利用强启动功能片段提高麦迪霉素4”，-羟基丙酰化酶基因的表达

用PCR技术将本室克隆到的强启动功能片段取代麦迪霉素丙酰化酶基因(mpt)的启动子或与mpt基因自身启动子串连,获得含mpt重组质粒pCHFPE3和pCHFPE2。用含有这两个质粒的Streptomyces lividans TK24对螺旋霉素进行微生物转化,结果表明,与含有原启动子的mpt．S．Lividans TK24(p．WFPE)相比,丙酰螺旋霉素的组分比例分别提高了89．02％和58．53％。含重组质粒pCHFPE2的螺旋霉素产生菌S．Spiramyceticus发酵产物中丙酰螺旋霉素的组分也有较大辐度的提高。说明利用该强启动功能片段可以提高麦迪霉素丙酰化酶基因的表达。     

麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素链霉菌F21中酰化特性

螺旋霉素(SP)与麦迪霉素(MD)均为16元环大环内酯类抗生素, 并且结构非常相似。螺旋霉素含有3个组分,其结构差异表现在16元内酯环C3上的一个取代基的差异, SP I组分为羟基、SP II组分羟基乙酰化、SP III组分羟基丙酰化; 麦迪霉素是以麦迪霉素A1为主要组分的多组分抗生素, 麦迪霉素16元内酯环C3上连接的均为丙酰化羟基。已知这类抗生素16元内酯环C3羟基酰化是由一种称为3-O-酰基转移酶的蛋白催化完成。本研究将螺旋霉素产生菌—Streptomyces spiramyceticus F21中的螺旋霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因用Streptomyces mycarofaciens ATCC 21454中的麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因原位替换后, 发现所产生的螺旋霉素仍然含有3个组分, 并且螺旋霉素III组分也不是主要组分, 说明麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素产生菌—S. spiramyceticus F21中不具有16元内酯环C3羟基丙酰化特异性以及酰化高效性, 也提示其在麦迪霉素产生菌中的丙酰化特异性和高效性可能与该菌株(种)的特性有关。     

麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素链霉菌F21中的酰化特性

螺旋霉素(SP)与麦迪霉素(MD)均为16元大环内酯类抗生素,并且结构非常相似.螺旋霉素含有3个组分,其结构差异表现在16元内酯环C<,3>上的一个取代基的差异,SPⅠ组分为羟基、SPⅡ组分羟基乙酰化、APⅢ组分羟基丙酰化;麦迪霉素是以麦迪霉素A1为主要组分的多组分抗生素,麦迪霉素16元内酯环C3上连接的均为丙酰化羟基.已知这类抗生素16元内酯环C3羟基酰化是由一种称为3-O-酰基转移酶的蛋白催化完成.本研究将螺旋霉素产生菌-Streptomycesspiramyceticus F21中的螺旋霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因用Streptomyces mycarofaciens ATCC 21454中的麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶基因原位替换后,发现所产生的螺旋霉素仍然含有3个组分,并且螺旋霉素Ⅲ组分也不是主要组分,说明麦迪霉素3-O-酰基转移酶在螺旋霉素产生菌-S.spiramyceticus F21中不具有16元内酯环C3羟基丙酰化特异性以及酰化高效性,也提示其在麦迪霉素产生菌中的丙酰化特异性和高效性可能与该菌株(种)的特性有关.     

