦未给出相应的理由。经研究D.prazeri Prain与南岭黄檀(D.assamica Benth.)为同种,而被归并入后者。Prain发表该种时引证Prazer s.n.为模式,但并没有指定主模式。涉及该种的Prazer s.n.的标本共有6份,该文将藏于印度国立标本馆加尔各答馆(CAL),条形码为CAL0000012326(CAL标本号131311)的标本指定为后选模式(lectotype),其余分别藏于加尔各答标本馆的4份及英国皇家植物园邱园标本馆(K)的1份为等后选模式(isolectotype)。     

海南省降香黄檀害虫种类、分布及危害症状调查

【背景】降香黄檀被确定为海南省省树后,种植面积迅速增大,但对于其病虫害的监测与防控方面的研究较少。【方法】采用人工采集结合灯光诱集的方法,调查降香黄檀种植区的害虫种类,同时对其危害症状进行了详细描述。【结果】海南降香黄檀害虫共计19种,确定了其中18种的学名,并掌握了各害虫的分类学地位、危害部位及症状。害虫在降香黄檀植株各个组织部位均有分布,其中以叶部的分布数量较大,茎干次之。苗期以食叶性害虫居多;5年生以内的植株上蛀干害虫数量显著增多;老龄植株上的茎干害虫较少。【结论与意义】海南省降香黄檀各生育期均有害虫危害,日后仍需加强对其害虫监测与防控技术的研究。     

A polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis supports the recognition of Lichinomycetes

The lichen-forming order Lichinales, generally characterized by prototunicate asci and the development of thalli with cyanobacteria, has recently been recognized as a separate class of ascomycetes, Lichinomycetes, as a result of molecular phylogenetic studies. As alkali and water-soluble (F1SS) polysaccharides reflect phylogeny in other ascomycetes, a polysaccharide from Lichina pygmaea and L. confinis was purified and characterized to investigate whether these F1SS compounds in the Lichinomycetes were distinctive. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and chemical analyses revealed this as a galactomannan comprising a repeating unit consisting of an α-(1→6)-mannan backbone, mainly substituted by single α-galactofuranose residues at the O-2- or the O-2,4- positions linked to a small mannan core. With the exception of the trisubstituted mannopyranose residues previously described in polysaccharides from other lichens belonging to orders now placed in Lecanoromycetes, the structure of this galactomannan most closely resembles those found in several members of the Onygenales in Eurotiomycetes. Our polysaccharide data support molecular studies showing that Lichina species are remote from Lecanoromycetes as the galactofuranose residues are in the α-configuration. That the Lichinomycetes were part of an ancestral lichenized group can not be established from the present data because the extracted polysaccharide does not have the galactofuranose residue in the β configuration; however, the data does suggest that an ancestor of the Lichinomycetes contained a mannan and was part of an early radiation in the ascomycetes.     

施氮及不同根系分隔模式对尾叶桉和降香黄檀幼苗生长及叶片生理特性的影响

豆科与非豆科树种混交作为一种人工林培育可持续发展模式,在保证木材产量和维持氮素平衡中发挥了重要作用。该研究通过大棚盆栽试验,设计3个施氮水平(0、3、6g·株-1)及3种根系分隔方式(不隔、网隔、膜隔),分析了不同氮素水平及根系分隔模式对尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)与降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)植株幼苗生长、叶片生理特性、根系形态及生物量的影响。结果表明:(1)随施氮量的增加,尾叶桉与降香黄檀的苗高、地径均呈递增趋势;不同根系分隔模式下,尾叶桉苗高、地径均在不隔模式下生长最好,降香黄檀则在膜隔模式下生长最好。(2)与不施氮处理相比,施氮3、6g·株-1水平下尾叶桉与降香黄檀叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及可溶性蛋白含量均显著升高,而丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈降低趋势。(3)尾叶桉与降香黄檀根系的总长度、总表面积、总体积、平均直径、根尖数和比根长均随氮素水平的增加而增加,且各氮素水平间的差异显著;同一氮素水平下,尾叶桉的根系生长总体表现为不隔网隔膜隔,而降香黄檀根系生长则表现为膜隔不隔网隔,且两树种不同分隔模式间差异显著。(4)尾叶桉与降香黄檀各器官生物量及总生物量均随施氮量的增加而增加,并在6g·株-1施氮水平下生物量最大;各器官生物量分配中,尾叶桉各器官生物量所占比例大小依次为:茎(40.59%)叶(32.37%)根(27.04%),降香黄檀各器官生物量所占比例大小依次为:根(47.67%)茎(40.08%)叶(12.25%)。研究表明,尾叶桉与降香黄檀混交一定程度上扩展了根系横向和纵向水平的养分生态位,扩大了根系吸收土壤养分的空间,同时根系互作提高了降香黄檀的固氮能力,对土壤有效氮的产生有较大影响。     

