Linkages between unpaved forest roads and streambed sediment: why context matters in directing road restoration

Unpaved forest roads remain a pervasive disturbance on public lands and mitigating sediment from road networks remains a priority for management agencies. Restoring roaded landscapes is becoming increasingly important for many native coldwater fishes that disproportionately rely on public lands for persistence. However, effectively targeting restoration opportunities requires a comprehensive understanding of the effects of roads across different ecosystems. Here, we combine a review and a field study to evaluate the status of knowledge supporting the conceptual framework linking unpaved forest roads with streambed sediment. Through our review, we specifically focused on those studies linking measures of the density of forest roads or sediment delivery with empirical streambed sediment measures. Our field study provides an example of a targeted effort of linking spatially explicit estimates of sediment production with measures of streambed sediment. Surprisingly, our review uncovered few studies (n = 8) that empirically tested the conceptual framework linking unpaved forest roads and streambed sediment, and the results varied considerably. Field results generally supported the conceptual model that unpaved forest roads can control streambed sediment quality, but demonstrated high‐spatial variability in the effects of forest roads on streambed sediment and the need to address hotspots of sediment sources. The importance of context in the effects of forest roads is apparent in both our review and field data, suggesting the need for in situ studies to avoid misdirected restoration actions.     

背角无齿蚌对养殖池塘底泥释放重金属的净化效果

通过建立微型生态系统, 分析养殖池塘底泥释放重金属的特征及背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)对底泥释放重金属的净化效果。底泥对Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo和Pb的最大释放量分别为636、1.5、70.9、34951、10.3、36.9、34.0、53.2、72.4、48.8和3.0 μg·kg-1 dw; 蚌能够对Al、Cr、Mn、Co、Cu、Zn、As和Mo产生净化作用(P<0.05), 最大去除率分别可达到84.7%、98.0%、33.3%、14.3%、23.5%、69.4%、50.0%和13.0%, 响应面优化分析显示养殖密度和处理时间分别为40 只·m-3和24.49 d、25 只·m-3和23.96 d, Al和As去除率可提升至93.8%和60.5%; Al、Cr、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、As和Mo的净化效果与养殖数量相关, Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo和Pb的净化效果与处理时间相关, Cr、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn的净化效果与两者交互作用相关(P<0.05)。提示背角无齿蚌有潜力防控池塘底泥重金属污染。     

Effects of heavy metals on microbial activity of water and sediment communities

The effects of Cd²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Zn²⁺ on the microbial activity of water and sediment samples from a contaminated stream were studied. The maximum [¹⁴C]glucose uptake (V_max) and the mineralization (¹⁴CO₂) rates were determined. A 10% reduction in V_max was obtained at lower metal concentrations in water samples than in sediment ones. Moreover, a 10% decrease in ¹⁴CO₂ was observed at significantly minor metal levels, so ¹⁴CO₂ was more sensitive to evaluated heavy metal pollution. On the basis of MICs obtained for both communities, they were more sensitive to Cd²⁺ than to Cr³⁺ and Zn²⁺. Zinc was less inhibitory to V_max and ¹⁴CO₂ rates; Cr³⁺ showed an intermediate toxicity, and Cd²⁺ was 10–100 times more inhibitory than the other metals.     

Accumulative phases for heavy metals in limnic sediments

Data from mechanical concentrates of recent sediments indicate that clay minerals, clay-rich aggregates and heavy minerals are the major carriers of heavy metals in detrital sediment fractions. Hydrous Fe/Mn oxides and carbonates and sulfides, in their specific environments, are the predominant accumulative phases for heavy metals in autochthonous fractions. Sequential chemical extraction techniques permit the estimation of characteristic heavy metal bonding forms: exchangeable metal cations, easily reducible, moderately reducible, organic and residual metal fractions, whereby both diagenetic processes and the potential availability of toxic compounds can be studied. The data from lakes affected by acid precipitation indicate that zinc, cobalt and nickel are mainly released from the easily reducible sediment fractions and cadmium from organic phases. In contrast at pH 4.4, neither lead nor copper seem to be remobilized to any significant extent. Immobilization by carbonate precipitation seems to provide an effective mechanism for the reduction of dissolved inputs 9f metals such as zinc and cadmium in pH-buffered, hard water systems.     

