巢湖双桥河底泥疏浚过程中浮游植物功能群分类研究

浮游植物功能群分类分析可以精确地反映水体环境变化对水生生物群落的影响。为探究巢湖双桥河底泥疏浚工程对浮游植物群落及水生生态系统的影响,对2017年6月—2018年3月双桥河底泥疏浚期间的水体理化因子、浮游植物群落结构和功能群划分开展了研究。研究发现,底泥疏浚工程能够大量削减双桥河水体中的氮、磷营养盐,但疏浚后的双桥河仍处于中-富营养状态;双桥河浮游植物群落依据其生态功能可划分为M、H1、H2、MP、S1、L_O、X2、X1、J、F、N、G、X3、C、D、Y、W1、L_M、E、T、S_N、K、P等23个功能群,绝对优势功能群为以微囊藻为主的M功能群和以硅藻为主的MP、P功能群。底泥疏浚工程对双桥河浮游植物种类的影响不大,但藻类密度和生物量在疏浚后有显著地下降,浮游植物多样性指数也有提升。将浮游植物功能群生物量与环境因子进行冗余分析(RDA)和Pearson分析发现,水环境因子变化对双桥河浮游植物功能群产生了较大影响,双桥河浮游藻类优势功能群由底泥疏浚前的M、MP、P、W1、Y类转变为底泥疏浚后的C、F、J、M、MP、P、Y类。其中,底泥疏浚工程造成的氮营养盐削减可以对双桥河浮游植物功能群产生较大影响。研究认为双桥河底泥疏浚工程在改善河流浮游植物生态功能,减轻水体污染程度上有积极的作用。     

Green algae in tundra soils affected by coal mine pollutions

Green algal communities were investigated in clean and pollution-impacted tundra soils around the large coal mine industrial complex of Vorkuta in the E. European Russian tundra. Samples were collected in three zones of open-cast coal mining with different degrees of pollution-impacted soil transformation. A total of 42 species of algae were found in all zones. The species richness decreased from 27 species in undisturbed zones to 19 species in polluted zones. Under open-cast coal mining impacts the community structure simplified, and the dominant algae complexes changed. Algae that are typical for clean soils disappeared from the communities. The total abundance of green algae (counted together with Xanthophyta) ranged between 100–120 × 10³ (cells/g dry soils) in undisturbed zones and 0.5–50 × 10³ in polluted zones. Soil algae appear to be better indicators of coal mine technogenic pollution than flowering plants and mosses. Presented at the International Symposium Biology and Taxonomy of Green Algae V, Smolenice, June 26–29, 2007, Slovakia.     

Benthos and zooplankton of coal strip mine ponds in the mountains of northwestern Colorado,U.S.A.

Zooplankton, benthos and associated physico-chemical conditions were sampled in coal strip-mine ponds in northwestern Colorado from June 1977 to May 1978. Two spoils ponds derived all of their drainage from the coal mine, but differed in age; one pond received only partial drainage from mine spoils; a control pond was located in an adjacent drainage basin. Acid mine drainage was not observed, although total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate and sulfate values were higher in the spoils ponds than in the control pond. Net zooplankton were less abundant in the spoils ponds, although standing stock of benthos exhibited a progressive decrease from the youngest spoils pond to the control pond. Zooplankton and benthos species diversity values were lower in the ponds affected by mine drainage. Certain groups of zooplankters (Cladocera) and benthos (Trichoptera, Amphipoda, Hydracarina, and Sphaeriidae) were rare or absent in the youngest spoils pond. Percentage Similarity Coefficients indicate that colonization phenomena (age and distance from a source of colonizers) may be responsible, in part, for the faunal differences between ponds, since the higher levels of nitrate, sulfate, and TDS in the spoils ponds were generally within the tolerance range of aquatic organisms.     