螺旋霉素发酵液效价快速测定法

螺旋霉素（Spiramycin简称SPM）是生二素链霉菌（S．ambojaciens）所产生的多组分大环内酯类抗生素,其主要成份含有SPMⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ。SPM发酵液中组分Ⅱ含量为63±10％,组分Ⅱ含量为24±5％o,组分Ⅲ含量为13±5％。SPM复合物为奶油色,味苦的无定形物质,可溶于氯仿、醇类、已烷、苯、醋酸丁酯,微溶于水。具有旋光性,比旋度〔a）。‘’（C一三甲醇）组分1为一96o,组分工为一86”,组分巨为一85”。SPM在231－232mP波长处有紫外吸收峰,本身带有发色基团,遇浓硫酸或盐酸呈紫色反应,并在48olP处有最大吸收峰（1）。SPM效价测…     

麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因的克隆及在螺旋霉产生菌中的表达

从含麦迪霉素生物合成基因⑴的初级克隆pCN6C5中,发现并分离了麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因,与质粒载体plJ680相连,获得重组质粒p66B,在螺旋霉素产生菌中得到表达,其主要产物为4〃异戍酰螺旋霉素。以p66B DNA BamHI—BamHI2．3kb插入片段为探针,从麦迪霉素产生菌基因文库中获得了另一阳性克隆pcNlOF5,southern分子杂交确定pcNlOF5BamHI—Bamm 8．Okb为同源片段。以pwHM3及pJJ680为载体,获得重组质粒pwF5及p6F5,分子大小分别为15．2kb及13．3kb。通过DNA转化,并经分子杂交实验证明,获得含重组质粒的螺旋霉素产生菌克隆菌株。其主要产物经分离、纯化后,分析其理化性质和光谱数据,鉴定为丙酰螺旋霉素Ⅲ和Ⅱ。研究还表明,麦迪霉素基因文库中只有pcNl0F5DNA与碳霉素产生菌的4〃异戊酰化酶基因同源,提示pcN6c5克隆携带的麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因与pcNlOF5的4〃丙酰化酶基因及碳霉素4〃异戊酰化酶基因有一定的区别。     

巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶基因的克隆和表达

我们分离到了一株产生分泌型青霉素G酰化酶的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megateriumBM1)。用pBR322作载体,将该菌的青霉索G酰化酶基因克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coliMcl061)中,得到含有9．9kb插人片段的重组质粒pBmPA4。分析了该质粒的限制酶酶切图谱,并经体外缺失获得含4．9kb插入片段的质粒pBmPA5。pBmPA4和pBmPA5在E·coliMcl061中均能表达,表达受苯乙酸诱导。     

人促红细胞生成素基因的合成及在大肠杆菌中的表达

人促红细胞生成素(简称hEPO)是一种能够促进祖红细胞分化发育并进而促进红细胞生成的细胞生长因子,它在临床上可用以治疗某些贫血病人特别是由于慢性肾衰所引起的肾性贫血^〔1－3〕．hEPO是一种由166个氨基酸组成的糖基化蛋白质．它的前体还带有27个氨基酸的信号肽^〔4－6〕。有两对由Cys7-Cys161和Cys29－Cys33组成的二硫键,其糖基化位点为Ash--24。Ash一38．Asn一83和Ser一126^〔7－8〕。由于天然来源hEPO的量极少．因此通过基因工程的手段是当前获得大量hEPO的较好的途径^〔9－10〕。我们在前文中曾经报道用单链方法合成天花粉胰蛋白酶抑制荆基因〔11〕以及用单链和PCR相结合来合成绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制荆基因的方法〔12〕．我们在合成hEPO基固(包括带有信号肽的hEPO基因)时也采用了这两种方法：合成的hEPO基因在大脑杆菌、CHO细胞和昆虫细胞中均得到表达。本文报道hEPO基因的合成及在大肠杆菌中的表达结果。     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌042B共同结瘤基因nodABC的克隆与序列分析*