Impact of bioavailable heavy metals on bacterial activities in coastal marine sediments

Total heavy metal concentrations in marine sediments are not sufficient to reliably predict detrimental biological effects. Here we provide evidence that only bioavailable heavy metals have a significant impact on benthic microbial loop functioning. Sediment samples collected along 250 km of the Apulian coast (Mediterranean Sea) were analysed for total and bioavailable heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb and Cu), organic matter content, bacterial abundance, biomass and carbon production and -glucosidase activity. Sampling strategy was specifically designed to cover a wide range of environmental conditions and types of anthropogenic influences. Total heavy metal concentrations in the sediments were tightly coupled with organic matter content, whereas bioavailable heavy metal concentrations displayed an opposite pattern. Bioavailable Cr concentrations were up to 10-fold higher than values observed for the other bioavailable metals and significantly inhibited benthic bacterial metabolism and turnover. Results from this study suggest that functional microbial variables are highly sensitive to heavy metal contamination and could be used as bioindicators of stress conditions in coastal sediments.     

The effect of heavy metal speciation in sediment on bioavailability to tubificid worms

The bioavailability of heavy metals in sediment to freshwater tubificid worms was compared with measures of chemical extractability using a sequential extraction procedure. In order to provide a range of test sediments of different quality, various mineral phases were prepared, in which the metals were spiked by adsorption or coprecipitation and these were then mixed with a bulk base sediment in known proportions. Results indicated good correlation between worm metal burden and metal mobilised from the sediments in the first (exchangeable) sequential extraction step for Cd, Cu and Pb. Of the other metals tested, Zn levels in the worms were found to be constant, suggesting regulation, and Ni uptake was too small for accurate measurement. In general, metals spiked to the sediment directly, or adsorbed on the clay mineral phase were found to be much more available than those bound to sewage sludge, carbonate or hydrous ferric oxide phases.     

Inventory of heavy metals and organic micropollutants In an urban water catchment drainage basin

The Linggi River drainage basin in Negeri Sembilan Malaysia is the major source of potable water for the townships of Seremban and Port Dickson. Water quality is threatened by industrial and commercial development taking place in the basin. This study investigated the concentrations and distribution of organic micro-pollutants and heavy metals within the catchment. Arsenic, copper, cadmium, lead, mercury and zinc were determined in water and sediment samples. All heavy metal concentrations were increased down the basin; arsenic and copper concentration in particular were elevated probably due respectively to flow in of arsenical herbicides in rubber and oil palm plantations and copper sulphate and an additive in pig food.Total phenol concentration also increased considerably within the catchment as a result of urbanisation. Five priority phenolic pollutants (2,4-dimethylphenol; 4-chloro-3-methylphenol; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol; 4-introphenol; pentachlorophenol) were found.     

Biosensors for heavy metals

A biosensor is an analytical device that consists of an immobilized biocomponent in conjunction with a transducer, and represents a synergistic combination of biotechnology and microelectronics. This review summarizes the use of biosensors for detecting and quantifying heavy metal ions. Heavy metal contamination is of serious concern to human health since these substances are non-biodegradable and retained by the ecological system. Conventional analytical techniques for heavy metals (such as cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) are precise but suffer from the disadvantages of high cost, the need for trained personnel and the fact that they are mostly laboratory bound. Biosensors have the advantages of specificity, low cost, ease of use, portability and the ability to furnish continuous real time signals. The analysis of heavy metal ions can be carried out with biosensors by using both protein (enzyme, metal-binding protein and antibody)-based and whole-cell (natural and genetically engineered microorganism)-based approaches.Published online: March 2005     

Chemical speciation and risks of heavy metals in sediment of urban wetlands in southeastern China

Dredging, remediation, and other management of sediment in polluted urban wetlands require the information of environmental risks associated with heavy metals (HMs). In this study, sediment samples collected from three typical wetlands in the urban area of Wenzhou City, China, were analyzed to evaluate their risks posed by five HMs. Sediments from an industrial area stored higher Cr and Cu but lower Cd and Pb than those from the residential and agricultural areas. The assessment by the pollution load index method indicated that all of the three study wetlands were polluted. An ecological risk index approach identified low risk for wetlands in forested and residential areas but high risk for wetlands in an industrial area as well as in mixed residential and agricultural area, which was also confirmed by the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) method. Furthermore, the ratio of the secondary phase and primary phase and risk assessment code methods recognized that Cd poses a high pollution risk. The results indicated that sediment pollution by HMs in urban wetlands is possibly a widespread problem in China and needs great attention.     

铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中重金属的生物积累及其与重金属赋存形态的关系

以铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）为测试生物,采用28 d沉积物生物积累试验研究铜锈环棱螺对污染河流沉积物中重金属的生物积累,并探讨其与重金属赋存形态的关系.结果表明：铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏对Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn和Mn均具有较强的积累作用.不同重金属的积累量存在较大差别,Zn的积累量最多,占重金属总积累量的84.32%±4.36%,其次为Cu,占7.67%±2.84%;Pb、Cr和Mn的比例相对较少,分别为3.62%±1.84%、2.22%±1.03%和1.33%±0.15%;Cd所占比例最少,为0.83%±0.53%.肝胰脏中重金属元素之间的相关性均不显著.肝胰脏金属污染指数与沉积物污染综合指数具有显著的正相关关系,铜锈环棱螺可以作为沉积物重金属污染的监测生物.不同沉积物Cd、Cr、Zn和Mn的生物-沉积物积累因子（BSAF）具有较大的差异,Cu和Pb的BSAF比较稳定.Cd的生物积累与沉积物中Cd的可交换的与酸可溶态及可氧化态显著相关;Pb的生物积累与Pb的可还原态显著相关;Cu的生物积累与Cu的可氧化态显著相关;Mn的生物积累与Mn的可交换的与酸可溶态和可还原态显著相关;Cr和Mn的生物积累与其不同形态和总量均不相关.BSAF不宜作为衡量铜锈环棱螺对沉积物中重金属生物积累能力的指标.     

固体介质中的重金属源解析及其在中国近海沉积物中的应用

沉积物中重金属源解析对甄别人为活动与自然变化对近海生态系统演化的影响有重要作用.本文总结了近年来污染物源解析常用的多元统计分析、地球化学方法和地质统计分析3种主要研究方法,剖析了不同方法的优劣及适用性,提出正定矩阵因子分析、Pb同位素示踪在重金属来源定量化研究中具有良好应用前景.梳理了中国近海沉积物中重金属来源的主要研究结果,发现河口和海湾是沉积物重金属受人为来源影响剧烈的典型近海区域,不同定量解析方法(多元统计分析、背景值估算、Pb同位素分析)均表明中国近海沉积物重金属的人为来源贡献率接近或超过50%.当前中国近海沉积物中重金属源解析研究还存在源识别端元模糊、解析结果缺乏相应的可靠性评价等问题.据此提出近海沉积物重金属源解析研究应使用多种解析技术手段综合、集成与优化,提高源解析的准确性;建立完善指标体系,筛选代表特定人为活动和自然过程的指标;甄别人为源重金属入海方式及过程,为沉积物数据信息的解译提供理论基础.     

Genotoxic effects of heavy metals in rat hepatocytes

The genotoxic interaction of metals, which are common environmental contaminants, was studied in cultured hepatocytes. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to concentrations of cadmium, copper, silver and lead salts ranging from non-cytotoxic to moderately cytotoxic (as determined by LDH release), and the incorporation of [³H]thymidine into the DNA, as a measure of repair synthesis, was followed. In addition, the uptake of metals by the nuclear fraction was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry or atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The evaluation of binding of ¹⁰⁹Cd to the DNA in situ was also attempted. It was observed that after a 20 h exposure period, all the metals investigated were found in the nuclear fraction of hepatocytes, with Ag apparently being accumulated less efficiently. In parallel, Cd (0.18 to 1.8 µM) and Cu (7.9 to 78.5 µM) consistently produced a statistically significant stimulation of [³H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA, in the presence or absence of hydroxyurea while Ag was active only at the highest concentration tested (18.5 µM). In contrast, Pb failed to induce a UDS response at the levels used. Moreover, exposure of hepatocytes to 1.8 µM ¹⁰⁹CdCl₂ for 20 h led to a DNA binding ratio of 0.98 ± 0.23 ng Cd/ µg DNA. The present results support the view that the nucleus may be an important target organelle for metal toxicity.Abbreviations 2-AAF 2-acetylaminofluorene - Cd cadmium - HU hydroxyurea - lCP/MS inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry - Hg mercury - Ni nickel - UDS unscheduled DNA synthesis     