A Dietary Assessment of Selenium Risk to Aquatic Birds on a Coal Mine Affected Stream in Alberta,Canada

Selenium is a trace element of concern in the McLeod River basin downstream from two recently-closed coal mines in west-central Alberta, Canada. Aquatic birds breed on streams in the area and may be exposed to excessive amounts of selenium through their diets. In this article, we present the results of a dietary-based assessment of the risk that selenium may pose to two aquatic bird species, the American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus) and the Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus), on one of the coal mine–affected streams, the Gregg River. The study consisted of (1) a literature-based toxicity assessment, (2) simulation of selenium exposure in the diets and eggs of the two species, and (3) a risk assessment that coupled information on toxicity and exposure. Diet and egg selenium concentrations associated with a 20% hatch failure rate were 6.4 and 17 μ g · g^?1 dry wt, respectively. Simulated dietary selenium concentrations were about 2.0–2.5 μ g · g^?1 higher on the Gregg River than on reference streams for both species. Simulated predicted egg concentrations averaged 2.0 and 1.4 μ g · g^?1 higher on the Gregg River than on reference streams for American Dippers and Harlequin Ducks, respectively. When simulated dietary concentrations were considered, hatch failure rates on the Gregg River were predicted to average 12% higher in American Dippers and 8% higher in Harlequin Ducks than at reference streams. Corresponding values were only 3% for both species when predicted egg concentrations were used. Elevated levels of selenium in insects in some of the reference streams were unexpected and raised a question as to whether aquatic birds have evolved a higher tolerance level for dietary selenium in these areas.     

广东大宝山矿区生态环境退化现状及治理途径探讨

根据对广东大宝山矿区的实地调查、测试和所采集土、水样品的化学分析结果,对该区生态环境退化和向下游排放污染物现状进行报道.矿坑似乎是大宝山矿最重要的污染源地,据有限土壤样品分析结果推算,当其所含无机还原态硫彻底氧化后,平均1t矿坑表土可产出207kg浓硫酸.大部分矿坑表土和排土场废土已经历不同程度的酸化.实验室模拟试验显示:5g强烈酸化的矿坑表土在接力水提条件下可产出超过750mL的酸性“矿水”(pH<3.9).实测数据表明:排入翁江支流的矿水,其酸度大大超过国家规定的排放标准,大多数重金属元素的浓度也超过了国家规定的污水综合排放标准的最高允许值.从技术的角度来看,对大宝山矿区生态环境退化和向下游排放污染物状况的治理,宜采用环境地球化学工程与生物修复技术相结合的综合治理方法.     

Coal mine drainage effects on a lotic ecosystem in Northwest Colorado,U.S.A.

An aquatic biological survey was conducted in 1979–1980 to determine the effects of drainage from an active coal strip-mine on Trout Creek, in northwest Colorado, U.S.A. Sampling was conducted over four seasons at four stations for periphyton, benthic invertebrates and fish. Periphyton in Trout Creek changed in the relative abundance of algae divisions in no apparent relation to mining. Diatoms were the predominant division at all sites. Golden-brown algae were abundant in spring at the stations upstream and adjacent to the mine. Blue-green algae were relatively important at stations upstream and downstream of the mine in winter. Benthic invertebrates exhibited a progressive increase in density, biomass and number of taxa from the upstream station to the downstream station. Shannon-Wiener diversity index for bethic invertebrates decreased slightly downstream of mine drainage but remained indicative of a clean water community. Aquatic insects (especially Trichoptera) were the predominant invertebrates at all stations. Analysis of functional groups of benthic invertebrates revealed increased importance of collector species at the lower sites while shredders were most important upstream of the mine. Unlike the invertebrates, fish exhibited slightly lower biomass at the station adjacent to the mine. The decrease was due to fewer salmonids. However, salmonid density and biomass increased substantially at the station just downstream of the mine. Non-game species (suckers and minnows) increased in numbers downstream and were most abundant at the lowest station. This coal strip-mine had little discernable adverse effects on the periphyton and invertebrates of Trout Creek. Fish populations did not appear to be significantly affected by the mine. Apparently, the presence of settling ponds and a buffer zone of unmined land between the mine and the stream helped to minimize adverse effects.     

