Non-Frankia actinomycetes isolated from surface-sterilized roots of Casuarina equisetifolia fix nitrogen

Based on partial 16S sequences, we previously described a novel group of nonsymbiotic, acetylene reduction activity-positive actinomycetes which were isolated from surface-sterilized roots of Casuarina equisetifolia growing in Mexico. An amplified rRNA restriction analysis confirmed that these actinomycetes are distinct from Frankia, a finding substantiated by a 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis of two of the Mexican isolates. Further support for these actinomycetes being separate from Frankia comes from the very low DNA-DNA homology that was found. Nevertheless, the Mexican isolates may be diazotrophs based not only on their ability to grow in N-free medium and reduce acetylene to ethylene but also on the results from (15)N isotope dilution analysis and the finding that a nifH gene was PCR amplified. A comparison of the nifH sequences from the various isolates showed that they are closely related to nifH from Frankia; the similarity was 84 to 98% depending on the host specificity group. An analysis of complete 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the two strains analyzed in detail are most closely related to actinobacteria in the Thermomonosporaceae and the Micromonosporaceae.     

Isolation and Identification of Actinobacteria from Surface-Sterilized Wheat Roots

This is the first report of filamentous actinobacteria isolated from surface-sterilized root tissues of healthy wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat roots from a range of sites across South Australia were used as the source material for the isolation of the endophytic actinobacteria. Roots were surface-sterilized by using ethanol and sodium hypochlorite prior to the isolation of the actinobacteria. Forty-nine of these isolates were identified by using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing and found to belong to a small group of actinobacterial genera including Streptomyces, Microbispora, Micromonospora, and Nocardiodes spp. Many of the Streptomyces spp. were found to be similar, on the basis of their 16S rDNA gene sequence, to Streptomyces spp. that had been isolated from potato scabs. In particular, several isolates exhibited high 16S rDNA gene sequence homology to Streptomyces caviscabies and S. setonii. None of these isolates, nor the S. caviscabies and S. setonii type strains, were found to carry the nec1 pathogenicity-associated gene or to produce the toxin thaxtomin, indicating that they were nonpathogenic. These isolates were recovered from healthy plants over a range of geographically and temporally isolated sampling events and constitute an important plant-microbe interaction.     

Isolation of Endophytic Streptomyces Strains from Surface-Sterilized Roots

When the roots of 28 plant species were surface sterilized and incubated on agar medium, endophytic actinomycetes in the root cortex were observed by direct microscopic observation and pure culture techniques.     

Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Actinomycetes Isolated from Plant Roots in Thailand

Microbiology - In this study, 37 endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from roots of 14 plant species obtained in Thailand, where biological diversity is known to be high. The isolates were...     

In Vitro Nitrogen Fixation by Two Actinomycete Strains Isolated from Casuarina Nodules

Acetylene reduction activity was demonstrated in pure cultures of two actinomycete strains isolated from nodules of Casuarina equisetifolia. This activity was comparable to that of free-living Rhizobium strains, but appeared to be less sensitive to pO₂ and more sensitive to the presence of combined nitrogen.     

基于DRIS法的短枝木麻黄苗期综合营养诊断

以我国东南沿海沙地主要造林树种短枝木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）一年生苗木为研究对象,应用氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）三元二次旋转回归法,根据现实生物量的差异,划分为2种不同的产量类型,同时结合室内养分含量分析,以高产量类型为最适值,制定了诊断施肥综合法（Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrate Sys-tem,简称DRIS）及指数法的营养诊断标准,研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥配比条件下苗木体内氮、磷、钾的养分含量及其需求程度,对短枝木麻黄进行苗期综合营养诊断分析。结果表明：施肥配比对短枝木麻黄苗木生物量积累规律有较大影响,苗木生物量最优解为19.84 g/株,对应的最佳施肥方案为氮、磷、钾分别施肥0.329 g/株、2.298 g/株、0.154 g/株。短枝木麻黄苗期小枝3种元素浓度的最佳比值范围为P/N=0.3174±0.1302;K/N=1.1010±0.506;K/P=3.5564±0.5075,以生长末期12月份各处理苗木为例,列出各元素的DRIS诊断指数及相对需肥次序,证实了营养诊断的准确性。     

Genetic variation of Casuarina equisetifolia subsp equisetifolia and C. equisetifolia subsp incana populations on the northern coast of Senegal

The genetic variation of 70 individual samples of Casuarina equisetifolia (L. Johnson) subsp equisetifolia and C. equisetifolia subsp incana growing along the northern coast of Senegal was analyzed with RAPD markers. Of the 160 primers tested, five were chosen; they generated 1396 reproducible bands and 61 polymorphic bands that were scored. This result showed a narrow genetic variation among (4.36%) and within (5.90%) C. equisetifolia subsp equisetifolia and C. equisetifolia subsp incana plantation sites. The genetic variation at each site revealed a high degree of polymorphism in Potou (5.90%) and low diversity in Retba (3.06%). In the dendrogram analyses, each sampling site was formed by two main groups. Similar results were found for the dendrograms based on the RAPD data gathered from the five different sites. These dendrograms revealed several polytomies in one of the subgroups, suggesting replication of the same specimens in different sites along the Senegalese coast. The RAPD data support the hypothesis that these populations are of the same provenance, subject to hybridization and inbreeding depression.     

