染料木素对卵巢切除大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的：探讨染料木素对卵巢切除大鼠学习记忆能力的影响及作用机制。方法：将40只SD雌性大鼠随机分为用假手术组、去卵巢对照组、染料木素高剂量、低剂量组、17β-雌二醇组,切除卵巢建立学习和记忆能力受损的模型。灌胃给药6周后Morris水迷宫测定各组大鼠学习记忆能力,免疫组化法观察大鼠海马微管相关蛋白（tau蛋白）阳性表达情况,测定大鼠脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、乙酰胆碱转移酶（ChaT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性及丙二醛（MDA）的含量,观察海马组织超微结构变化。结果：大鼠切除卵巢后Morris水迷宫测定的学习记忆能力显著下降,微管相关蛋白（tau蛋白）异常磷酸化阳性表达率增高,前脑皮质中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、乙酰胆碱转移酶（ChaT）活性降低,丙二醛（MDA）含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）活性增高。低剂量的染料木素可以发挥类雌激素样作用,改善去卵巢大鼠的以上症状。结论：染料木素对卵巢切除导致的学习和记忆能力下降有改善作用,低剂量效果显著,其可能的机制是：抑制了脑内AchE的活性,使乙酰胆碱的降解减少;增强脑组织抗氧化能力;稳定微管相关蛋白（tau蛋白）,降低tau蛋白异常磷酸化水平。     

Effect of cadmium chloride on the processes of learning and memory in rats

Intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (4 mg/kg) to rats before elaboration or reproduction of two-way avoidance conditioned reflex (TACR) disturbs both these processes. Deterioration of elaboration does not affect connections fixation and their subsequent reproduction. Injection of the substance before the elaboration of passive avoidance conditioned reflex (PACR) depresses elaboration and consolidation. Injection of cadmium chloride before testing of PACR preservation does not influence the processes of engrams reproduction. The observed disturbances cannot be connected with changes of animals motor activity.     

Effect an ACTH analog on the processes of learning and memory in rats

On the basis of the idea of the important role of neurotransmitter systems in realization of neuropeptide effects, the participation was studied of the monoaminergic systems in the mechanisms of the ACTH analogue influence on the processes of learning and memory in control animals and animals with a changed functional state of the monoaminergic systems. In parallel the influence was studied of the ACTH analogue on the content of the endogenic monoamines in various brain structures of rats. It has been shown that administration of the ACTH analogue in a dose of 10 mcg affects the elaboration and preservation of conditioned reflexes (CRs) of passive avoidance, CRs of two-side avoidance and labyrinth CRs only in conditions of changed functional state of the monoaminergic systems. Amnesia, usually elicited by 5-oxytryptophane and disulfiram is prevented by administration of the ACTH analogue. Administration of the ACTH analogue is accompanied by the intensification of serotonine metabolism in the midbrain and medulla and by an increase of noradrenaline content in the hypothlamus.     

Effect of exposure to high pressure on subsequent spatial learning and memory in rats

The effects of high helium pressure on the subsequent acquisition of spatial memory were studied in male rats. Thirty-two rats were exposed to 65 ATA helium-oxygen pressure for 4.2 days, decompressed (total time in chamber 5 days), and then tested in an eight-arm radial maze. Thirty-two control rats were exposed in the chamber to 1 ATA air. Each rat had 20 sessions in the maze (2 sessions/day for 10 days), and the number of correct (visiting an arm not previously visited to obtain the reward pellet) and incorrect choices (visiting a previously visited arm) were recorded. Statistical analysis showed that the rats exposed to 65 ATA performed significantly better than 1-ATA controls during the first 8 of 20 sessions. This effect was most pronounced in sessions 5-8. Results for sessions 9-20 showed that the pressure-treated rats still made more correct choices but to an extent that did not always reach statistical significance. Possible explanations include the pressure-treated rats performing better because of hunger after a lower food consumption at pressure. Alternatively, pressure itself may enhance proposed mechanisms of spatial memory such as long-term potentiation.     