The phytoplankton productivity of an acidic lake

The phytoplankton productivity over two years in a lake heavily loaded by acid mine drainage was very low. Algal assays indicated that below pH 5.5 the water, if buffered and fertilized with phosphorus, resulted in log growth. Above pH 5.5 algal log growth could be induced with phosphorus addition only. However, an in situ bag experiment was done in the lake and immediate bloom conditions of the indigenous algae resulted from phosphorus addition only, despite pH values below 5.     

Organic matter breakdown as a measure of stream health in New Zealand streams affected by acid mine drainage

Functional indicators of stream health have the potential to provide insights into stream condition that cannot be gained by traditional structural indices. We examined breakdown of leaves, wood, and cotton cloth strips at 18 sites along a gradient of effects of drainage from coal mines in New Zealand to determine the usefulness of these methods as functional indicators of stream health. The pH varied from 2.7 to neutral across the streams, and the more acidic streams typically had higher concentrations of aluminum, iron, zinc, and other metal ions. Precipitates of metal (mainly iron) hydroxides were present in most streams affected by mine drainage, especially in those with a pH of 4–5. Breakdown rates of all organic matter types were highest in several reference streams with neutral pH and lowest in sites with high rates of metal hydroxide deposition. Breakdown was relatively fast in the most acidic streams (pH < 3), in some cases as fast as at reference sites; these sites also had elevated nutrient concentrations. Shredding invertebrates were absent in litterbags from acidic streams and common at only 2 reference sites; their presence contributed to fast breakdown of leaves in the field and in lab microcosms. Microbial respiration was closely related to breakdown rates of leaves and wood; it was high at neutral and highly acidic streams, but lower at sites with pH 4–5, where metal hydroxides were precipitating onto solid surfaces. In these metal hydroxide-stressed streams, leaf and wood breakdown was slower, and associated biota, including microbes, were more affected than by water chemistry stressors (pH, dissolved metals) associated with mine drainage. Litter breakdown and microbial respiration provide insight into the functioning of streams, yielding different responses than traditional structural measures based on macroinvertebrates, which did not accurately distinguish impacts from acid mine drainage.     

广东省水库的蓝藻污染状况与水质评价

于2000年的丰水期和枯水期对广东省19个大中型水库的浮游植物状况进行了调查,并根据浮游植物群落结构、多样性指数、蓝藻污染状况和营养状态指数对水库的水质进行了分析。结果表明,大部分水库为蓝藻型水体,优势种类主要是能产生毒素的微囊藻类,而且蓝藻种类数和细胞密度与水库水质密切相关。蓝藻细胞密度和百分比分别为0.1×104-6728.4×104 cellsL-1和0.53%-99.2%。大部分水库受到了一定程度的污染,属于中营养型;东江流域的新丰江水库和白盘珠水库水质优良,为贫营养型;而位于经济较发达的沿海地区的鹤地水库、石岩水库和契爷石水库已受到严重污染。东江流域和北江流域水库水质普遍较好,而粤西沿海地区和珠江三角洲地区水库则污染较为严重。     

Benthic faunas of streams of low pH but contrasting water chemistry in New Zealand

Water chemistry and benthic invertebrate communities were investigated at 37 sites on acid streams originating on the Stockton-Denniston Plateau, North Westland, New Zealand. The region is characterised by high rainfall and runoff, highly acidic soils and the presence of extensive coal measures that have been mined for over 120 years. Four groups of streams were identified: naturally acid plateau streams with clear water and very low conductivity; brown water (humic) streams with pH<4 and low conductivity; coastal plains streams with higher pH and conductivity; and streams contaminated by acid mine drainage. TWINSPAN and cluster analysis also grouped streams into four groups based on presence-absence of invertebrate taxa, the groups being similar to, but not identical to those based on physico-chemical factors. Diptera (mainly Chironomidae) were represented by most species in all site groups followed by Plecoptera in plateau streams, and Trichoptera on the coastal plain and where mine drainage occurred. Species of Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae), Plecoptera and Trichoptera were found at the most contaminated sites (pH <3, conductivity >900 µS cm^–1, total reactive aluminium >25 mg 1^–1). The leptophlebiid mayfly Deleatidium was found at 32 of the 37 sites, and some species of Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Chironomidae were also widely distributed. Our findings indicate that species tolerant of low pH (i.e., <4.5) are not confined to humic waters as has been postulated, but also occur in soft, non-humic waters where concentrations of labile, non-organically bound aluminium may be elevated.     