根瘤菌的nodABC和nodD在结构和功能上保守,在不同的菌种之间能够互换〔1〕,是目前所有供试的豆科植物结瘤所必不可少的,称为共同结瘤基因。另一类是寄生专一性结瘤基因,如苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)的nodPQ等〔2〕,这些基因决定根瘤菌能与哪些种属豆科植物结瘤〔3〕。根瘤菌的结瘤呈寄主专一性,例如苜蓿中华根瘤菌的寄主范围很窄,仅能在苜蓿、草木樨和葫芦巴3个属的豆科植物结瘤〔4〕。但在1995年。本实验室从新疆苜蓿分离到一株菌株042B,既能在大豆又能在苜蓿上结瘤．而且在大豆上具有较高的共生效率〔5〕。本文拟克隆其nodABC,并与其他菌株nodABC序列进行比较,以阐明042B能在大豆和苜蓿结瘤的分子机制。     

L－精氨酸组织传感器动力学响应机理的研究

生物组织中有丰富的酶源。由于酶的底物专一性,固此利用生物组织可研制对生物物质选择响应的组织传感器^〔1－4〕。为了制备性能良好的组织传感器及扩大它们的应用,必须对生物组织传感器的动力学响应机理进行研究。目前有关这方面的报道较步。本工作利用L－精氨酸厚叶景天叶组织传感器〔6〕研究了L－精氨酸组织传感器的动力学响应机理。     

L－亮氨酸发酵过程氮源反馈与非反馈控制的初步研究

氮源可直接影响氨基酸发酵过程中菌体生长与氨基酸生成．但是关于氨基酸发酵过程中氮源控制的研究报道并不多。本文作者在L－亮氨酸发酵过程碳源流加研究及动力学特征分析基础上^〔1〕,比较了几种非反馈型、反馈型补加硫酸铵的发酵结果．提出了较佳的控制方法。     

以脂肪酶为指标筛选赤霉素高产菌株的研究

以藤仓赤霉菌978对978#菌丝机械断裂后,采用紫外(30W,20cm)诱变处理60s,以脂肪酶活性为初筛指标筛选得到4株产赤霉素效价比出发菌株高的突变株,其中菌株GL-2在添加3%豆油的发酵培养基中产赤霉素能力比菌株978#在全淀粉发酵培养基发酵产素能力提高了1.2倍.调整补油工艺后,菌株GL-2产素能力进一步提高到...     

利用核糖体工程选育丙酮丁醇菌提高丁醇产量

利用核糖体工程技术对丙酮丁醇梭菌Clostridium acetobutylicum L7进行诱变筛选,以获得丁醇高产菌株。使用链霉素诱变C.acetobutylicum L7并结合设计的平板转接逐次提高链霉素浓度的筛选路线,获得丁醇产量较高的菌株S3。结果表明,S3丁醇产量为(12.48±0.03)g/L,乙醇产量为(1.70±0.07)g/L,相对于原始菌分别提高了11.2%及50%;丁醇/葡萄糖转化率由原始菌的0.19提高到0.22,丁醇生产率达到0.24 g/(L.h),相比提高30.5%;耐受丁醇浓度由原始菌的12 g/L提高到14 g/L;发酵液粘度下降到4 mPa/s,同比降低了60%,利于后续分离工作的进行,降低发酵成本。进一步研究工作表明,S3菌株遗传稳定性良好。因此,核糖体工程技术是一种选育丁醇高产菌株的有效方法。     

Combining classical, genetic, and process strategies for improved precursor-directed production of 6-deoxyerythronolide B analogues