海河流域西部地区水库沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

海河流域西部地区水库是下游平原区重要的水源地,水库沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险受到关注.运用Hakanson潜在生态风险评价方法对海河流域西部10座水库沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价,并采集水库上下游河流沉积物与水库作对比分析.结果表明:海河流域西部水库沉积物中Cd超标严重,平均含量是背景值的1.67倍,最高达2.77倍;超过半数水库的Pb超出背景值.结合毒性系数,计算了沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险,依次为Cd＞As＞Pb＞Ni＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn.多数水库的Cd生态风险危害等级均在中等危害及以上,承担保定市和北京市供水功能的西大洋水库Cd生态风险等级为“强”.水库上、下游河流沉积物重金属中Cd的生态风险显著高于水库自身,水库上游河流沉积物Pb、Cu、Ni的生态风险也高于水库,Zn和Cr的生态风险在水库上下游差异不显著.     

Distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals in different particle-size fractions of sediments in Taihu Lake,China

Abstract

Taihu Lake is one of the most important water sources in the economically developed central-eastern part of China, and metal pollution is a major concern for the lake. The distribution and bioavailability of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn were analysed in undifferentiated bottom sediments and in various particle-size fractions of the sediment from different parts of the lake. The average concentration of total metals in undifferentiated sediments ranged from 0.86 mg kg^-1 (Cd) to 95.45 mg kg^-1 (Zn) for the entire lake, with the highest concentrations in Zhushan Bay. The concentration of heavy metals was higher in extremely fine sands (0.064–0.125 mm) and fine sands (0.125–0.25 mm) than in other fractions. Sequential extractions showed that Cu, Zn and Cd were the most bioavailable accounting for 55.6%, 38.7% and 30.0% of their total concentration, respectively. However, the bioavailable proportion of many metals was not significantly different between grain grades except for Cu and Zn, which were higher in silts (<0.064 mm) than in other grades. Compared with the background values of local soils, the concentration of Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Sb was higher, indicating enrichment in the sediment. From ecological safety concerns, Zn, Cd and Cu should be examined closely because of their higher bioavailabilty in the sediment.     

Environmental risk assessment of manganese and its associated heavy metals in a stream impacted by manganese mining in South China

In South China, high manganese content in the drinking water source influenced by upstream manganese mine drainage has become a major concern. To investigate the extent of metal pollution and environmental risk in upstream sediments and native aquatic macrophytes, a study was conducted on a manganese mining-impacted river named the Heishui River. The results indicated that streambed sediments collected were polluted by Mn and other metals with the highest contents of Mn 43349.4 mg kg^?1, Pb 128.6 mg kg^?1, Zn 502.9 mg kg^?1, and Cu 107.2 mg kg^?1. The level of Mn in all sediments was higher than the consensus-based Probable Effect Concentration, indicating that adverse effects on sediment-dwelling organisms were likely to occur frequently. Among the studied metals, Mn had the highest bioavailability and ecological risk, followed by Zn. Native aquatic macrophytes accumulate large amounts of the studied metals. A significantly positive correlation was found between exchangeable fractions of the studied metals in sediments and in aquatic macrophytes. The risk assessment code showed the following risk levels of metals in sediments in descending order: Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb. In conclusion, the river impacted by manganese mining drainage poses a high risk to both the local ecosystem and downstream drinking water.     