The effects of coal industry pollutants on the macroinvertebrate fauna of a small river in the South Wales coalfield

SUMMARY. The effects of pollutants from the coal industry on the macroinvertebrate fauna of a small river in the South Wales coalfield were investigated during 1972 and 1973.
Three major types of pollution, each spatially separate, affected the river and its tributaries. The upper reaches received acidic drainage from coal stockpiles. The lower reaches received a discharge from a drift mine, bearing high loads of suspended coal particles which caused siltation of the river bed downstream to its confluence with the R. Taff (3.5 km). The largest tributary was subjected, under neutral pH, to siltation by ferric hydroxide, derived from seepage from an abandoned mine.
In the upper reaches, a few acid-tolerant invertebrate species survived in low numbers. Downstream recovery was not complete before the discharge of coal particles. In the reaches silted by ferric hydroxide or coal there was a pronounced reduction (80–90%) in faunal abundance. Clear differences in sensitivity of invertebrate groups to these types of siltation were apparent.
The data are used to assess the various methods of biological surveillance involving invertebrates.     

着生藻类和浮游藻类在三峡库区河流健康评价中的适宜性比较研究

藻类对水体环境变化敏感,其种类和数量与环境因素有密切联系并因环境的变化而发生变化,因此藻类常作为河流健康评价的指示生物。水体中的藻类根据生活习性不同分为着生藻类和浮游藻类,在河流健康评价中,以往的工作中有的采用浮游藻类用于河流健康评价,有的采用着生藻类用于评价,但浮游藻类和着生藻类究竟何者用于河流健康评价更适宜,抑或是二者在用于评价的适宜性上没有明显差别,迄今为止未开展过深入研究。选择三峡库区内的两条河流嘉陵江和乌江作为研究对象,于2015年9月,在两条河流上共布设11个研究断面,对嘉陵江、乌江的水环境理化因子、着生藻类和浮游藻类群落进行调查研究,应用着生藻类生物完整性指数(Periphytic algal index of biological integrity,Pe-IBI)和浮游藻类生物完整性指数(Phytoplankton index of biological integrity,Ph-IBI),并结合水体综合污染指数(Comprehensive pollution index,CPI),对嘉陵江、乌江的健康状况进行评价。研究结果表明,采用着生藻类生物完整性评价(Pe-IBI)能筛选出7个核心生物参数(藻类总分类单元数、蓝藻总分类单元数、绿藻总分类单元数、菱形藻比例、优势分类单元比例、香农多样性指数、均匀度)用于河流健康评价,着生藻类生物完整性指数(Pe-IBI)与水体综合污染指数(CPI)具有极显著的负相关关系,并且与水体中总氮、铅含量也有极显著的负相关关系,表明水环境质量越低则着生藻类的生物完整性越差;当采用浮游藻类生物完整性(Ph-IBI)用于河流健康评价时却只能筛选出1个核心生物参数(藻类密度),而且浮游藻类生物完整性指数(Ph-IBI)与水体综合污染指数(CPI)及12个水体环境指标并无明显的相关性。本研究表明,在河流水体中,与浮游藻类相比,着生藻类更能反映水体环境的状况,对河流水体环境的反映更为准确。因此,在以流动水体为特征的河流的健康评价中,采用着生藻类比采用浮游藻类更为适宜。     

Phytoplankton of the Amur River Estuary (Sea of Okhotsk) during the summer periods of 2005–2007

