Ethanol-Induced Cell Death by Lipid Peroxidation in PC12 Cells

Free radical generation is hypothesized to be the cause of alcohol-induced tissue injury. Using fluorescent cis-parinaric acid and TBARS, lipid peroxidation was shown to be increased in the presence of trace amounts of free ferrous ion in PC12 cells. This increase in lipid peroxidation was enhanced by ethanol in a dose dependent manner and also correlated with loss of cell viability, as measured by increased release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Resveratrol, a potent antioxidant, had a protective effect against lipid peroxidation and cell death. These findings strongly suggest that ethanol-induced tissue injury and cell death is a free radical mediated process, and may be important in alcohol-related premature aging and other degenerative diseases.     

Protective Effects of Selol Against Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in PC12 Cells

Selol is an organic selenitetriglyceride formulation containing selenium at +4 oxidation level that can be effectively incorporated into catalytic sites of of Se-dependent antioxidants. In the present study, the potential antioxidative and cytoprotective effects of Selol against sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-evoked oxidative/nitrosative stress were investigated in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanisms analyzed. Spectrophoto- and spectrofluorimetic methods as well as fluorescence microscopy were used in this study; mRNA expression was quantified by real-time PCR. Selol dose-dependently improved the survival and decreased the percentage of apoptosis in PC12 cells exposed to SNP. To determine the mechanism of this protective action, the effect of Selol on free radical generation and on antioxidative potential was evaluated. Selol offered significant protection against the elevation of reactive oxidative species (ROS) evoked by SNP. Moreover, this compound restored glutathione homeostasis by ameliorating the SNP-evoked disturbance of GSH/GSSG ratio. The protective effect exerted by Selol was associated with the prevention of SNP-mediated down-regulation of antioxidative enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Finally, GPx inhibition significantly abolished the cytoprotective effect of Selol. In conclusion, these results suggest that Selol effectively protected PC12 cells against SNP-induced oxidative damage and death by adjusting free radical levels and antioxidant system, and suppressing apoptosis. Selol could be successfully used in the treatments of diseases that involve oxidative stress and resulting apoptosis.     

Effects of Melanins on Lipid Peroxidation

Effects of melanins obtained from cultured Cladosporium cladosporidae fungi and Alpha grape on Fe²⁺-induced, Fe²⁺–ascorbate-induced, and NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver, brain, and eye were studied. Melanins were shown to inhibit the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in vitro. The inhibitory effects of melanins were not due to direct interactions of these pigments with superoxide anion (O ₂ ). However, melanins may interact with other free radicals. Melanins were demonstrated to have the ability to oxidize NADPH, which is probably one of the mechanisms of their antioxidant effects.     

H2O2-Induced Cell Death in Human Glioma Cells: Role of Lipid Peroxidation and PARP Activation

underlying mechanism of ROS-induced cell injury remains to be defined. This study was undertaken to examine the role of lipid peroxidation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation in H₂O₂-induced cell death in A172 cells, a human glioma cell line. H₂O₂ induced a dose- and time-dependent cell death. The cell death was prevented by thiols (dithiothreitol and glutathione), iron chelators (deferoxamine and phenanthroline), H₂O₂ scavengers (catalase and pyruvate), and a hydroxyl radical scavenger (dimethylthiourea). Antioxidants N,N-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) and Trolox had no effect on the H₂O₂-induced cell death. Lipid peroxidation did not increase in human glioma cells exposed to H₂O₂. The PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide prevented the cell death induced by H₂O₂. The PARP activity was increased by H₂O₂ and the H₂O₂ effect was prevented by 3-aminobenzamide, dithiothreitol, and phenanthroline. The ATP depletion induced by H₂O₂ was prevented by catalase, dithiothreitol, phenanthroline, and 3-aminobenzamide, but not by DPPD. These results indicate that the H₂O₂-induced cell death is mediated by PARP activation but not by lipid peroxidation in human glioma cells.     