辐射污染区土壤中放线菌的分离及多样性

从辐射污染区采集42份土样, 分别采用6种分离培养基进行放线菌的分离, 共获得152株放线菌。经形态、核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性内切酶(Amplifed ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, ARDRA)分析比较, 选取其中的60株进行16S rRNA基因测序。通过序列比对、聚类分析, 60株菌分布在放线菌纲中的12个属, 链霉菌属占大多数, 有大量稀有放线菌, 这表明辐射污染区具有较丰富的放线菌属种多样性。     

Development of SCAR marker in Casuarina equisetifolia for species authentication

Casuarina equisetifolia is one of the most extensively introduced tree species outside its natural range and is a true multipurpose species, providing a range of services and products for industrial and local end users. Natural hybrids of C. equisetifolia have been reported and a putative hybrid of C. junghuhniana and C. equisetifolia is commercially cultivated in Thailand and India. In Taiwan, studies have also revealed that most plants of Casuarina are the result of introgressive hybridization involving C. equisetifolia, C. glauca, and C. cunninghamiana causing difficulty in species identification. The present study was aimed at developing DNA markers for the identification of C. equisetifolia. Seven ISSR primers were amplified in 120 individuals belonging to three species of Casuarina (C. equisetifolia, C. glauca and C. junghuhniana) and two Allocasuarina species (A. littoralis and A. huegeliana). One species-specific amplicon at 650 bp amplified in all individuals of C. equisetifolia was cloned, sequenced and primer pairs were developed and designated as IFGTBCE01. The sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was multiplexed with internal SSR primer pair (positive control) and amplified in ten randomly selected individuals of C. equisetifolia, C. junghuhniana, C. glauca, A. littoralis and A. huegeliana. The species-specific band amplified only in C. equisetifolia at 500 bp. Subsequently, the SCAR marker was validated in 30 individuals collected from 10 provenances belonging to 9 countries and in 10 locally selected clones. The marker was validated in the natural male hybrid of C. equisetifolia × C. junghuhniana which is widely planted in India for fast growth, wide adaptability and good form. Hence, this marker can be used for accurate and rapid identification of the species during certification and determination of putative hybrids in breeding programs.     

木麻黄抗逆性研究进展

木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)是热带、亚热带常绿乔木,天然生长于滨海疏松沙土中,为多用途速生树种.长期生长在恶劣的沿海气候和环境中使其具有较强的抗盐、抗风、耐瘠薄、抗涝能力.木麻黄已广泛种植于我国东南沿海,主要用于防风固沙、盐碱地改良和干旱地区绿化等,在防御沿海自然灾害、改善生态环境方面发挥了巨大作用.杂交和盐碱地露地育苗等技术使木麻黄的抗寒性也得到了较大提高.本文就近年来木麻黄抗非生物胁迫的研究进行了综述,旨在为合理开发和利用木麻黄资源提供参考依据.     

Water repellency of Casuarina windbreaks (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) caused by fungi in central Taiwan

The water repellent layer (WRL) in the Casuarina plantation near Taichung Harbor in central Taiwan is mainly due to the development of filamentous fungi. The hyphae of the isolated fungi and the metabolites of the TCHC-5 and TCHC-20 fungi are also significantly hydrophobic. In the soil layers, humic substances decrease the phosphorus fixation and contribute to the formation of WRL. The hydrophobic properties of humic substances are unfavorable for the nutrient cycling in this area. The water contact angles of fulvic acids and humic acids are pH-dependent. Increasing the solution pH value reduces the hydrophobic strength for fulvic acids and/or humic acids. TCHC-15 and TCHC-16 isolated fungi exude strong acidic metabolites (pH 2.7–3.0). This may result in polymerization and/or precipitation of fulvic acids and humic acids and increase the hydrophobic strength of the soil layers. Humic substances with aliphatic chains are the main components that form WRL in soils. Soil pH may be an indicator of the hydrophobic potential for organic matters.     

Geosmin, an Earthy-Smelling Substance Isolated from Actinomycetes

Geosmin, an earthy-smelling substance, has been isolated from several actinomycetes. Production of 1 mg per liter of whole broth was obtained from Streptomyces griseus LP-16. After preliminary separations, pure geosmin was isolated in milligram amounts by gas chromatography. Geosmin is a neutral oil, with an approximate boiling point of 270 C, which contains carbon and hydrogen, but no nitrogen. It undergoes a reaction with acid to give odorless argosmin, a neutral oil, with an approximate boiling point of 230 C, which contains only carbon and hydrogen. Specific rotation and ultraviolet- and infrared-absorbtion spectra were determined for both.     