The qualitative composition of planktonic microalgae in the Amur River Estuary (in the Sea of Okhotsk) was studied in July 2005, June 2006, and June 2007. The biomass and abundance of phytoplankton were studied for the first time. The average cell density of the microalgae ranged from 194700 to 855100 cells/liter, being higher in 2006 than in 2005 and 2007. The average biomass of the community varied from 1.06 g/m³ in 2007 to 3.17 g/m³ in 2006. Analysis of the similarity of the species composition and cell density of the phytoplankton revealed two groups of stations: the first includes stations in the northern and central parts of the Amur Estuary; and the second includes stations in the southern and central parts. The first group was characterized by the predominance of freshwater diatoms and a high abundances of green and blue-green algae and the second group was characterized by the predominance of marine microalgae. The high cell density and biomass of phytoplankton were due to the increased nutrient input via the river runoff of the Amur.     

Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in north Swedish streams: environmental relationships

An analysis of the relationships between lotic macroinvertebrates and environmental variables was earned out on material from 60 riffle sites in streams in northern Sweden The approach involved the use of TWINSPAN classification and canonical correspondence analysis on presence/absence data from two seasons (spring and autumn) Variables most strongly associated with distribution patterns of assemblages were drainage area, elevation, water quality in terms of alkalinity, colour and phosphate and the presence of macrophytes The significance of affinities of different species to these variables are discussed The eight clusters resulting from the TWINSPAN analysis could biologically be interpreted as classes of taxa related to stream size, chemical conditions and algae A multiple regression analysis for predicting species nchness using three independent variables, viz drainage area amount or organic matter, and discharge was constructed The results of the study could be used as a starting point for further work on the community organization of benthie stream assemblages     

Algal flora of certain gravel pits in the Thames Valley,U.K.

Summary Detailed analyses are presented of the phytoplankton of two pairs of gravel pits in the Surrey-Middlesex area of the Thames Valley. One of each pair has been recently excavated while the other is much older.Gravel dredging was fairly localised during the investigation, so that it was possible to study an area of disturbed water and an area of undisturbed water in each pit.The distribution of the algae in general and the frequency of the principal members of the phytoplankton were correlated, as far as possible with the physical and chemical features of the environment.Certain algae were found to favour the new or alternatively the old pits and there was some indication that some of the algae recorded in larger numbers thrived best in the disturbed or otherwise the undisturbed water of a pit.The total number of species observed in the new pits was considerably smaller than that in the old pits. Estimates of the total phytoplankton indicates that the new pits are richer, but less varied than the old pits.All the pits were flooded once by Thames water during the course of the investigation. Reasons are given for concluding that this flooding did not cause undue contamination with river phytoplankton.     

西江下游浮游植物群落周年变化模式

西江肇庆段是珠江干流汇入珠三角河网水域的咽喉通道,对2009年该江段的浮游植物群落组成及变化进行系统阐析.调查期间共发现浮游植物7门,245种(包括变种、变型),其中硅藻和绿藻是浮游植物群落组成的最主要类群,分别占总种数的42.44％和34.69％,其次是裸藻和蓝藻.PCA分析结果显示,浮游植物各类群的种类丰富度和生物量的周年变化趋势主要受水温和径流量的影响.浮游植物种类丰富度的周年变化呈现明显的高温季节高,低温季节低的特征,除因大多数藻类物种直接喜好高温之外,径流量的增大有助于真浮游绿藻种类的外源注入及半浮游和偶然性浮游硅藻种类的增加.浮游植物生物量的周年变化呈现明显的双峰型,峰值分别出现在8月和11月.然而8月份第1个高峰出现之前,生物量波动不大,尽管水温的升高有助于生物量的增加,但是径流量增大所带来的稀释作用掩盖了水温上升对浮游植物生长的促进作用.真浮游植物生物量的变化趋势和数值与总浮游植物极其接近,主要得益于真浮游硅藻物种颗粒直链藻在总种群中的绝对优势地位.综上,水温升高对浮游植物种类丰富度和生物量的增长均有促进,径流量的增大虽然有助于种类丰富度的增加,但不利于生物量的增加.     

