普通小麦×栽培二棱大麦属间杂种及其回交后代选育和染色体的稳定性

以小麦为母本与大麦杂交,通过幼胚培养,获得小大麦属间杂种。杂种自交不育。以中国春和昌农82小麦的混合花粉给杂种授粉,得到回交一代(BC_1F_1),结实率为4.35％。以78380—1和密穗早小麦的混合花粉及小偃107分别与 BC_1F_1回交,获得回交二代(BC_2F_1),结实率为45.45％和31.25％。F_1体细胞染色体数为非整倍体,其变幅从18到27条之间,以2n=2l条较多。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体细胞为37.0％,1—4个不等二价体细胞为63.0％。F_1形态类似普通小麦。回交后代表型多为亲本中间型,也有少数超亲现象。在BC_2F_4代中,整倍体细胞(2n=42)占大多数(80.83％),染色体构型比较复杂,主要有21Ⅲ,20Ⅲ+2 Ⅰ和19Ⅲ十4 Ⅰ三种,以21Ⅲ的细胞较多(75.03％)。从分离后代中选育出单体(21Ⅲ+1 Ⅰ)和二体(22Ⅲ)异附加系及具突出性状的新类型。     

太古核不育小麦显性不育基因的染色体组测定

以太谷核不育小麦为母本与5个四倍体小麦种——硬粒小麦、波斯小麦、波兰小麦、埃及小麦、东方小麦为父本,进行杂交和回交。杂种F_1育性分离比例是:不育株与可育株为1:1,染色体构型为14Ⅱ+7Ⅰ。不育株的回交后代是随着回交次数的增加,分离出的不育株数逐次减少,可育株数逐次增多,极显著偏离1:1;BC_3不育株绝大多数染色体构型为14 Ⅱ+1 Ⅰ,带有一个单价体,BC_3可育株染色体构型为14Ⅱ。杂种F_1的可育株,其回交后代全是可育株,没有分离出1株不育株。以太谷核不育小麦为母本与3个六倍体小麦种—印度矮生小麦、瓦维洛夫小麦、密穗小麦为父本,进行杂交和回交,其后代育性分离比始终为1:1。测定结果表明:太谷核不育小麦的显性不育基因是在D组染色体的某个染色体上。因而这个基因不能直接导入不含有D组染色体的小麦种中去,如硬粒小麦。     

八倍体小滨麦的形成及细胞遗传学研究

通过普通小麦(AABBDD 2n=42)与滨麦(JJNN 2n=28)杂种幼胚培养,获得F_17株(ABDJN 2n=35)。用秋水仙碱处理分蘖节后,再用普通小麦回交得到11粒种子。幼胚培养后得到BC_1F_17株(AABBDDJN 2n=56)。经过连续自交选育至BC_1F_0代,获得3种穗型的八倍体小滨麦(AABBDDJJ或AABBDDNN)。根尖细胞染色体数目为52—56。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ,2n=28Ⅱ的细胞占45.38—48.89%,染色体构型为1.69Ⅰ+27.07Ⅱ+0.06Ⅲ。株高89—105厘米;穗长13—16厘米;小花数96—108个;籽粒红色、大粒、不饱满,千粒重44.5—51克;自交和天然结实率分别为27.70—54.58%,49.48—58.63%;成熟期偏晚;耐寒耐旱;抗条锈、秆锈、叶锈、赤霉和白粉病。     

一个异源胞质单体附加系小麦的遗传分析

以长穗偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata=Agropyron elongatum,2n=70)为母本,普通小麦为父本,进行核代换回交,在第九次回交的F_1(BC,F_1)代里,发现了一个异源胞质单体附加系小麦,代号E617。以E617做母本,普通小麦做父本进行杂交,杂种F_1出现正常株和弱株两种类型。正常株具有43条染色体,弱株具有42条染色体。反交,以普通小麦做母本,E617做父本,杂种F_1,无论是具有43条染色体还是具有42条染色体的植株,都是正常的。正反杂交结果表明,长穗偃麦草细胞质对普通小麦的细胞核产生了抑制作用,使核质杂种生长不正常,而附加一条特异的长穗偃麦草染色体(或端体),就能消除长穗偃麦草细胞质的抑制作用,使核质杂种恢复正常生长。     