A process for the production of erythromycin aglycone analogues has been developed by combining classical strain mutagenesis techniques with modern recombinant DNA methods and traditional process improvement strategies. A Streptomyces coelicolor strain expressing the heterologous 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB) synthase (DEBS) for the production of erythromycin aglycones was subjected to random mutagenesis and selection. Several strains exhibiting 2-fold higher productivities and reaching >3 g/L total macrolide aglycones were developed. These mutagenized strains were cured of the plasmid carrying the DEBS genes and a KS1 degrees mutant DEBS operon was introduced for the production of novel analogues when supplemented with a synthetic diketide precursor. The strains expressing the mutant DEBS were screened for improved 15-methyl-6-dEB production, and the best clone, strain B9, was found to be 50% more productive as compared to the parent host strain used for 15-methyl-6-dEB production. Strain B9 was evaluated in 5-L fermenters to confirm productivity in a scalable process. Although peak titers of 0.85 g/L 15-methyl-6-dEB by strain B9 confirmed improved productivity, it was hypothesized that the low solubility of 15-methyl-6-dEB limited productivity. The solubility of 15-methyl-6-dEB in water was determined to be 0.25-0.40 g/L, although higher titers are possible in fermentation medium. The incorporation of the hydrophobic resin XAD-16HP resulted in both the in situ adsorption of the product and the slow release of the diketide precursor. The resin-containing fermentation achieved 1.3 g/L 15-methyl-6-dEB, 50% higher than the resin-free process. By combining classical mutagenesis, recombinant DNA techniques, and process development, 15-methyl-6-dEB productivity was increased by over 100% in a scalable fermentation process.     

Screening and production of erythritol by newly isolated osmophilic yeast-like fungi

Twenty-eight erythritol-producing strains were isolated from pollen, honey and high sugar food samples collected in Taiwan. Amongst these, six strains (166-2, 262-1, 278-3, 440, 441 and 442) were high erythritol-producers with a yield higher than 30% for 30% glucose. The erythritol productivity of these strains ranged from 90.9 to 116.4 g l⁻¹. ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR analyses confirmed that the fermentation product was erythritol. The results of morphological and physiological studies indicate that strains 166-2, 262-1, 278-3, 440, and 442 may be members of the genus Moniliella. More studies are required to determine the taxonomic position of strain 441. The use of a medium containing 30% glucose and 1% yeast extract gave the highest erythritol productivity. On batch fermentation in a 5-l fermentor using strain 166-2, a maximal erythritol productivity of 111.0 g l⁻¹ was obtained after cultivation for 144 h.     

菊粉酶产生菌的筛选及60Co诱变选育简

目的：从新疆石河子盐碱地菊芋生长根际土壤中分离筛选高产菊粉酶活力菌株。方法：通过稀释平板涂布法分离微生物;利用^60Co诱变选育,96孔板筛选突变菌株;采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法测定菊粉酶酶活。结果：分离到12株具有菊粉酶活力的菌株,复筛得到1株高产菊粉酶活力菌株,将其命名为G-60;以此菌株为出发菌株进行^60Co诱变,利用96孔板对诱变菌株进行筛选,经摇瓶发酵酶活测定,得到1株高产菊粉酶酶活的突变株,酶活达46．62U/mL,是未诱变菌株酶活的2．72倍。结论：经诱变得到1株高产菊粉酶活力的突变菌株。     

NADH- vs NADPH-coupled reduction of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and its implications on product distribution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenases responsible for NADH-, and NADPH-specific reduction of the furaldehydes 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF) and furfural have previously been identified. In the present study, strains overexpressing the corresponding genes (mut-ADH1 and ADH6), together with a control strain, were compared in defined medium for anaerobic fermentation of glucose in the presence and absence of HMF. All strains showed a similar fermentation pattern in the absence of HMF. In the presence of HMF, the strain overexpressing ADH6 showed the highest HMF reduction rate and the highest specific ethanol productivity, followed by the strain overexpressing mut-ADH1. This correlated with in vitro HMF reduction capacity observed in the ADH6 overexpressing strain. Acetate and glycerol yields per biomass increased considerably in the ADH6 strain. In the other two strains, only the overall acetate yield per biomass was affected. When compared in batch fermentation of spruce hydrolysate, strains overexpressing ADH6 and mut-ADH1 had five times higher HMF uptake rate than the control strain and improved specific ethanol productivity. Overall, our results demonstrate that (1) the cofactor usage in the HMF reduction affects the product distribution, and (2) increased HMF reduction activity results in increased specific ethanol productivity in defined mineral medium and in spruce hydrolysate.     