The Cuticle, Epidermis and Stomatal Ontogeny of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst

The cuticle, epidermis and stomatal ontogeny of Casuarina equisetifoliaForst. is described. The cuticle shows well marked impressionsof the epidermal cells and stomata. The epidermis of leaf andstem shows transversely oriented, tetracytic, mesoperigenousstomata with two lateral mesogene subsidiaries and two polarperigene neighbouring cells. Although the epidermal structureof Casuarina shows a good deal of resemblance with that of theBennettitales, it may not indicate any phylogenetic relationshipssince there are important differences in the structure and reproductionof the plants of these two groups.     

木麻黄抗逆性研究进展

木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)是热带、亚热带常绿乔木, 天然生长于滨海疏松沙土中, 为多用途速生树种。长期生长在恶劣的沿海气候和环境中使其具有较强的抗盐、抗风、耐瘠薄、抗涝能力。木麻黄已广泛种植于我国东南沿海, 主要用于防风固沙、盐碱地改良和干旱地区绿化等, 在防御沿海自然灾害、改善生态环境方面发挥了巨大作用。杂交和盐碱地露地育苗等技术使木麻黄的抗寒性 也得到了较大提高。本文就近年来木麻黄抗非生物胁迫的研究进行了综述, 旨在为合理开发和利用木麻黄资源提供参考依据。     

短枝木麻黄小枝单宁对其幼苗生长及单宁含量的效应

以短枝木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)小枝中提取的单宁处理其幼苗,探讨其化感作用及其对幼苗单宁含量的影响.结果表明,单宁对木麻黄幼苗的生长有显著抑制作用,且随着处理浓度的升高,抑制作用逐渐增强,处理15 d后,单宁的化感作用对芽长的抑制程度显著高于根长.单宁处理后,幼苗体内单宁含量也发生显著变化,随着处理浓度的升高而逐渐降低,尤其是总酚和可溶性缩合单宁的含量,单宁溶液的浓度与被处理幼苗体内单宁含量间有显著的线性负相关.因此,短枝木麻黄体内的单宁会对同种的幼苗产生化感作用,这种化感作用不仅影响幼苗的生长和发育,也会通过影响幼苗体内次生代谢物质的形成而影响幼苗对食草动物和其他不利因素的抵抗能力.     

PEG模拟干旱条件下木麻黄幼苗的生理变化

以木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia15个家系品种为材料,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫环境,设置三个胁迫强度处理(轻度、中度、重度胁迫),研究受胁迫2月龄木麻黄幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,经干旱胁迫处理后,各家系幼苗叶片MDA含量随胁迫强度增大而增大,但增幅差异较大;不同干旱胁迫水平下,各家系SOD活性存在一定差异;重度胁迫条件下,除粤杂交家系外,其余家系脯氨酸含量与对照相比均为显著增加。采用主成分分析法进行抗旱性综合评价,表明MDA含量是反映水分胁迫最重要的指标。各指标综合分析结果表明,家系701、莆20、抗3、惠2、南山7和东山2抗旱性能力较好;东山短、601、59、A13抗旱能力一般;千头、粤杂交、抗1、龙4和平5抗旱能力较差。     

基于天然更新性能筛选海南岛木麻黄海防林混交树种

基于对海南木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia L.)海防林天然更新情况的实地调查,采用更新数量、更新分布范围和更新结构3项单目标评价方法和熵权综合评价方法,对不同树种在木麻黄林下的天然更新性能进行评价和排序,据此筛选出适宜在木麻黄林下天然更新的树种。结果显示,更新能力较强的树种有:乔木树种潺槁木姜子(Litsea glutinosa(Lour.)C.B.Rob.)、大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth)、苦楝(Melia azedarace L.)和鹊肾树(Streblus asper Lour.);小乔木鸦胆子(Brucea javanica(Linn.)Merr.)、露兜树(Pandanus tectorius Sol.)和暗罗(Polyalthia suberosa(Roxb.)Thw.);灌木酒饼簕(Atalantia buxifolia(Poir.)Oliv.)、调料九里香(Murraya koenigii(L.)Spreng.)、刺篱木(Flacourtia indica(Burm.F.)Merr.)和基及树(Carmona microphylla(lam.)G.Don)。具有一定更新潜力的树种有:乔木树种榄仁树(Terminalia catappa L.)、红厚壳(Calophyllum inophyllum L.)等;小乔木粗糠柴(Mallotus philippensis(Lam.)Muell.Arg.)、八脉臭黄荆(Premna octonervia Merr.et Metc.)等;灌木苦郎树(Clerodendrum inerme(L.)Gaertn.)、九节(Psychotria rubra(Lour.)Poir.)等。小乔木和灌木是海防林的伴生树种,适当保留和种植可提高木麻黄林的物种多样性和层次结构。选用天然更新良好的树种与木麻黄混交,最终可实现海防林由人工林向“近自然”林的转化。