Distribution of extractable heavy metals in different soil fractions

Abstract

Due to the difficulties of precisely characterizing environmentally contaminated soil, the effects of heavy metals on plants are studied using uncontaminated soil spiked with known quantities of heavy metals. One problem in using spiked soils is how accurately the distribution of metals mimics stabilized natural soils. We studied the distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc in soil fractions after application in soluble form. The soil samples included a control (an uncontaminated Typic Argiudoll) and two samples spiked with either a moderate or high heavy metal concentration). After application of the salts the soils were subjected to wet/dry cycles over the course of three months. The soils were fractionated using a sequential chemical extraction procedure employing: (1) CaCl₂,(2) NaOH, (3) Na₂EDTA and (4) HNO₃, HCl, and HF. Soil physical separation was carried out by ultrasonic dispersion. The heavy metal levels were determined using ICP-AES. Each heavy metal displayed a unique behavior when added to soil in the form of soluble salts. Cadmium and zinc remained in the soluble fraction, indicating that no equilibrium was attained, while nickel primarily appeared in the insoluble fraction. Chromium, copper and lead were distributed among various soil chemical fractions. The highest levels of all metals appeared in the clay fraction except lead which was mainly present in the silt fraction.     

Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in river surface sediments of middle reach of Xijiang River basin,China

Xijiang River is the main surface water source in Guangxi province, South China. This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and potential ecological risks of seven heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Ni, and Cr) in surface sediments in Xijiang River basin. The results illustrated that the average concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, As, Ni, and Cr were 483.9, 207.5, 13.35, 23.50, 312.1, 28.75, and 50.62 mg/kg, respectively. Among them, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As were the major heave metals with concentration exceeding Class 3 threshold value of Chinese national standard. The result also showed samples with high ecological risk were mainly located in the upstream of Xijiang River basin as Diaojiang River, Hongshui River, Jincheng River, and Dahuan River. Based on the pollution risk assessment, the area manifested composite pollution of heavy metals in the sediments, signifying As, Pb, and Cd as the dominant heavy metals, and there were high ecological risk in sediments for these metals. According to correlation matrix and factor analysis (FA), the seven heavy metals were divided into three types/classes, Cd, as and Zn attributed by anthropogenic sources, natural sources corresponds for Ni and Cr while both natural and anthropogenic sources were attributed to Cu.     

汕头湾表层沉积物重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价

汕头湾作为华南地区重要的出海门户,汕头市主要的旅游区和水产养殖基地,其环境污染问题已成为制约当地经济发展的重要因素,为此2002年在此开展了重大科技术兴海项目,以海洋沉积物质量标准、单因子污染指数和潜在生态风险评价体系对汕头湾表层沉积物重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:汕头湾表层沉积物中Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn的平均含量超过海沉积物质量标准(Ⅰ类);以单因子污染指数评价,Cd达到很强污染等级,Zn为强污染,Cu,Ni,Pb为中等污染;以单元素生态系数(E_rⁱ)评价,只有Cd的潜在生态风险达到很强等级,其它元素则只属于轻微潜在风险范畴;以多元素潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价,汕头湾的潜在生态风险水平处于中等强度;重金属含量分布特征与重金属污染及潜在生态风险的空间差异性一致,表现为由上游至下游呈波状递减趋势,其中以牛田洋和汕头港上游最为严重;这一污染特征主要是由集水区域内的产业结构特点、河流入海口及排污口的分布以及汕头湾的地理和水文特性所决定的。     

Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments from a source water reservoir

Surface sediment samples were collected from a source water reservoir in Zhejiang Province, East of China to investigate pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals. The BCR sequential extraction method was used to determine the four chemical fractions of heavy metals such as acid soluble, easily reducible, easily oxidizable and residual fractions. The heavy metals pollution and potential ecological risk were evaluated systematically using geoaccumulation index (I_geo) and Hakanson potential ecological risk index (H′). The results showed that the sampling sites from the estuaries of tributary flowing through downtowns and heavy industrial parks showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher average concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments, as compared to the other sampling sites. Chemical fractionation showed that Mn existed mainly in acid extractable fraction, Cu and Pb were mainly in reducible fraction, and As existed mainly in residual fraction in the surface sediments despite sampling sites. The sampling sites from the estuary of tributary flowing through downtown showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher proportions of acid extractable and reducible fractions than the other sampling sites, which would pose a potential toxic risk to aquatic organisms as well as a potential threat to drinking water safety. As, Pb, Ni and Cu were at relatively high potential ecological risk with high I_geo values for some sampling locations. Hakanson potential ecological risk index (H′) showed the surface sediments from the tributary estuaries with high population density and rapid industrial development showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher heavy metal pollution levels and potential ecological risk in the surface sediments, as compared to the other sampling sites.