Effects of 4-Hydroxynonenal, A Product of Lipid Peroxidation, on Cell Proliferation and Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity

4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is one of the major breakdown products of cellular lipid peroxidation. Its effects on proliferation, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and DNA synthesis have been investigated in leukemic cell lines. The cells were incubated for 1 hour with different aldehyde concentrations, then washed and resuspended in medium with fresh foetal calf serum. HNE concentrations ranging from 10^-5 to 10^-6 M significantly inhibited ODC activity when induced by addition of fresh foetal calf serum both in K562 and HL-60 cells. ³H-Thymidine incorporation in K562 cells was also inhibited from 6 to 12 hours after the treatment. The same HNE concentrations did not inhibit ODC activity when added to cytosol, thus a direct action on the enzyme can be excluded. Moreover, HNE did not affect the half-life of ODC, so that a specific effect on ODC synthesis may be supposed. These data indicate a reduction of proliferative capacity of the cells and are consistent with the possibility that HNE, at concentrations close to those found in normal cells, plays a role in the control of cell proliferation.     

Effects of 4-Hydroxynonenal,A Product of Lipid Peroxidation,on Cell Proliferation and Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity

4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is one of the major breakdown products of cellular lipid peroxidation. Its effects on proliferation, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and DNA synthesis have been investigated in leukemic cell lines. The cells were incubated for 1 hour with different aldehyde concentrations, then washed and resuspended in medium with fresh foetal calf serum. HNE concentrations ranging from 10^-5 to 10^-6 M significantly inhibited ODC activity when induced by addition of fresh foetal calf serum both in K562 and HL-60 cells. ³H-Thymidine incorporation in K562 cells was also inhibited from 6 to 12 hours after the treatment. The same HNE concentrations did not inhibit ODC activity when added to cytosol, thus a direct action on the enzyme can be excluded. Moreover, HNE did not affect the half-life of ODC, so that a specific effect on ODC synthesis may be supposed. These data indicate a reduction of proliferative capacity of the cells and are consistent with the possibility that HNE, at concentrations close to those found in normal cells, plays a role in the control of cell proliferation.     

Studies on the Salicylic Acid Inducted Lipid Peroxidation and Defense Gene Expression in Tobacco Cell Culture

Salicylic acid (SA) could inhibit catalase activity, induce rapid lipid peroxidation and PR-1 gene expression of the tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. ) cell culture which was incubated with exogenous SA. Ρ-ihydroxybenzene and H2O2 could also induce lipid peroxidation and PR-1 gene expression at different level, but they were not able to inhibit the catalase activity of tobacco cells. Inhi0itors of mRNA and protein-synthesis (a-amanitine and cycloheximide, respectively) could not induce both lipid peroxidation and PR-1 gene expression of tobacco cell culture. However, coordinated action with SA respectively, a-amanitine or cycloheximide was able to induce lipid peroxidation effectively, but strongly blocked the activation of PR-1 gene expression by SA in tobacco cell culture. These results suggested that the generation of reactive metabolites or free radicals, which were induced by SA or other inducers through reaction with catalase or other compounds, initiated lipid peroxidation, subsequently activated pathogen-resistance genes expression. Obviously the lipid peroxidation molecule played an important role in SA signal transduction in tobacco.     

绞股蓝皂苷对PC12细胞增殖及细胞损伤模型的保护作用

本文通过采用四氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测绞股蓝皂苷对PC12细胞增殖活力的影响,并用低糖低血清、谷氨酸、β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25~35)诱导PC12细胞制备细胞损伤模型,观察绞股蓝皂苷低(50μg·mL~(-1))、中(200μg·mL~(-1))、高(500μg·mL~(-1))剂量在3种细胞损伤模型中对细胞存活率和胞浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量的影响。结果表明,绞股蓝皂苷能显著提高正常PC12细胞的存活率,并能有效对抗低糖低血清、谷氨酸、β淀粉样蛋白引起的细胞凋亡,降低胞浆中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放量。     

Effect of Ascorbate on Red Blood Cell Lipid Peroxidation

The present study investigates the effect of ascorbate on red cell lipid peroxidation. At a concentration between 0.2 mmol-20 mmol/l ascorbic acid reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced red blood cell lipid peroxidation resulting in a marked decrease in ethane and pentane production as well as in haemolysis. Ascorbic acid also shows an antioxidant effect on chelated iron-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide-induced peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes. At a concentration of 10 mmol/l ascorbic acid totally inhibits oxidative break-down of polyunsaturated fatty acids by radicals originating from hydrogen peroxide.

