海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究

生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用．最新研究表明,生态系统服务功能包括生态系统产品、生态调节功能、生命支持功能与社会文化功能．对生态调节功能的认识与评价是区域生态环境保护与资源开发的基础,并已成为当前区域生态评价与生态规划的前沿课题．以海南岛为例,探讨了基于生态系统结构与过程的生态调节功能评价方法．在研究中。将海南生态系统类型划分为13类。分析、评价了海南岛各类生态系统在水源涵养、水土保持、营养物质循环、固碳、防风固沙等方面的生态调节功能及其生态经济价值,以及生态系统提供产品的价值．研究表明,2002年海南岛生态系统所提供的生态调节功能的价值为2035．88×10^8～2153.39×10^8元,而生态系统产品价值仅为254．06×10^8元,生态调节功能价值是其产品价值的8倍多。     

海南岛生态系统土壤保持功能空间特征及影响因素

土壤保持是生态系统提供的重要调节服务之一,在区域侵蚀控制以及生态安全的维持方面具有不可替代的作用.以基于生态系统服务价值化和权衡得失综合评价工具InVEST,对海南岛生态系统土壤保持功能的空间特征及其影响因素进行了分析与探讨.结果表明:(1)海南岛土壤保持总量为8.16×108 t,平均单位面积土壤保持量为247.28 t·hm-2·a-1,空间上呈现中部高四周低的分布格局,中部山区国家级生态功能保护区在土壤保持功能的保育方面发挥着重要作用;(2)不同生态系统类型的土壤保持功能从大到小依次为:灌丛＞天然林＞草地＞橡胶林＞浆纸林＞热作园＞水田＞旱地＞红树林＞防护林,自然生态系统整体优于人工生态系统;(3)除自然因素外,经济发展、人口增长以及农田扩张都是影响土壤保持功能的重要因素,其中单位面积地区生产总值、单位面积第一产业生产总值、人口密度以及农田比例与单位面积土壤保持量显著负相关(P＜0.05),橡胶林比例与土壤侵蚀强度显著正相关(P＜0.01),说明海南岛的经济发展与人口增长会削弱生态系统土壤保持功能,应权衡它们之间的关系,探索一条发展经济与保护生态系统土壤保持功能并举的可持续发展之路.     

Ecological restoration: A new frontier for nature conservation and economics

Ecological restoration is still perceived by many conservationists, and the majority of economists, as a diversion, a delusion, and – far worse – a waste of money. In this paper we point out that restoration is in fact complementary not only to nature conservation but also to sustainable, equitable socio-economic development. This is because restoring and augmenting the natural capital base generates jobs and improves livelihoods and the quality of life of all in the economy.

In developing countries, where most biodiversity hotspots occur, both conservation of nature and the restoration of degraded ecosystems will find local support only if they are clearly linked to socio-economic development. Conversely, sound socio-economic development in the environmentally damaged portions of those countries undoubtedly will require ecological restoration of the natural capital base. Nature conservation, ecological restoration, and sustainable economic development policies should therefore be planned, budgeted and executed conjointly.     

近40年海南岛国土空间格局演化的生态效应及其影响因素

科学认知国土空间格局演化与生态服务的关联作用及主导影响因素,可为区域国土空间开发和生态环境保护提供决策支持。采用空间转移矩阵、InVEST模型分析1980-2020年海南岛国土空间格局及生态系统服务的时空演化特征,并在此基础上引入综合生态服务指数(CESI)和国土空间转型生态贡献率评估国土空间格局演化的生态效应,最后运用随机森林模型探究生态系统服务演化的主导因素及作用机制。结果表明:①近40年海南岛城镇空间持续扩张,农业空间不断缩减,生态空间先增后减,全域国土空间交叉转化总规模达到2717.11km²,其中以生态空间与农业空间的动态转换最为显著,生态空间和农业空间向城镇空间转换次之,城镇空间向生态空间和农业空间的转换最弱。②生态系统服务功能中产水量分布呈现"东北部高、西南低"的分布特征,土壤保持、碳储量、生境质量及综合生态服务指数分布则表现为"中部高、四周低",40年间各类生态系统服务功能均呈现不同的程度的下降趋势,这是海南岛生态系统服务功能恶化趋势大于改善趋势的结果,其中生态空间向农业空间和城镇空间的转换是区域生态服务功能恶化的重要原因。③海南岛生态服务功能受到自然地理、交通区位、社会经济和政策的综合作用,交通区位、社会经济以及自然地理类因素影响作用显著,政策类因素影响相对较弱,且各影响因素与生态系统服务功能间呈现非线性相关关系。     

Ecological and environmental effects of land use change in rapid urbanization: The case of hangzhou,China

Land use changes sharply under rapid urbanization, yet its ecological and environmental effects are often neglected in land use decisions. Using the case of Hangzhou, China, we analyze the ecological and environmental effects of land use changes, including ecosystem services value (ESV) and carbon emissions, based on Landsat TM images from 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014. We found significant ecological and environmental effects of land use changes under rapid urbanization. The value of ecosystem services in Hangzhou decreased from 546.7 million USD in 1995 to 448.97 million USD in 2014, and the ratio of ESV to GDP decreased from 5.8% to 0.6%. The net carbon emissions associated with land use changes increased from 4.26 million tons in 1995 to 15.10 million tons in 2014, mainly due to the increase of built-up land carbon emissions and the decrease of forest land carbon sink. The ESV is unevenly distributed spatially and low ESV spread from the central to the peripheral area. We use scenario analysis to illustrate that economic growth and environmental protection could be coordinated by bringing ecological and environmental effects into land use decisions.     