将簇毛麦种质转移给小麦的研究

簇毛麦经鉴定发现,对白粉病免疫,籽粒蛋白质含量高。小麦和它杂交时四倍体种比六倍体种易于成功,但后者的不孕F_1回交结实率高于前者,且自交结实在BC_1即有出现,BC_2已达70％以上。簇毛麦性状在F_1呈显性,BC_1开始分离,其表达有逐代变弱趋势,但连续选择可使回交高代保留这些性状。F_1减数分裂染色体构型以单价体为主,但回交可使后代二价体数上升,这在(六倍体小麦×簇毛麦)后代中尤为明显。获得了一批可望确定为外来添加系的2n=43或44的抗白粉病BC_4和一个硬粒小麦与簇毛麦间的异源多倍体材料。     

“缺体回交法”选育普通小麦异代换系方法的研究

利用从蓝单体自交分离得到的自花结实的4D缺体小麦(缺72180、缺天选15)作母本与3个不同的八倍体小偃麦(小偃784、小偃7631和小偃78829)杂交,再以缺体作为轮回亲本,从F_1或F_2开始连续回交1—2次,在回交中,缺体无论作父本或母本都得到了异代换系,并且发现:(1)在回交过程中,用缺体作母本比作父本更为有效;(2)F_1自交,在F_2群体中选择生长比较正常,染色体数比较少的植株回交,比F_1作母本直接回交效果更好。并对所得的异代换系的特征特性进行了初步的观察研究,发现中间偃麦草(Agropyron intermedium2n=42) 4E染色体(以下用4Ei表示)、长穗偃麦草(Agropyron clongatum 2n=70)的4E染色体(带蓝粒基因,以下用4Ee表示)和4F染色体(带毛叶基因,以下用4Fe表示)均能正常补偿小麦4D染色体。异代换系生长旺盛,育性正常。初步总结了缺体与八倍体小偃麦杂交,回交过程中异代换系的形成规律,证明了“缺体回交法”可以推广应用于八倍体小偃麦等人工合成的新物种,以选育普通小麦异代换系。     

一个超矮秆核质杂种小麦的初步研究

在用普通小麦对长穗偃麦草(Etytrigia elongata=Agropyron elongatum,2n=70)的核代换回交过程中,在BC_9F_1发现了一个超矮秆核质杂种小麦,株高35厘米左右,定名为小偃矮。细胞学观察和与普通小麦正反杂交的遗传分析,证明:(1) 小偃矮是一个异源胞质单体附加系(21″W+1′Ag);(2) 长穗偃麦草细胞质和附加的外来染色体没有携带矮秆基因;(3) 矮秆遗传主要受细胞核内一对显性矮化基因控制。     

异细胞质诱发硬粒小麦雌雄蕊败育的研究

本文研究以具有D染色体组的偏凸山羊草(Aegliops ventricosa 2n=4x=28 DDM~vM~v)为母本,硬粒小麦(Triticum durum D_(213)和阿波罗[Appulo]2n=4x=28 AABB)为父本的异细胞质硬粒小麦杂种的结实性。采用(偏凸山羊草×D_(213))F_1(以下简称F_1)为母本,用硬粒小麦阿波罗置换回交,至(偏凸山羊草×D_(213))×阿波罗(以下简称BC_3)时,杂种植株雄蕊、雌蕊发生退化、败育和各种畸变,导致植株结实率下降到零。这种D染色体组异细胞质杂种经多代回交后不结实的现象是遗传育种工作中不可忽视的问题。     

紧穗野生稻的褐飞虱抗性导入栽培稻的研究

栽培品种的远缘野生种O.eichingeri (2n=24,CC染色体组)是褐飞虱的重要抗源。为了将原产乌干达的O.eichingeri两个编号材料的褐飞虱抗性导入栽培稻02428中,利用胚培养技术获得了两个组合的F.杂种,可交配力分别为0.36％和1.62％。所得F.杂种生长旺盛,分蘖力强,但高度不育,其花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ二价体数为0～4个,平均1.33～1.37。F_1植株用02428回交及套袋自交产生的BC_1F_1和F_2植株形态相似,染色体组均为AAC,花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ染色体构型为(12.02～12.18)Ⅰ (11.67～11.89)Ⅱ (0.04～0.19)Ⅲ,均表现完全不育。进一步检查了42个BC_1F_2植株和9个BC_2F_1植株的染色体数目,其变幅为24～38,从中筛选到2n=25及2n=24的植株各21个,其中5个整倍体植株对褐飞虱表现抗,说明两份紧穗野生稻载有抗性基因的染色体片段已成功转入02428中。本研究还发现一些株高及每穗粒数等明显超亲的材料,这可能与染色体组A与C上某些基因的互作有关。     

