衣原体疫苗研究进展

衣原体是一类专一细胞内寄生的人兽共患病病原体,所引起的动物及人类疾病相当广泛。本文以亚单位疫苗及DNA疫苗为重点,对衣原体疫苗的研究状况做了简要的介绍。     

减毒活疫苗作为DNA疫苗载体的研究进展

由于胞内感染菌与宿主细胞之间的相互作用,使相应的减毒活疫苗有可能成为更为理想的DNA疫苗载体,本文就减毒活疫苗作为理想的DNA疫苗的生物学基因,研究进展,存在的问题等方面进行综述。     

衣原体质粒的研究进展

衣原体质粒是一个分子量约为7.5 kb,基因序列高度保守,非整合性的DNA分子,广泛存在于沙眼衣原体的各个血清型中,鼠衣原体和鹦鹉热衣原体也携带该质粒.近年来,人们发现衣原体质粒是一种毒力因子,可以导致小鼠输卵管积水.动物实验显示质粒缺失株可作为减毒活疫苗来预防衣原体感染所致的生殖道和眼睛的病变.不仅如此,衣原体质粒还是一种有效的基因操纵工具,可用于沙眼衣原体致病机制的研究.因此,开展对衣原体质粒的研究具有重要的意义.     

呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗及其抗体制剂的研究进展

呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)感染是一个全球性的健康问题,目前临床上仍缺乏特异的治疗手段。接种疫苗主动免疫预防或使用抗体制剂被动免疫预防是避免重症感染和减少死亡的重要措施。针对不同的人群,须研制不同类型的RSV疫苗：减毒活疫苗对婴儿来说,可能是最佳选择;亚单位疫苗有引起增强型呼吸道疾病的风险,不适合RSV血清学阴性的婴幼儿接种,主要适用于老年人和孕妇。研发安全且有效的RSV疫苗难度大,虽然已有30余种RSV疫苗进入临床研究阶段,并显示出应用潜力,其中F纳米颗粒疫苗已率先进入III期临床试验,但在老年人和孕妇中未达预期效果。在RSV流行季节前,使用特异性抗体制剂也是预防高危人群严重RSV感染性疾病的有效手段。长效单克隆抗体MEDI8897比帕利珠单抗更具成本效益,已进入III期临床试验,且获得优先研发资格。多克隆免疫球蛋白RI-002已在免疫缺陷人群中显示出较好的预防效果,具有进一步研发的现实意义。本综述针对近年来RSV疫苗及其抗体的研究进展进行阐述,期望为RSV的预防提供参考。     

登革四价疫苗研究进展

登革病毒感染引起的登革热和登革出血热是重要的蚊媒病毒病。近20年来,在全球范围内登革出血热的发病率和病死率急剧上升,但目前仍缺乏安全有效的疫苗。着重介绍目前已经或正在进入临床研究阶段的四价登革减毒活疫苗,以及灭活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒载体疫苗和DNA疫苗的研究进展。     

鼠疫新疫苗的研究进展

鼠疫传统疫苗包括死疫苗和活疫苗存在不少缺陷,特别是安全和效果不够理想,接种反应率高,对肺鼠疫不能保护。近些年来开展的鼠疫亚单位疫苗研究,证明能产生保护性抗体,并且对鼠疫毒菌皮下注射和气溶胶攻击均有较好保护效果。本文综述了鼠疫当前流行态势,传统疫苗再评价和鼠疫亚单位疫苗的研究进展。     

衣原体疫苗的进展

衣原体在人类、哺乳动物和鸟类中会引起各种疾病。对人类和动物的健康及全球农业生产会产生重大影响。人的2种主要衣原体病原体是沙眼衣原体和肺炎衣原体(Chlamydophila pneumoniae)。沙眼衣原体会引发慢性结膜炎等,是人类最普通的性传播疾病,感染为隐性过程,如果不治疗,     

沙眼衣原体疫苗候选抗原研究进展

沙眼衣原体(CT)是引起感染性致盲的首要病因,也是引起性传播疾病的主要病原体。CT感染缺乏明显的临床症状,临床上容易被忽视而引起严重的疾病,故疫苗是预防CT生殖道感染经济有效的措施之一。综述了CT疫苗候选抗原的结构特点,免疫保护作用及其在预防CT感染性疾病的应用前景。     

Progress on plague vaccine development

Yersinia pestis (YP), the gram-negative plague bacterium, has shaped human history unlike any other pathogen known to mankind. YP (transmitted by the bite of an infected flea) diverged only recently from the related enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis but causes radically different diseases. Three forms of plague exist in humans: bubonic (swollen lymph nodes or bubos), septicemic (spread of YP through the lymphatics or bloodstream from the bubos to other organs), and contagious, pneumonic plague which can be communicated via YP-charged respiratory droplets resulting in person–person transmission and rapid death if left untreated (50–90% mortality). Despite the potential threat of weaponized YP being employed in bioterrorism and YP infections remaining prevalent in endemic regions of the world where rodent populations are high (including the four corner regions of the USA), an efficacious vaccine that confers immunoprotection has yet to be developed. This review article will describe the current vaccine candidates being evaluated in various model systems and provide an overall summary on the progress of this important endeavor.     

Progress in Brucella vaccine development

Brucella spp. are zoonotic, facultative intracellular pathogens, which cause animal and human disease. Animal disease results in abortion of fetuses; in humans, it manifests flu-like symptoms with an undulant fever, with osteoarthritis as a common complication of infection. Antibiotic regimens for human brucellosis patients may last several months and are not always completely effective. While there are no vaccines for humans, several licensed live Brucella vaccines are available for use in livestock. The performance of these animal vaccines is dependent upon the host species, dose, and route of immunization. Newly engineered live vaccines, lacking well-defined virulence factors, retain low residual virulence, are highly protective, and may someday replace currently used animal vaccines. These also have possible human applications. Moreover, due to their enhanced safety and efficacy in animal models, subunit vaccines for brucellosis show great promise for their application in livestock and humans. This review summarizes the progress of brucellosis vaccine development and presents an overview of candidate vaccines.     