Effect of tuftsin and its analog on learning, memory and exploratory behavior in rats

On Wistar male rats the influence of tetrapeptide tuftsin and its analogue TP-1 (300 mkg/kg, i/p) on animals behaviour was studied. It is shown that administration of peptides increases the rat's exploratory activity. Activating influence of TP-1 was continued for 6 h. Daily multiple administration of tuftsin or TP-1, 15 min prior to the beginning of experiments facilitates the learning and stability of conditioned reaction with food reinforcement. Experimental animals react significantly weaker than the control ones to emotionally negative influence, produced by a sharp reduction of the amount of alimentary reinforcement control.     

Effect of sidnocarb on learning and memory

It has been established that in well-trained rats sydnocarb (mesocarb) does not exert a considerable effect on the generation of conditioned reflex of passive avoidance (CRPA). On the contrary, in poorly-trained animals sydnocarb significantly improves CRPA indexes at all three stages of its generation. Sydnocarb proved most effective, when injected before training (on day I). The absence of sydnocarb-induced pain threshold decrease in response to electrical pain stimulation suggests a direct drug effect on memory processes.     

Characteristics of the action of psychostimulants on learning and memory in rats

The effects of intraperitoneal injections of psychostimulant drugs: centrophenoxine (50 mg/kg) and peptide analog of tuftsin TP-1 (300 micrograms/kg) on the processes of elaboration and retention of conditioned reflex have been experimentally studied. The animals were trained with food reward in 30 trials per day. Psychostimulant drugs or saline were injected after the 10th trial. The elaboration of conditioned reflex was continued 30 min later. The retention was tested 24 h, 7 and 30 days later. It was established that both drugs induce an increase in memory traces stability during 30 days. These findings provide direct evidence that psychostimulant drugs, centrophenoxine and peptide substance TP-1, when injected during consolidation phase can enhance memory storage processes.     

Effects of testosterone on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats

A male advantage over females for spatial tasks has been well documented in both humans and rodents, but it remains unclear how the activational effects of testosterone influence spatial ability in males. In a series of experiments, we tested how injections of testosterone influenced the spatial working and reference memory of castrated male rats. In the eight-arm radial maze, testosterone injections (0.500 mg/rat) reduced the number of working memory errors during the early blocks of testing but had no effect on the number of reference memory errors relative to the castrated control group. In a reference memory version of the Morris water maze, injections of a wide range of testosterone doses (0.0625-1.000 mg/rat) reduced path lengths to the hidden platform, indicative of improved spatial learning. This improved learning was independent of testosterone dose, with all treatment groups showing better performance than the castrated control males. Furthermore, this effect was only observed when rats were given testosterone injections starting 7 days prior to water maze testing and not when injections were given only on the testing days. We also observed that certain doses of testosterone (0.250 and 1.000 mg/rat) increased perseverative behavior in a reversal-learning task. Finally, testosterone did not have a clear effect on spatial working memory in the Morris water maze, although intermediate doses seemed to optimize performance. Overall, the results indicate that testosterone can have positive activational effects on spatial learning and memory, but the duration of testosterone replacement and the nature of the spatial task modify these effects.     