Our results indicate that ascorbate at the chosen concentration has an antioxidant effect on red blood cell lipid peroxidation.     

Protective Effects of YC-1 Against Glutamate Induced PC12 Cell Apoptosis

Glutamate, one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, is released into the synaptic spaces and bound to the glutamate receptors which facilitate normal synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and brain development. Past studies have shown that glutamate with high concentration is a potent neurotoxin capable of destroying neurons through many signal pathways. In this research, our main purpose was to determine whether the specific soluble guanylyl cyclase activator YC-1 (3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole) had effect on glutamate-induced apoptosis in cultured PC12 cells. The differentiated PC12 cells impaired by glutamate were used as the cell model of excitability, and were exposed to YC-1 or/and ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one) with gradient concentrations for 24 h. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl) assay was used to detect the cellular viability. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to detect the cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) concentrations in PC12 cells. Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometric analysis were used to detect the cell apoptosis. The cellular viability was decreased and the apoptotic rate was increased when PC12 cells were treated with glutamate. Cells treated with YC-1 or/and ODQ showed no significant differences in the cell viability and intracellular cGMP levels compared with those of control group. The specific soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ showed an inhibitory effect on cGMP level and aggravated the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by glutamate. YC-1 elevated cGMP level thus decreased PC12 cell apoptosis induced by glutamate, but this effect could be reversed by ODQ. These results revealed that YC-1 might attenuate glutamate-induced PC12 cell apoptosis via a sGC–cGMP involved pathway.     

阿魏酸钠诱导分化的PC12细胞裂解液的无细胞滤液的抗抑郁样效果

阿魏酸(ferulic acid,FA)是一种广泛存在的低毒酚酸,阿魏酸钠(sodium ferulate,SF)则是其钠盐。先前的研究已经证实,阿魏酸钠具有显著的神经保护和神经发生增强作用及抗抑郁效果。该研究的目的在于探讨阿魏酸钠诱导分化的PC12细胞裂解液的无细胞滤液可能的抗抑郁效果。PC12细胞在含80μmol/L阿魏酸钠的DMEM培养基中孵育6d,无菌条件下制备阿魏酸钠诱导分化的PC12细胞液的无细胞滤液,测定PC12细胞裂解液无细胞滤液中残留的阿魏酸钠量。以慢性不可预期的多种刺激制造大鼠抑郁模型,用行为学、形态学、免疫组织化学和BrdU掺入等方法观察并检测阿魏酸钠诱导分化的PC12细胞裂解液的无细胞滤液对慢性应激大鼠抑郁模型行为学、海马的组织病理学、海马和大脑皮质的神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)及脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)的表达及神经发生的影响。实验证实,阿魏酸钠诱导分化的PC12细胞裂解液的无细胞滤液能改善抑郁症样模型大鼠的行为学障碍,上调其海马和大脑皮质NGF和BNDF的表达,增加海马神经干细...     

Effect of Long-term Fluoride Exposure on Lipid Peroxidation and Histology of Testes in First- and Second-generation Rats

