864. BERBERIS BOWASHANENSIS

A new species of Berberis from Sichuan, Berberis bowashanensis Harber, is described and illustrated.     

863. BERBERIS ZHAOTONGENSIS

A new species of Berberis, in sect. Wallichianae, Berberis zhaotongensis Harber is described and illustrated.     

THREE NEW SPECIES OF BERBERIS FROM YUNNAN

Three new species of Berberis from Yunnan are described and illustrated: B. dokerlaica Harber, B. yiliangensis Harber and B. brevipedicillata Harber. The remarkable diversity of this genus in the Hengduan Mountains of south central China is discussed.     

1069. Berberis ludingensis Harber,a new species in section Wallichianae from Sichuan,China: Berberidaceae

A new species of Berberis in section Wallichianae, B. ludingensis Harber is described from Luding Xian in Sichuan. Several collections of this compact, spiny species have been made in recent years.     

Berberis rawatii sp. nov. (Berberidaceae) from India

In India, 55 species of Berberis have been reported and 22 species are found in Uttarakhand state. Berberis rawatii (Berberidaceae), a new species from Chamoli and Pithoragarh districts of Uttarakhand state of India (western Himalaya) is here described and illustrated. In terms of leaf and inflorescence, Berberis rawatii shows affinities with B. cretica L. Both these species have entire leaves, fascicled inflorescences, conspicuous style and black berries, but B. rawatii differs in the presence of a petiole, the dorsal surface of leaf pruinose, presence of elongated‐ovate glands, presence of prophylls, three ovules and pruinose fruits.     

青海产三颗针中盐酸小檗碱的最佳提取工艺研究

从青海产的三颗针中,通过正交实验设计,采用酸提法从中提取盐酸小檗碱,找出了最佳的实验条件,该条件用于指导生产,大大地提高了生产效率。     

Extraction of high-molecular-weight DNA from dry root tissue of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Berberis lycium</Emphasis> suitable for RAPD

A simple protocol for DNA isolation from dry roots ofBerberis lycium is described. Four-year-old dry roots are used, and the isolated DNA is suitable for analysis by means of restriction enzyme digestion and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The method involves a modified CTAB procedure using 1% PVP to remove polysaccharides and purification using low-melting-temperature agarose. DNA is amplified by means of PCR using 10-mer random primers from Operon Biotechnologies, Inc. (USA), and DNA samples are digested withTaq I,Hind III andEcoR I and examined on agarose gels. The RAPD reaction is performed according to the 1990 protocol by Williams et al.     

Der mikrochemische Nachweis der Alkaloide in der Pflanze

Zusammenfassung Als beste Kristallreaktion auf Berberin haben sich erwiesen: Salpetersäure (2%), Erfassungsgrenze 0,7, Kaliumbromid (10%), Erfassungsgrenze 1,2 und Jodjodkali, Erfassungsgrenze 0,6.Diese Reaktionen geben am Schnitt nur bei größerem Berberingehalt schöne Kristallprodukte, also beiBerberis vulgaris, Berberis lycium, Berberis lucida, Berberis canadensis, Mahonia aquifolium undpinnata, Hydrastis canadensis und XanthoxylumBossua.Eine Sublimation von Berberin aus dem Gewebe ist uns nie gelungen.Die besten Reaktionen erhält man mit wässerigen und alkoholischen Extrakten nach unserer Mikroextraktionsmethode. Danach enthalten reichlich Berberin:Berberis vulgaris, Berberis lyciwm, Berberis lucida undBerberis canadensis, Hydrastis canadensis, Mahonia pinnata undXanthoxylon Bossua, wenigerMahonia aquifolium, Evodia hortensis,Xanthoxylum clava Herculis undOdontalgicum undNandina domestica.Kein Berberin konnten wir finden bei:Evodia meliifolia, Orixa japonica, Xanthoxylum americanum, Berberis cretica, Podophyllum Emodi undpeltatum, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Cocculus laurifolius,Coptis trifolia, Tinospora cordifolia, Jeffersonia diphylla, Xylopia frutescens undgrandiflora.Bezüglich der Verteilung des Alkaloides über die Pflanze ergab sich:Berberis vulgaris führt in Wurzel und Stamm überall Berberin, in Blatt, Blüte und Frucht nicht,Hydrastis canadensis in der ganzen Pflanze,Mahonia aquifolium überall in der Wurzel, wenig im Stamm und Spuren im Blatt. Von allen anderen Pflanzen standen nur Stammoder Zweigstücke zur Verfügung.     

小檗属植物一新种——平坝小檗

报道了中国贵州小檗科小檗属植物一新种,即平坝小檗（Berberis pingbaensis M. T. An）新种与堆花小檗（B. aggregate Schineid.）相近似,但植物较小,果具白粉。     

Putative proteaceous elements of the Lomatites-type reinterpreted as new Berberis of the European Tertiary

 A characteristic xeromorphic foliage occurring in the European Tertiary was originally identified as a Proteaceae according to gross morphology, and compared with Grevillea L. and Lomatia L. (Grevillea kymeana Unger, Lomatites aquensis Saporta). On the basis of venation patterns and phyllotaxy, these elements are now reinterpreted as extinct species of Berberis L. (Berberidaceae): Berberis andreanszkyi spec. nov. occurring in the Upper Oligocene (Eger – Wind brickyard), and the Middle Miocene (Erdbénye) of Hungary, and Berberis kymeana (Unger) comb. nov. (syn. Lomatites aquensis Saporta) known from the Lower Miocene of Greece (Kymi) and the Oligocene of France (Aix-en-Provence, Manosque/Bois d'Asson, Cérestre, Bonieux). The associated vegetation reflects warm-temperate to subtropical subhumid climatic conditions. Extant barberries with similar foliage occur in the Himalayas and China today. Received April 3, 1999 Accepted September 25, 2000     