普通小麦与黑麦属间杂种(F_1)育性特点的研究

34个小麦品种(系)与黑麦进行了杂交,结果表明:亲和性在供试材料间存在明显差异,其中12个小麦品种表现了与中国春相似的亲和性;对34个小麦/黑麦属间杂种(F_1)的回交结实率和开放授粉条件下的自交结实率的统计表明,杂种育性普遍较差,但不同组合间存在明显不同,其回交与自交结实率的变异幅度分别为0—4.50%和0—3.087粒/穗;小麦与黑麦属间杂种(F_1)育性与杂交亲和性间存在明显相关,回交和自交结实率以及能够回交和自交结实组合的出现频率均随亲和性的增加而表现增加的趋势;在小麦品种演化过程中,亲和性与杂种育性均表现降低的趋势;小麦/黑麦属间杂种(F_1)PMC MI染色体配对水平普遍较低,平均交叉结仅为0.359,但组合间存在一定差异,变幅为0—1.3;平均99.936%的杂种(F_1)花粉表现败育,仅有0.064%的杂种(F_1)花粉能被KI—I_2正常染色,杂种(F_1)染色体配对水平与正常染色花粉频率、正常染色花粉频率与自交结实率间存在一定程度的相关性,相关系数分别为0.209和0.205。     

Visualization of Secale cereale DNA in wheat germ plasm by fluorescent in situ hybridization

Homozygous wheat/rye (1BL/1RS or 1AS/ 1RL) translocation lines have significantly contributed to wheat production, and several other wheat/rye translocation lines show a potential promise against biotic and abiotic stresses. Detecting the presence of rye at the chromosome level is feasible by C-banding and isozyme protocols, but the diagnostic strength of genomic in situ hybridization for eventually analyzing smaller DNA introgressions has greater significance. As a first step we have applied the genomic in situ hybridization technique to detect rye chromosomes in a wheat background using germ plasm of agricultural significance. By this method rye contributions to the translocations 1BL/1RS, 1AL/1RS, 5AS/5RL and 6BS/6RL could be identified. Differential labelling has further enabled the detection of rye and Thinopyrum bessarabicum chromosomes in a trigeneric hybrid of Triticum aestivum/Th. bessarabicum//Secale cereale.     

Analysis of hybrids of durum wheat with Thinopyrum junceiforme using RAPD markers

 The objective of this study was to detect the presence of alien chromatin in intergeneric hybrids of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum, 2n=4x=28; AABB genomes) with the perennial grass Thinopyrum junceiforme (2n=4x=28; J₁J₁J₂J₂) using RAPD markers. The first step was to identify amplification of species-specific DNA markers in the parental grass species and durum wheat cultivars. Initially, the genomic DNA of five grass species (Thinopyrum junceiforme, Th. bessarabicum, Lophopyrum elongatum, Leymus karataviensis and Elytrigia pycnantha) and selected durum cultivars (‘Langdon’, ‘Durox’, ‘Lloyd’, ‘Monroe’, and ‘Medora’) was screened with 40 oligonucleotide primers (nano-mers). Three oligonucleotides that amplified DNA fragments specific to a grass species or to a durum cultivar were identified. Primer PR21 amplified DNA fragments specific to each of the five durum cultivars, and primers PR22 and PR23 amplified fragments specific to each of the grass species. Intergeneric hybrids between the durum cultivars ‘Langdon’, ‘Lloyd’ and ‘Durox’ and Th. junceiforme, and their backcross (BC) progeny were screened with all 40 primers. Six primers amplified parent-specific DNA fragments in the F₁ hybrids and their BC₁ progeny. Three primers, PR22, PR23 and PR41, that amplified Th. junceiforme DNA fragments in both F₁ and BC₁ were further analyzed. The presence of an amplified 1.7-kb Th. junceiforme DNA fragment in the F₁ hybrids and BC₁ progeny was confirmed using Southern analysis by hybridization with both Th. junceiforme genomic DNA and Th. junceiforme DNA amplified with primer PR41. With the exception of line BC₁F₂ no. 5, five selfed progeny of BC₁ and a BC₂ of line 3 (BC₁F₂ no. 3בLloyd’) from a cross of ‘Lloyd’×Th. junceiforme showed the presence of the 1.7-kb DNA fragment. All selfed BC₁ and BC₂ lines retained the 600-bp fragment that was confirmed after hybridization with Th. junceiforme DNA amplified with primer PR22. Other experiments using RFLP markers also showed the presence of up to seven Th. junceiforme DNA fragments in the F₁ hybrids and their BC progeny after hybridization with Th. junceiforme DNA amplified with primer PR41. These studies show the usefulness of molecular markers in detecting alien chromatin/DNA fragments in intergeneric hybrids with durum wheat. Received: 21 November 1996 / Accepted: 21 March 1997     