This experiment was designed to investigate the histological and lipid peroxidation effects of chronic fluorosis on testes tissues of first- and second-generation rats. Sixteen virgin female Wistar rats were mated with eight males (2:1) for approximately 12 h to obtain first-generation rats. Pregnant rats were divided into two groups: controls and fluoride-given group, each of which containing five rats. Pregnant rats in the fluoride-given group were exposed to a total dose of 30 mg/l sodium fluoride (NaF) in commercial drinking water containing 0.07 mg/l of NaF throughout the gestation and lactation periods. After the lactation period, the young animals (first generation, F1) were exposed to the same dose of NaF in drinking water for 4 months. At the end of the 4 months of experimental period, nine randomly chosen male rats (F1) were killed and testes tissues were taken for histopathological and biochemical analysis. The remaining eight female rats were mated with four males (2:1) for approximately 12 h to obtain second-generation rats. Six female were identified as pregnant and treated with similarly throughout the gestation and the lactation periods. After the lactation period, the young male animals (second generation, F2) were also treated in the same way for 4 months. At the end of the 4 months of experimental period, nine randomly chosen male rats (F2) were killed and testes tissues were collected for histopathological and biochemical analysis. The rats in the control group were applied the same procedure without NaF administration. In biochemical analysis of the fluoride given F1 and F2 rats, it has been found that plasma fluoride levels and testes thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were significantly increased when compared with the control group. In F1 and F2 rats, similar histopathological changes were observed. In both groups, spermatogenesis was severely reduced. Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes were normal, however, there was a widespread degeneration in other spermatogenic cell lines of the seminiferous epithelium. The histological structures of the Sertoli and interstitial Leydig cells were normally observed. It is concluded that chronic fluorosis exposure leads to a remarkable destruction in testes tissues of F1 and F2 rats via lipid peroxidation. The study was carried out in Suleyman Demirel University.     

Lipid Peroxidation in the Presence of Albumin,Inhibitory and Prooxidative Effects

Oxidative modifications of LDL are involved in atherogenesis. Previously we have developed a simple assay to evaluate the susceptibility of lipids to copper-induced peroxidation in the relatively natural milieu of unfractionated serum in the presence of excess citrate. Based on our previous results we have proposed that the inducer of peroxidation in our optimized assay is a copper-citrate complex. Recent investigations indicate that under certain conditions a copper-albumin complex may induce peroxidation of ascorbate. Two different complexes may be formed in albumin-containing systems (e.g. serum) namely 1:1 and 2:1 copper-albumin complexes. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the possibility that at least one of these complexes may be responsible for the induction of peroxidation of lipids in lipidic systems containing copper and albumin, including our optimized assay. Towards this end, we have investigated the dependence of copper-induced peroxidation on the concentration of added albumin in lipidic systems in the absence and presence of citrate. In all the systems investigated in this study (PLPC liposomes, LDL, HDL and mixtures of HDL and LDL) we found that at low concentrations of free copper (e.g. in the presence of excess citrate) the 2:1 copper-albumin complex is redox-active and that this complex is the major contributor to the initiation of lipid peroxidation in these systems and in our optimized assay. The possible relevance of the induction of peroxidation in vivo by the latter complex has yet to be studied. <footnote id="fn1"><no>*</no>This work was performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Ph.D. degree of Dorit Samocha-Bonet, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. </footnote>     

Glucocorticoids and Nerve Growth Factor Differentially Modulate Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Expression in PC12 Cells

Abstract: The differential expression of the cell adhesion molecule L1 by chromaffin cells has recently been suggested to be responsible for the segregation of chromaffin cells into homotypic catecholaminergic groups in the adrenal gland. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that glucocorticoids, which increase in the adrenal gland during development, could be responsible for the repression of L1 in adrenergic chromaffin cells. PC12 cells were used as the experimental model, and relative L1 protein and mRNA levels were examined after treating the cells with glucocorticoids or NGF. Analysis of western blots indicated that glucocorticoids decreased the L1 protein levels by one-half, whereas NGF increased L1 protein levels ∼2.3-fold. In addition, the glucocorticoids inhibited both the NGF induction of the neurite outgrowth and the increase in L1 expression. Analysis of the mRNA levels by PCR and northern blots indicated that glucocorticoids reduced the L1 mRNA, whereas NGF increased the level of L1 mRNA. Maximal inhibition of L1 expression was observed at concentrations of 10⁻⁷ M dexamethasone, and the decrease occurred during the second day of treatment. The effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and phorbol ester on the glucocorticoid and NGF regulation of L1 protein were also examined. This is the first report indicating that L1 expression can be down-regulated by glucocorticoids. The results support the hypothesis that during development the repression of L1 in adrenergic chromaffin cells may be, in part, linked to the increase in glucocorticoid levels in the adrenal gland.     