小檗碱对血管性认知功能障碍模型大鼠学习记忆能力的影响*

目的:观察小檗碱(berberine)对血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)大鼠学习记忆的影响。 方法:68只Wistar大鼠随机分为:正常组10只、 假手术组10只、造模组48只。造模组大鼠行双侧颈动脉结扎术制备血管性认知功能障碍模型,造模后大鼠又随机分为血管性认知功能障模型组、小檗碱低剂量(20 mg/kg)组、中剂量(40 mg/kg)组和高剂量(60 mg/kg)组(每组大鼠10只)。治疗组腹腔注射不同剂量的小檗碱,其余组腹腔注射生理盐水,每天1次,共34 d。给药28 d后,Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力;水迷宫实验后,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)以及前脑皮层TNF-α、IL-1β、5-HT的含量与单胺氧化酶(MAO)的含量。 结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠逃避潜伏期显著延长(P＜0.01),通过平台次数显著减少(P＜0.01),海马或前脑皮层SOD、GSH和5-HT水平明显降低(P＜0.01),MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β和MAO水平明显升高(P＜0.01);与模型组相比,小檗碱各治疗组逃避潜伏期显著缩短(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),通过平台的次数显著增加(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),海马或前脑皮层SOD、GSH 和5-HT水平明显升高(P＜0.01),MDA、TNF-α、IL-1β和MAO水平明显降低(P＜0.01)。结论:小檗碱显著提高血管性认知功能障碍模型大鼠的空间学习记忆能力,其机制可能与小檗碱调节大鼠的海马抗氧化应激、抗炎性反应和前脑皮层单胺类神经递质系统的作用有关。小檗碱60 mg/kg组作用较好。     

Rehmannia glutinosa ameliorates scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in rats

Many studies have shown that the steamed root of Rehmannia glutinosa (SRG), which is widely used in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases in the context of Korean traditional medicine, is effective for improving cognitive and memory impairments. The purpose of this study was to examine whether SRG extracts improved memory defects caused by administering scopolamine (SCO) into the brains of rats. The effects of SRG on the acetylcholinergic system and proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus were also investigated. Male rats were administered daily doses of SRG (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days, 1 h before scopolamine injection (2 mg/kg, i.p.). After inducing cognitive impairment via scopolamine administration, we conducted a passive avoidance test (PAT) and the Morris water maze (MWM) test as behavioral assessments. Changes in cholinergic system reactivity were also examined by measuring the immunoreactive neurons of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the reactivity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the hippocampus. Daily administration of SRG improved memory impairment according to the PAT, and reduced the escape latency for finding the platform in the MWM. The administration of SRG consistently significantly alleviated memory-associated decreases in cholinergic immunoreactivity and decreased interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression in the hippocampus. The results demonstrated that SRG had a significant neuroprotective effect against the neuronal impairment and memory dysfunction caused by scopolamine in rats. These results suggest that SRG may be useful for improving cognitive functioning by stimulating cholinergic enzyme activities and alleviating inflammatory responses.     

慢性复合应激增强大鼠空间学习和记忆能力

本文观察了慢性复合应激对大鼠学习与记忆功能的影响。实验采用成年 Wistar 大鼠, 将其随机分成应激组和对照组。采用垂直旋转、睡眠剥夺、噪音刺激和夜间光照4 种应激原, 无规律地交替刺激动物 6 周, 每天6 h, 制作慢性复合应激动物模型。采用 Morris 水迷宫和 Y- 迷宫测试大鼠学习与记忆成绩,并用 Cresyl violet 染色法对大鼠海马结构进行神经细胞计数。结果显示,应激组动物慢性复合应激后, 在 Morris 水迷宫内寻找隐蔽平台所需的时间(潜伏期)比对照组的明显地短(P<0.05), 表明应激鼠的空间记忆能力明显强于对照鼠;在 Y- 迷宫内寻找安全区的正确率比对照组的明显地高(P<0.05), 表明应激鼠的明暗分辨学习能力明显强于对照鼠; 应激鼠慢性复合应激后, 其海马结构齿状回、CA3 和CA1 区神经细胞密度极明显地高于对照鼠(P<0.001)。这些结果提示, 慢性复合应激可增强大鼠空间记忆能力和明暗分辨学习能力。本文并对慢性复合应激模式增强大鼠学习和记忆能力的可能原因进行了讨论。     

老年学习记忆减退的神经行为学基础

用改良Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫将老年大鼠分为老年学习记忆减退组和老年学习记忆正常组,并与青年组对照,检测其空间参考记忆和空间工作记忆,并对海马结构内胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）阳性胶质细胞和ＧＡＢＡ能中间神经元在光镜和电镜水平进行定量分析。结果显示老年学习记忆减退大鼠的空间参考记忆能力明显下降,并且其行为模式发生了改变,空间工作记忆改变不明显;齿状回分子层的病理改变非常明显,表现为ＧＡＢＡ能神经元丢失和     