Transfer of Brassica tournefartii (TT) genes to allotetraploid oilseed Brassica species (B. juncea AABB, B. napus AACC, B. carinata BBCC): homoeologous pairing is more pronounced in the three-genome hybrids (TACC, TBAA, TCAA, TCBB) as compared to allodiploids (TA, TB, TC)

For the transfer of genes from B. tournefortii (TT) to the allotetraploid oilseed brassicas, B. juncea AABB, B. carinata BBCC and B. napus AACC, B. tournefortii was first crossed with the three basic diploid species, B. campestris (AA), B. nigra (BE) and B. oleracea (CC), to produce the allodiploids TA, TB and TC. These were tetraploidized by colchicine treatment to produce the allotetraploids TTAA, TTBB and TTCC, which were further crossed with B. juncea and B. napus to produce three-genome hybrids with substitution-type genomic configurations: TACC, TBAA and TCAA. These hybrids along with another hybrid TCBB produced earlier, the three allodiploids, their allotetraploids and the four diploid parent species were studied for their male meiotic behaviour. The diploid parent and the allotetraploids (TTAA, TTBB and TTCC) showed regular meiosis although the pollen viability was generally low in the allotetraploids. In the allodiploids (TA, TB and TC) only some end-to-end associations were observed without any clearly discernible chiasmata or exchange points. Chromosomes involved in end-to-end associations were randomly distributed at the metaphase/anaphase-I stages. In contrast, the three-genome hybrids (TACC, TBAA, TCAA and TCBB) showed normal bivalents whose number exceeded the expected bivalent values. Bivalents arising out of homoeologous pairing were indistinguishable from normal pairs by their disjunction pattern but could be distinguished on the basis of the heteromorphy of the homoeologous chromosomes. The three-genome hybrids could be backcrossed to allotetraploid oilseed brassicas as they had some fertility. In contrast, the allodiploids could neither be selfed nor back-crossed. On the basis of their meiotic stability, in terms of more pronounced homoeologous pairing and fertility for backcrossing, the three-genome configurations provide the best possible situation for the introgression of alien genes from the secondary gene pool to the allotetraploid oilseed crops B. juncea, B. napus and B. carinata.     

普通小麦—簇毛麦异附加系和异代换系的C—分带鉴定

用改良的C-分带技术鉴定南京农业大学细胞遗传研究室获得的普通小麦的簇毛麦V_2、V_3、V_4、V_6、V_7染色体异附加系和V_2、V_5异代换系,得到与N-分带和染色体配对分析一致的结果,并且由于C-分带可同时鉴别小麦全部21对染色体,鉴定出V_2异代换系中被代换掉的小麦染色体为1A。     

几种异质小麦核型的比较研究

本文以普通小麦中国春为对照,对(节节麦)中国春、(卵圆山羊草)中国春和(无芒山羊草)中国春3种同核异质杂种小麦的核型进行了分析比较,结果表明:它们的核型都与对照的一致,其核型公式均为2n=6x=42=36m+6sm,均属1A核型,从而证明了异源细胞质对普通小麦核型无明显影响。     

Meiosis and fertility of F1 hybrids between hexaploid bread wheat and decaploid tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum)