UVB对水稻幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

ＵＶ－Ｂ处理的水稻幼苗,叶片的膜透性、Ｏ２－净产生速率及ＭＤＡ含量显著增加。在ＵＶ－Ｂ处理初期,活性氧防御系统中的ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性比对照增强,但随着处理时间的延长,ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性明显下降;ＰＯＤ活性受ＵＶ－Ｂ处理抑制。这一结果表明,ＵＶ－Ｂ降低了细胞内活性氧自由基的清除能力,膜脂过氧化作用加剧,最终导致伤害效应。     

Effects of SARA on Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation in PC12 Cell Line

Ischemic stroke is a major composition of cerebrovascular disease, seriously threatening to human health in the world. Activin A (ActA), belonging to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) super family, plays an important role in the hypoxic-ischemic brain injury through ActA/Smads pathway. While as an essential phosphorylation assistor in TGF-β signaling, the functions and mechanisms of smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) in ischemic brain injury remain poorly understood. To solve this problem and explore the pathological processes of ischemic stroke, we used an Oxygen–Glucose deprivation (OGD) model in nerve growth factor-induced differentiated rattus PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and down regulated the expressions of SARA by RNA interference technology. Our results showed that the repression of SARA before OGD exposure reduced the expressions of Smad2, 3, 4 mRNA and the phosphorylation rate of Smad2 protein, but it did not affect the mRNA expressions of Smad7. After OGD treatment, ActA/Smads pathway was activated and the expression of SARA in the SARA pre-repression group was significantly up-regulated. The pre-repression of SARA increased the sensitivities of nerve-like cells to OGD damage. Moreover, the mRNA expression of Smad7 which was supposed to participate in the negative feedback of ActA/Smads pathway was also elevated due to OGD injury. Taken together, these results suggest a positive role of SARA in assisting the phosphorylation of Smad2 and maintaining the neuron protective effect of ActA/Smads pathway.     

镉诱导的茶树苗膜脂过氧化和细胞程序性死亡

在含镉的营养液中,茶树幼苗生长受到抑制。随培养时间延长,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量持续升高;超氧物岐化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性初期升高,而后分别在第4天和第2天开始下降。镉胁迫的第5-7天,一部分细胞陆续发生程序性死亡。其特征是：线粒体聚集于核周围,个数增加,嵴发达,而后衰亡。核仁消失,染色质凝结在核膜边缘,核萎缩,外层核膜局部扩张,形成胀泡。核以外溢、出芽和崩裂三种方式溃解。核是最后消亡的细胞器。程序性死亡的细胞局限于某些区域。镉胁迫下,幼苗膜脂过氧化可能是诱发PCD的主要原因。     

依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：探讨依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PCI2细胞凋亡的影响。方法：体外培养PCI2细胞,并分为依达拉奉对硝普钠保护组（含500μmol／L硝普钠和75μmol／L依达拉奉）、硝普钠诱导组（含500μmol／L硝普钠）和对照组。采用MTT法检测细胞的增殖率：流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡情况;Western-blot检i受4凋亡抑制蛋白Bcl-2和凋亡促进蛋白Bad的表达。结果：与对照组相比,硝普钠处理的PCI2细胞增殖率显著降低,而细胞凋亡率显著升高,细胞内Bcl-2的表达显著减少,而Bad的表显著增加,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;与单纯硝普钠诱导组相比,依达拉奉处理组细的胞增殖率显著增加而细胞凋亡率显著减少,同时Bcl－2的表达显著增加,而Bad的表达明显减少,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：依达拉奉对硝普钠诱导的PCI2细胞凋亡具有抑制作用,可能通过增加Bcl-2的表达并降低Bad的表达发挥抗凋亡作用。