叠氮钠对大鼠学生记忆及海马和额叶皮层内Aβ的影响

目的：观察大鼠长期皮下注射叠氮钠后的学习记忆、中枢神经系统β－淀粉样蛋白含量的改变。方法：采用Morris水迷宫、放射免疫和透射电镜的方法。结果：大鼠出现明显的空间记忆功能障碍,海马和额叶大脑皮层内Aβ含量升高。结论：长期皮下注射叠氮钠可以制备AD模型,并导致中枢Aβ的升高。     

鲍肽素对血管性痴呆大鼠学习与记忆能力的干预及机制研究

目的：观察鲍肤索对血管性痴呆大鼠学习与记忆能力的干预及机制。方法：制备生物鲍肤索,分剂量喂饲血管性痴呆大鼠,测试学习与记忆能力、红细胞和血红蛋白。结果：鲍肤素提高大鼠Y型迷宫测试的分值和红细胞、血红蛋白水平。结论：鲍肤素能提高血管性痴呆大鼠的学习与记忆能力和红细胞、血红蛋白水平。     

慢性束缚应激对SD和Wistar大鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的探讨慢性束缚应激对Wistar、SD两种品系大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,为应激模型中实验动物的选择提供依据。方法对两种品系大鼠(Wistar、SD)采用每天束缚10 h,束缚28 d建立慢性应激模型。采用物体认知新物体识别实验和Morris水迷宫空间学习、工作记忆行为学检测方法,观察束缚应激对两种品系实验动物学习记忆能力的影响。结果束缚28 d后,物体识别实验中,Wistar、SD模型组的辨别指数(discrimination index,DI)均低于对照组,但只有SD两组间差异存在显著性(P0.05);水迷宫空间学习阶段,SD模型组潜伏期高于对照组,第5天差异有显著性(P0.05),而Wistar模型组与对照组间的潜伏期没有差异;水迷宫工作记忆阶段,SD大鼠模型组与正常组比较,潜伏期显著增加(P0.05),Wistar模型大鼠的潜伏期与对照组比较没有显著差异。结论新物体识别实验和水迷宫实验,这两种反应动物不同学习记忆能力的行为学实验结果都表明,慢性束缚应激(10 h,28 d)对SD大鼠学习记忆能力的损伤较Wistar大鼠明显。SD大鼠可能更适合作为慢性应激所致学习记忆损伤动物模型。     

Comparative effects of prenatal and postnatal undernutrition on learning and memory in rats.

Effects of pre- and post-natal undernutrition on learning and memory parameters were studied in albino rats. Prenatal undernutrition was induced in rat pups by restricting the mother's diet by 50% during the entire gestation period, whereas postnatal undernutrition was induced in rat pups by restriction of their diet by rotating them between lactating and non-lactating maternalised females for 12 hr each day during suckling period from 2nd day to 18th day after birth. At 2.5 to 3 months of age all the rat offsprings were subjected to (i) original and reversal discrimination learning, (ii) passive avoidance, and (iii) active avoidance and its retention tests. The results indicate that both pre- and post-natal undernutrition in rat pups caused significant deficits in original and reversal discrimination learning, retention of passive avoidance after one week retention interval, and retention of active of avoidance learning. However, both pre- and post-natal undernutrition did not show significant effect on acquisition of active avoidance and retention of passive avoidance after 24 hr retention interval.     

Effect of etimizol on instrumental learning in rats

The action of etimizol on the acquisition of the conditioned reflexes with different complexity and biological significance of reinforcement was studied. The acquisition was performed in a shuttle box and U-shaped maze using food and footshock stimuli. The time interval between administration of etimizol (3 mg/kg) and the onset of learning varied between 0.5 and 3 h in the several series. Etimizol did not facilitate the learning in rats whatever the time of administration and biological modality of reinforcement. It is suggested that the positive effect of etimizol on the memory is related to its influence on the consolidation stage.