As the first step in the transfer of barely yellow dwarf virus resistance and salt tolerance from decaploid tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) into hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), octoploid intergeneric hybrids (2n = 8x = 56) were synthesized by crossing the tall wheatgrass cultivar Alkar with wheat cvs. Fukuhokomugi (Fuko) and Chinese Spring. (Fuko x Alkar) F₁ hybrids were studied in detail. The F₁ hybrids were perennial and generally resembled the male wheatgrass parent with regard to morphological features and gliadin profile. Most hybrids were euploid with 56 chromosomes and showed high chromosome pairing. On an average, in 6 hybrids 83.6% of the complement showed chiasmatic association, some between wheat and wheatgrass chromosomes. Such a high homoeologous pairing would be obtained if Ph1, the major homoeologous pairing suppressor in wheat, was somehow inactivated. Some of the Fuko x Alkar hybrids had high pollen fertility (18.5–42.0% with a mean of 31.5%) and high seed fertility (3–29 seeds wtih a mean of 12.3 seeds per spike), offering excellent opportunities for their direct backcrossing onto the wheat parent.     

Mitochondrial DNA patterns are similar in gametosomatic and somatic hybrids of two Nicotiana species

Summary The segregation and recombination patterns of mitochondrial genome in the somatic hybrids of Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustica were studied by RFLP analysis using four heterologous mitochondrial DNA probes, namely cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII), 26s rDNA and 5s-18s rDNA. These RFLP patterns were compared with those of the gametosomatic hybrids of these two species. A preponderance of N. rustica type patterns was observed in the somatic hybrids. One of the somatic hybrids had N. rustica type pattern with COI probe, novel pattern with COII, and 26s rDNA probe and N. tabacum type pattern with 5s-18s rDNA probe. These patterns are identical to those of some of the gametosomatic hybrids and could only be due to the recombination of mitochondrial genomes of the two parents. The extent and the nature of recombination of mitochondrial genomes is similar in gametosomatic and somatic hybrids.     

The failure of the introduction of wild boar Sus scrofa in the island of Cyprus: a case study

Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) were introduced in the island of Cyprus in 1990, when five animals were imported from Greece for game farming. In 1994, wild boars were illegally released in Lemesos (Limassol) Forest and in 1996 in the Troodos National Forest Park. Soon the population increased and dispersed throughout the park. In 1997, the government of Cyprus decided to eradicate wild boar because of the danger of transmitting diseases to livestock and to prevent possible environmental destruction. To control the wild boar, hunting was permitted and game wardens were instructed to eliminate the free-ranging animals. In 2004, no animals were observed in localities where they had been seen before. Surveys in September 2004 (Troodos National Park) and January/February 2005 (Troodos Forest, Pafos Forest, and Lemesos Forest) revealed no signs of recent wild boar presence. The reasons for the possible failure of wild boar to establish in Cyprus are discussed.     

Effects of alien cytoplasm substitution on the response of wheat cultivars to Septoria nodorum

The effects of alien cytoplasm substitution on the response of wheat to Septoria nodorum were studied, using alloplasmic series of two cultivars, Chris and Selkirk. In general, cytoplasmic substitution caused unidirectional effects on Septoria-response, alloplasmic lines of both cultivars expressing lower levels of partial resistance (in leaf and head tissue) but higher levels of yield tolerance than the corresponding euplasmic line. The reduced resistance in alloplasmics was closely associated with reduced incubation periods of Septoria infection in both leaf and head tissue. Cytoplasmic substitution resulted in increased yield tolerance to Septoria-infection in both the non-tolerant Selkirk and the relatively tolerant Chris. Unlike their effects on partial resistance, specific cytoplasms exerted similar effects on tolerance in the two parental cultivars, several cytoplasms of the D plasmatype being particularly effective in increasing Septoria-tolevance. The potential for the development of Septoria-toterant cultivars by the incorporation of alien cytoplasms is discussed, in view of the observed neutral effects of D plasmatype cytoplasms on other agronomic traits.     

长穗偃麦草基因组中与耐低磷营养胁迫有关的基因的染色体定位

以中国春－长穗偃麦草二体异附加系和二体异代换系为材料，对其耐低磷营养胁迫特性进行鉴定和遗传分析，结果表明（１）长穗偃麦草的４Ｅ一＾ 色体携有耐低营养胁迫的基因，且其效应远远超过背景亲本中国春。