Distribution of puimonate snails in the New River of Virginia and North Carolina, U.S.A.: interaction between alkalinity and stream drainage area

SUMMARY. The distribution and abundance of five species of pulmonate snails over 87 sites in the New River seem to be related to two variables, alkalinity and drainage area of the stream. The snails were generally found in the more alkaline streams regardless of stream drainage area and in the larger streams regardless of alkalinity. Considering only the 26 sites where at least one species of the five pulmonates occurred, rank snail abundance is significantly correlated with rank alkalinity, rank drainage area, and the alkalinity/area interaction. But the correlations between abundance and both alkalinity and drainage area drop to low levels when interaction is partialled out, while the correlation between abundance and interaction remains high upon partialling out alkalinity or area. This suggests that the apparent correlation between puimonate abundance and alkalinity is secondary and that neither alkalinity nor water chemistry variables correlated with it directly limit the distribution and abundance of pulmonates in the New River. Both alkalinity and stream drainage area may influence the abundance of pulmonate food.     

Isolation of keratinolytic fungi from a coal mine dump

During the study of fungal succesion in the coal mine dump in Brzezinka (Poland), soil samples were examined for keratinolytic fungi. These micro-organisms were rather poorly represented in the area studied. Out of 300 soil samples examined, only 48 (16%) were positive for keratinolytic fungi.Trichophyton ajelloi andArthroderma curreyi were the prevailing species. These species occurred practically at two locations, i.e. on the naked carbon rocks inhabited by algae crops (chiefly byCyanophyta) and in the pine litter. It can be supposed that the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi was more dependent on the favourable general conditions such as increasing organic matter content, microflora, and humidity than on the presence of keratin remains in the soil. Because of the lack of potentially pathogenic fungi, the coal mine dump examined cannot be considered as an important source of fungal infection.     

徐州权台煤矿井下700 m水平微生物群落分布特征

煤矿井下与表生环境具有明显差异,研究其微生物群落分布及多样性对深入探讨井下水-岩-气-生作用机制具有重要意义.本研究在徐州权台煤矿井下700 m水平采集了8个沉积物样本,对样品进行了理化指标测试和Miseq高通量测序.结果表明,煤矿井下具有丰富的微生物多样性,8个样本共检测到35个细菌门类,其中变形菌门(Proteob...     

Effects of Stress from Mine Drainage on Diversity, Biomass, and Function of Primary Producers in Mountain Streams

This paper proposes a hypothesis that relates biodiversity, community biomass, and ecosystem function to a gradient of stress. According to this hypothesis, biodiversity has a low threshold of response to stress, whereas biomass and function are stable or increase under low to moderate stress and decrease only under high stress. This hypothesis was tested by examining communities of primary producers in streams under stress from mine drainage in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA. Mine drainage exerts chemical stress (low pH, dissolved metals) as well as physical stress (deposition of metal oxides) on stream biota. Diversity of primary producers was usually more sensitive to stress from mine drainage than community biomass (chlorophyll a) or primary production. Diversity was negatively related to all stresses from mine drainage, but it was especially low in streams with low pH or high concentration of dissolved zinc. Biomass and production were high in streams with only chemical stress, but they were often low in streams with physical stress caused by metal oxide deposition. Stream sites with aluminum oxide deposition usually had very little algal biomass. The rate of metal oxide deposition, presence of aluminum oxides, and pH together explained 65% of the variation in biomass. The rate of net primary production was highly correlated with biomass and had a similar response to stress from mine drainage. Overall, chemical stresses (low pH, high concentration of zinc) generally led to the hypothesized trends in our model of ecosystems under stress. Physical stress (deposition of metal oxides), however, led to variable responses, and often decreased biomass and function even at low intensity, contrary to the original hypothesis. Thus, the nature of ecosystem response to stress may differ for chemical and physical stresses.