流行性脑脊髓膜炎疫苗的研究进展

脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis,Nm)从发现至今已超过100年,它所引起的流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)曾数度引发严重的公共卫生问题。流脑疫苗的研究经历了漫长而曲折的历程,疫苗制备技术不断更新。近年来,随着反向疫苗学技术的问世,流脑疫苗尤其是B群流脑疫苗的研究取得了突破性进展。本文将以流脑死菌苗、荚膜多糖疫苗、结合疫苗、基因工程疫苗等的研究历程,从技术发展的角度阐述流脑疫苗的研究进展。     

全球结核病疫苗研究进展

本文旨在对全球结核病疫苗研究进展进行系统综述,描述国际上目前进入临床试验不同阶段的新型疫苗,包括重组卡介苗、亚单位疫苗、治疗性疫苗等,分析我国结核病疫苗研究现状,介绍国际研究发展趋势,如人类疫苗计划、全细胞疫苗、多阶段疫苗等,并对存在的问题和挑战进行讨论,展望未来发展趋势。     

新型肺炎链球菌疫苗研究进展

肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)是引发人类肺炎、中耳炎、脑膜炎的主要病原体。为了预防肺炎链球菌感染,人类已研制出了多种相关的疫苗。目前,常用23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗(23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine,PPV23)预防成人和2岁以上儿童肺炎链球菌的感染,用7价、10价、13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗来预防婴幼儿肺炎链球菌的感染。虽然荚膜多糖类疫苗能预防其所包含的肺炎链球菌血清型的感染,但非疫苗血清型的菌株还是可以在鼻咽部定植,并引起感染,而且结合疫苗研制工艺复杂、价格昂贵,在发展中国家使用还不普及。鉴于上述原因许多疫苗公司开始研发具有保护力强、价格低廉的新型疫苗。近年来,肺炎链球菌全细胞疫苗和肺炎链球菌纯化蛋白疫苗由于其血清非依赖性和较低的生产成本已成为人们关注的焦点。现对肺炎链球菌新型疫苗的研制及临床应用作一概述。     

Progress in vaccine development against Helicobacter pylori

Based on the very high prevalence of diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori, particularly in the developing world, and the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates, there is a strong rationale for an effective vaccine against H. pylori. In this review we describe recent promising candidate vaccines and prophylactic or therapeutic immunization strategies for use against H. pylori, as well as studies to identify immune responses that are related to protection in experimental animals. We also describe identification of different types of immune responses that may be related to protection against symptoms based on comparisons of H. pylori-infected patients with duodenal ulcers or gastric cancer and asymptomatic carriers. We conclude that there is still a strong need to clarify the main protective immune mechanisms against H. pylori as well as to identify a cocktail of strong protective antigens, or recombinant bacterial strains that express such antigens, that could be administered by a regimen that gives rise to effective immune responses in humans.     

Progress towards development of a cholera subunit vaccine

Cholera, an enteric disease that can reach pandemic proportions, remains a world-wide problem that is positioned to increase in incidence as changes in global climate or armed conflict spawn the conditions that enhance transmission to humans and, thus, precipitate epidemic cholera. An effective subunit cholera vaccine that can provide protective immunity with one parenteral immunization would be a major advantage over the existing oral vaccines that can require two doses for optimal protection. The existing vaccines are clearly effective in some settings, but are less so in others, especially with respect to specific groups such as young (2-5 years) children. In our efforts to develop a cholera subunit vaccine, we focused on two Vibrio cholerae antigens, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and TCP (toxin co-regulated pilus), that are known to induce protective antibodies in animal models and, in the case of anti-LPS antibodies, to be associated with clinical protection of V. cholerae exposed or vaccinated individuals. This review discusses the current cholera vaccines and compares the advantages of a cholera subunit vaccine to that of the whole cell vaccines. We discuss the possible subunit antigens and prospective targeted use of a subunit cholera vaccine.     

结核病免疫机制及疫苗研究进展

结核病是一种棘手的重大传染病.虽然存在一些有一定疗效的治疗药物,亦有预防性疫苗--卡介苗(BCG);但结核病仍在世界范围流行,且发病率和病死率居高不下.结核病的免疫病理机制及疫苗研究近年来取得了一定的进展.结核分枝杆菌通过Toll样受体(TLR)等模式识别受体,激活巨噬细胞的天然免疫反应,清除细菌和调节获得性免疫反应....     

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）实验性疫苗的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒是引起输血相关肝炎及慢性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌的主要病原,目前尚无有效的治疗与预防手段。本文将综述HCV感染所引起的机体免疫应答及近年来实验性疫苗（主要是DNA疫苗、病毒载体疫苗及联合疫苗）的研究进展。     

Progress and obstacles in the development of an AIDS vaccine

Recent experimental observations suggest approaches to immunization that might finally result in at least a partially effective vaccine against infection with HIV-1. In particular, advances in our understanding of the contribution of vaccine-elicited cellular immunity to protecting memory CD4(+) T cells from virus-mediated destruction provide rational strategies for the development of this vaccine. This is therefore an ideal time to review our current understanding of HIV-1 and its control by the immune system, as well as the remaining problems that must be solved to facilitate the development of an effective vaccine against AIDS.