Deletion of lactate dehydrogenase in Enterobacter aerogenes to enhance 2,3-butanediol production

2,3-Butanediol is an important bio-based chemical product, because it can be converted into several C4 industrial chemicals. In this study, a lactate dehydrogenase-deleted mutant was constructed to improve 2,3-butanediol productivity in Enterobacter aerogenes. To delete the gene encoding lactate dehydrogenase, λ Red recombination method was successfully adapted for E. aerogenes. The resulting strain produced a very small amount of lactate and 16.7% more 2,3-butanediol than that of the wild-type strain in batch fermentation. The mutant and its parental strain were then cultured with six different carbon sources, and the mutant showed higher carbon source consumption and microbial growth rates in all media. The 2,3-butanediol titer reached 69.5 g/l in 54 h during fed-batch fermentation with the mutant,which was 27.4% higher than that with the parental strain.With further optimization of the medium and aeration conditions,118.05 g/l 2,3-butanediol was produced in 54 h during fed-batch fermentation with the mutant. This is by far the highest titer of 2,3-butanediol with E. aerogenes achieved by metabolic pathway engineering.     

宁康霉素产生菌海洋地衣芽孢杆菌BAC-9912的诱变育种

宁康霉素(Nincomycin)产生菌BAC-9912经紫外线单因子和亚硝基胍化学试剂诱变后,获得两株高产菌株9912-7-2U(UV处理获得)和9912-2U-32N(NTG处理获得),其摇瓶效价分别为176.464×105u·L-1和217.808×105u·L-1。比出发菌株效价分别提高126.9%和180.0%。连续传代摇瓶效价稳定。初步建立了形态观察法和琼脂块大通量法两种初筛模型。     

Breeding L-arginine-producing strains by a novel mutagenesis method: Atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP)

A plasma jet, driven by an active helium atom supplied with an atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) biological breeding system, was used as a novel method to breed L-arginine high-yielding strains. A mutant with resistance to L-homoarginine and 8-azaguaine, ARG 3-15 (L-HA^r, 8-AG^r, L-His^-), was screened after several rounds of screening. The L-arginine production of these mutants was more than that of the original strain, increased by 43.79% for ARG 3-15. Moreover, N-acetyl-L-glutamate synthase activity of these mutants was also increased. After a series of passages, the hereditary properties of these mutants were found to be stable. Interestingly, beet molasses was utilized in a co-feeding fermentation and benefited to increase the productivity by 5.88%. Moreover, the fermentation with 1.0 g/L betaine could produce 9.33% more L-arginine than without betaine. In fed-batch fermentation, C. glutamicum ARG 3-15 began to produce L-arginine at the initial of logarithmic phase, and continuously increased over 24 hr to a final titer of 45.36 ± 0.42 g/L. The L-arginine productivity was 0.571 g/L/hr and the conversion of glucose (α) was 32.4% after 96 hr. These results indicated that C. glutamicum ARG 3-15 is a promising industrial producer.     

Anaerobic respiration of superoxide dismutase-deficientSaccharomyces cerevisiae under oxidative stress

The ethanol productivity of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-deficient mutants ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae was examined under the oxidative stress by Paraquat. It was observed that MnSOD-deficient mutant ofS. cerevisiae had higher ethanol productivity than wild type or CuZnSOD-deficient yeast both in aerobic and in anaerobic culture condition. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity decreased by 35% and alcohol dehydrogenase activity increased by 32% were observed in MnSOD-deficient yeast grown aerobically. When generating oxygen radicals by Paraquat, the ethanol productivity was increased by 40% in CuZnSOD-deficient or wild strain, resulting from increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and decreased activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase. However, the addition of ascorbic acid with Paraquat returned the enzyme activities at the level of control. These results imply that SOD-deficiency in yeast strains may cause the metabolic flux to shift into anaerobic ethanol fermentation in order to avoid their oxidative damages by Paraquat.