降香黄檀不同混交林土壤细菌多样性差异分析

为探讨降香黄檀不同混交林土壤细菌的多样性及其与土壤性质的关系,应用高通量测序技术,比较降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen)分别与奥氏黄檀(Dalbergia oliveri)、大果紫檀(Pterocarpus macarocarpus)、檀香(Santalum album L.)和母生(Homalium hainanense Gagnep.)混交的4种模式土壤细菌多样性,并结合土壤的理化、酶活进行了相关性分析。结果表明,14种混交林土壤的理化、酶活均存在差异。其中降香黄檀与檀香混交林土壤的含水量、有机质、全氮、有效钾和脲酶含量最高,分别为:5.24%、27.5 g/kg、0.85 mg/g、37.46 mg/kg和0.32 mg/kg,降香黄檀与大果紫檀混交林土壤的p H、有效磷和多酚氧化酶含量最高,分别为:4.48、6.04 mg/kg、4.19 mg/kg。2通过高通量测序表明四种混交模式土壤细菌的丰富度为:降香黄檀×檀香降香黄檀×大果紫檀降香黄檀×奥氏黄檀降香黄檀×母生,土壤细菌多样性为:降香黄檀×大果紫檀降香黄檀×奥氏黄檀降香黄檀×檀香降香黄檀×母生。其中,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门为4种混交模式中的主要菌群。3经冗余分析和相关性分析表明,影响降香黄檀混交林土壤细菌群落结构和细菌多样性的主要土壤理化因子为:p H值、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和有机质。     

Chemical analysis of a polysaccharide of unripe (green) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

A polysaccharide (PS-I) isolated from the aqueous extract of the unripe (green) tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) consists of d-galactose, d-methyl galacturonate, d-arabinose, l-arabinose, and l-rhamnose. Structural investigation of the polysaccharide was carried out using total acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation study, and NMR studies (¹H, ¹³C, DQF-COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC). On the basis of above-mentioned experiments the structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide (PS-I) was established as:

Full-size image (8K)

     

不同产地降香黄檀种子和幼苗性状的变异研究

为了探讨不同产地降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)种子和幼苗的表型性状变异规律,该研究以来源于海南、福建、广西、广东等省/区10个产地降香黄檀的种子及在广西桂林培育的幼苗为材料,采用方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析对其种子和幼苗生长的9个表型性状进行了比较研究。结果表明:降香黄檀种子和幼苗的表型性状存在较大变异,9个性状间均差异极显著,各性状平均变异系数(CV)为12.50%,变异系数范围在7.94%～18.89%,幼苗生长性状的变异高于种子性状的变异,说明种子性状的稳定性较高。相关分析表明各表型性状间及表型性状与地理-气候因子间均存在不同的相关性,各表型性状与经度、纬度及年降水量均无显著相关性,而海拔、年均温度与年降雨量是影响降香黄檀种子和幼苗性状的主要因子。利用主成分综合得分法,筛选出了3个在种子形态、幼苗生长和萌发情况等方面较好的家系,按综合得分排序分别为仙游产地、儋州产地、尖峰岭产地。研究结果可为降香黄檀优良种质资源的筛选提供科学依据。     

两粤黄檀乙醇提取物化学成分分析及抗炎活性研究

为了研究壮药两粤黄檀的化学成分及其抗炎活性,阐明其药理作用机制,该研究采用小鼠二甲苯致炎耳廓肿胀法、角叉菜胶致炎足肿胀急性炎症模型,观察不同剂量两粤黄檀乙醇提取物对小鼠耳廓肿胀度、肿胀率及足肿胀度的影响,并利用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)、热裂解气相色谱-质谱(PY-GC/MS)等技术分析提取物的化学成分,结合网络药理...