佛山市禅城区中小学生肺结核感染和患病现况

目的 了解佛山市禅城区中小学生结核菌感染和肺结核患病现况,为主管部门提供学校结核病防治工作决策依据.方法 整群抽取佛山市禅城区中小学新生19 685名进行PPD试验,检查结果采用SPSS 16.0统计分析.结果 佛山市中小学生PPD总体阳性率为52.0％,强阳性率3.6％,发现5例活动性肺结核病人,患病率为28.76/105.初中学生PPD阳性4 737例(51.5％),强阳性307例(3.3％);小学生阳性3 689例(45.1％),强阳性311例(3.8％);初中生阳性率低于小学生(χ2 =70.36,P＜0.01).受检男生中,阳性4 459例(46.1％),强阳性255例(2.6％);女生中,阳性3 967例(51.4％),强阳性363例(4.7％),女生阳性率高于男生(χ2=124.39,P＜0.01).有肺结核患者的学校PPD阳性和强阳性检出率高于无肺结核患者的学校(x2=31.76,P＜0.01),患者所在班级PPD总体阳性率高于无患者的班级(x2=9.28,P=0.01).结论 佛山市中小学学生结核菌感染率和活动性肺结核患病率较高,初中生、女生易感,患者所在班级和学校结核菌感染率较高.因此,要针对重点人群,加强佛山市中小学生结核病防治工作.     

沈阳市城市空间扩展的生态安全格局

在分析沈阳市1956-2004年6个时期市区空间扩展规律及其原因基础上,选择地势地貌、地面塌陷危害、水体(河流湖泊和水田)、林地、基本农田和土壤污染6个生态控制因子,将城市拓展区分为优先发展、适合发展、限制发展和严禁发展4个等级,最终形成生态安全格局,揭示了生态安全保障下城市空间扩展的趋势和方向.结果表明:1956-2004年建成区持续扩增;2000年前,沿着浑河在东北-西南轴向延伸程度较大;2001-2004年城市集中向南、跨越浑河开发了浑南新区.沈阳市发展初期,其格局主要由工业生产力布局塑造,政治、经济因素为主导,至2004年,建成区面积已达291 km2,再继续扩张,生态因素将成为城市发展的重要限制因子之一.生态安全格局显示东部、西部发展受到限制;北部、南部和西南部存在较大发展空间,尤其南部扩展空间更大,可以以南部为主要扩展方向.     

Fertile Woodwardia from the middle Eocene of South China and its implications for palaeogeography and palaeoclimate

The genus Woodwardia, which together with the genera Anchistea and Lorinseria comprise the subfamily Woodwardioideae of Blechnaceae, has a disjunct distribution across Central and North America, Europe and the temperate to tropical areas of Asia. Fossil records of Woodwardia occur throughout the Paleogene and Neogene of North America, Europe and Asia. However, well-preserved fertile pinna fossils of this genus have not yet been reported in South China. In this paper, a new species, W. changchangensis Naugolnykh et Song, sp. nov. is described from the middle Eocene of the Changchang Basin, Hainan Island, South China. Macromorphological and micromorphological features of the fertile pinna show a straight pinna rachis, alternate, subtriangular pinnules, acute pinnule apices, almost entire or slightly undulate pinnule margins, long-ovoid sori, stalked sporangia and spores with wing-like folds on the surface, which are characterised in detail. Overall, the present fossil is most similar to the extant species Woodwardia japonica, which mostly grows in warm and moist environments. The discovery of this new species from the Changchang Basin of Hainan Island indicates that this genus has been distributed in the low-latitude tropical regions of South China from as early as the middle Eocene. Based on this find, and previous studies of other ferns from the same site, we infer that the climate of the Palaeo-Hainan landscape during deposition of the Changchang Formation was warm and humid, similar to conditions prevailing today across this region.     

沈阳市交通生态效率与环境压力

用城市交通生态足迹的计算模型和方法对沈阳市交通生态足迹、生态效率与环境压力指数做了定量分析。结果表明:沈阳市2005年交通生态足迹为62×104hm2,其中,小轿车生态足迹为交通总足迹的49.7%,在交通足迹中影响最大;从城市交通生态效率看,公共汽车最高,为1.48×104人次.hm-2,小轿车最低,为900人次.hm-2;从城市交通环境压力指数看,小轿车最高,为11.37,公共汽车最低,为0.68。提高城市交通效率、减少污染排放带来的环境影响,需要从减少小轿车的交通占用、提高生态效率入手,同时提升公共交通所占比例,优化交通车辆结构,推动城市机动车辆生态效率的整体提高。