FURTHER STUDIES ON MEIOSIS IN THE MYXOMYCETES

Ross, Ian K. (Yale U., New Haven, Conn.) Further studies on meiosis in the Myxomycetes. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(3): 244–248. Illus. 1961.—Photomicrographs of meiotic figures in 5 species of Myxomycetes are presented as further evidence of the time and location of meiosis in these organisms. Three members of the Physarales studied differed from species studied previously in that the cleavage of the protoplasm began during the second meiotic division and not after the divisions had been completed. Chromosome numbers were found to be in accord with previous observations and ranged from n = 25 to 90 depending on the species.     

福建水稻蓟马的考察续报

关于福建水稻蓟马的调查研究,我组曾在《昆虫学报》第18卷第1期进行过报道,现将近两年继续进行调查研究的结果续报如下。 我省为害水稻的蓟马主要有两种,即稻蓟马(Thrips oryzae Williams)和稻管蓟马[Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius)]。稻蓟马近几年来在全省各地发生为害都较为严重,成为水稻秧田期和分蘖期的一种重要稻虫。     

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE KINETICS OF OSMOSIS IN LIVING CELLS

Using unfertilized eggs of Arbacia punctulata as natural osmometers an attempt has been made to account for the course of swelling and shrinking of these cells in anisotonic solutions by means of the laws governing osmosis and diffusion. The method employed has been to compute permeability of the cell to water, as measured by the rate of volume change per unit of cell surface per unit of osmotic pressure outstanding between the cell and its medium. Permeability to water as here defined and as somewhat differently defined by Northrop is approximately constant during swelling and shrinking, at least for the first several minutes of these processes. Permeability is found to be independent of the osmotic pressure of the solution in which cells are swelling. Water is found to leave cells more readily than it enters, that is, permeability is greater during exosmosis than during endosmosis.     

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MECHANISM OF PHAGE ACTION

1. The reaction between an antistaphlycoccal phage and the homologous bacterium has been studied, applying the following experimental technics not used in earlier work reported from this laboratory: (a) Both the activity assay and the plaque count were utilized for determining [phage]. (b) Sampling was done at short intervals; i.e., every 0.1 hour. (c) Extracellular phage was separated from the cell-bound fraction by a filtration procedure permitting passage of < 95 per cent of free phage. 2. Using these technics, the reaction was followed: (a) with pH maintained at 6.10 and temperature at 28°C. to slow the process; (b) with pH maintained at 7.2 and temperature at 36°C. 3. In addition separate experiments were performed on the sorption of phage by bacteria at 30°, 23°, and 0°C. 4. At pH 6.10 and 28°C. the phage-bacterium reaction proceeds in the following sequence: (a) There is an initial phase of rapid logarithmic sorption of phage to susceptible cells, during which the total phage activity and the plaque numbers in the mixtures remain constant. (b) When 90 per cent of the phage has been bound, there is a sudden very rapid increase in phage activity not paralleled by an increase in plaques; i.e., phage is formed intracellularly, but is retained within cellular confines. (c) After a further drop in the extracellular phage fraction there occurs a pronounced increase in the total phage plaque count not accompanied by any increase in total activity. This indicates a redistribution of phage formed intracellularly. At the same time there is a rise in the extracellular phage curves (both activity and plaque). (d) With the concentrations of phage and bacteria used in the experiment carried out at pH 6.1 and 28°C. there are two further increments in [phage]_act. before massive lysis begins. (e) During terminal lysis there are sharp rises in the curves for [total phage]_plaq., [extracellular phage]_act., and [extracellular phage]_plaq.. (f) Immediately after the completion of lysis there is a considerable disparity between measurements of total phage and extracellular phage, probably occasioned by the association of phage molecules with cellular debris, the latter being of sufficient size to be removed by the super-cel filters. 5. At pH 7.2 and 36°C. the steps in the phage production curve as determined by activity assay and plaque count are much less prominent than those observed at pH 6.1 and 28°C. However, the plateaus described by Ellis and Delbrück (10) for B. coli and coli phage can be detected also in the present case if frequent samples are taken. 6. The sorption experiments show a significant rise in the rate of phage uptake with increase in temperature, again supporting the view that the reaction involves more than a purely physical adsorption. 7. Delbrück''s objections to: (a) the use of the activity assay for determining [total phage] in mixtures of phage and susceptible cells, and (b), to the demonstration of phage precursor in "activated" bacteria have been analyzed. 8. The activity assay has been demonstrated to be an accurate procedure for determining either phage free in solution or phage bound to living susceptible cells, under the conditions of the experiments reported here and in earlier work. 9. The titration values obtained in the experiments designed to exhibit intracellular phage precursor are not the result of artifacts as Delbrück has inferred. The data can be interpreted in terms of the precursor theory, although other explanations are not ruled out.     

鱼类的特殊动力作用的研究进展

鱼类能量学的中心问题是阐明鱼体能量收支各组分之间的定量关系,以及各种生态因子对这些关系的作用,探讨鱼类调节其能量分配的生理生态学机制,并从资源利用对策的角度阐明物种在进化中的适应性问题。       

鲤脑促性腺激素释放激素分布的进一步研究

鱼类促性腺激素释放激素GRH核群与神经纤维的分布,潘家秀等1979曾报道11月份采集的卵巢处于Ⅳ期准备过冬的鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)颅腔经甲醇注射后下丘脑GRH的酶免疫标记定位结果:免疫活性GRH(ir-GRH)核群在视前区、视前隐窝区、前脑侧束区、下丘脑外侧区、视交叉等处均有ir-GRH纤维分布。本文报道的是2月份采集的鲤,即垂体促性腺激素GTH含量最丰富时(曹术超等1975),怀卵鲤脑及垂体ir-GRH的酶免疫标记。 结节外侧核(NLT)对于鱼类生殖功能有调节作用(Peter等,1978;Roi,1973),然而11月鲤鱼NLT未能染出ir—GRH。本文除采用另一季节的鲤鱼继续标染外,也试用抗     

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ACTION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS ON FLOWERING OF DUCKWEED, LEMNA GIBBA G3

1. The maximum inhibition of flowering of a long-day duckweed,L. gibba G3, occurred when amino acid was added to the culturemedium on the third long-day. Lysine could reverse the inhibitionnon-specifically.
2. When the concentration ratio of endogenousarginine to endogenouslysine was under 10, the flowering processesprogressed normally,and the flower production decreased withthe increase of theratio from 10 to 20.
3. These and relevantfindings support our previous conclusionthat in vivo free aminoacids may contribute in establishingintracellular state determiningwhether certain essential reaction(s)involved inflowering processescan proceed normally or not.

( Accepted February 15, 1965)