Germination,growth and survival of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Berberis thunbergii</Emphasis> DC. (Berberidaceae) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Berberis thunbergii</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">atropurpurea</Emphasis> in five natural environments

Germination, growth and survival of green Berberis thunbergii and its purple ornamental form, Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea, were compared in five natural environments (full sun meadow, edge of woods, moist woods, dry woods, pine woods) to determine whether these two forms have a similar ability to naturalize. Berberis thunbergii and Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea had similar germination rates of about 25% at the end of 3 years. Most of the seed germination occurred in year one (89%), with a small amount of additional germination in year two (10%), and even less in year three (1%). Greatest germination occurred in the moist woods and full sun meadow sites and the least occurred at the pine woods site. Germination was reduced in the pine woods environment by the thick leaf litter layer present there. Barberry seedling survival during the first year was only 22% and survival dropped to 11.3% by the end of 2 years. Purple barberry seedlings had a lower 2 year survival rate than green barberry. There was no difference in seedling growth between purple and green barberry seedlings, but surviving seedling growth rates at the five environments were comparable. Seedlings achieved maximum growth in the edge of woods environment, but also grew well in the full sun meadow environment. At harvest, the full sun meadow had the greatest number of seedlings present, while no seedlings survived in the pine woods site.     

Fruit Mineral Contents of Six Wild Species of the North Andean Patagonia, Argentina

The fruit mineral contents (K, Ca, Ba, Br, Zn, Co, Cr, Fe, Na, Rb, Cs, and Sr) of four native and two exotic naturalized shrubs growing in different areas of the Andean Patagonian region of Argentina were investigated. Native species Berberis darwinii, Berberis microphylla (Berberidaceae), Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae) and Ribes magellanicum (Saxifragaceae) produce small berries while the fruits of the exotic species Rosa rubiginosa and Rosa canina (Rosaceae) are aggregates of aquenes. They are used to prepare jams, tea, liquors, and ice creams. Native shrub fruits had higher content of Br, Zn, Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, and Na than those of the exotic naturalized species. Rosa species showed the highest contents of Ca and Ba in their fruits (the mean content doubled those of the native plant fruits). The fruit nutrient content found in the studied species was similar or higher than other values reported for fruits of temperate and tropical species in the world.     

Variation in seed germination between populations of five sub-alpine woody species from eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau following dry storage at low temperatures

Effects of cold-dry storage on dormancy break and viability were determined for seeds of the five sub-alpine woody species Philadelphus incanus, Berberis vernae, Berberis dubia, Betula utilis, and Picea purpurea collected along an altitudinal gradient on the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Germination tests were conducted at 20/5°C for seeds stored dry at ambient room temperature for 4 weeks and then at 3–4°C for 0, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Dormancy break during dry storage, i.e., afterripening, was indicated by an increase in germination percentages and rates. Duration of cold-dry storage and altitude of seed collection had significant effects on germination. With an increase in duration of storage, germination percentages and rates of P. incanus and B. vernae increased with a decrease in altitude of seed collection, while they increased with an increase in altitude for seeds of B. utilis and P. purpurea. Seeds of B. dubia did not exhibit changes in germination percentages and rates with altitude because a high number of seeds remained dormant during storage. Seed viability after 24 weeks of storage ranged from high (88, 93.3, 92.7%) for B. utilis to low (15% for high altitude) for P. incanus. The potential for dormancy break to occur during cold-dry storage should be considered when studies on basic seed dormancy are conducted or when seeds from various locations are stored prior to propagating plants from them.     

细叶小檗果色素成分研究

细叶小檗(Berberis poiretii schneid)之红色浆果,经压榨得鲜果汁。采用醋酸铅沉淀,正丁醇提取的纯化方法,得到纯化色素。此色素在三种溶剂系统中纸层析,均显示两条不同红色谱带。酸水解后,甙元部分与标准品对照,在三种溶剂系统中进行纸层析,证明含有下面两个花青甙元:(1)天竺葵甙元(pelargonidin)、(2)矢车菊甙元(cyanidin)。纸层析制备后,在0.1％盐酸-乙醇中测定两个花青甙元的吸收光谱,最大吸收峰分别在532mm和547mm。配糖的测定用甲酸水解,与标准糖对照纸层析和薄层层析,证明配糖为葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖。色素经纸层析制备成两条谱带后,分别用高效薄层法直接水解,与标准糖对照层析,证明色素1配糖为葡萄糖,色素2配糖为葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖。     

Photosynthesis and water‐use efficiency: A comparison between invasive (exotic) and non‐invasive (native) species

Abstract Invasive species have been hypothesized to out‐compete natives though either a Jack‐of‐all‐trades strategy, where they are able to utilize resources effectively in unfavourable environments, a master‐of‐some, where resource utilization is greater than its competitors in favourable environments, or a combination of the two (Jack‐and‐master). We examined the invasive strategy of Berberis darwinii in New Zealand compared with four co‐occurring native species by examining germination, seedling survival, photosynthetic characteristics and water‐use efficiency of adult plants, in sun and shade environments. Berberis darwinii seeds germinated more in shady sites than the other natives, but survival was low. In contrast, while germination of B. darwinii was the same as the native species in sunny sites, seedling survival after 18 months was nearly twice that of the all native species. The maximum photosynthetic rate of B. darwinii was nearly double that of all native species in the sun, but was similar among all species in the shade. Other photosynthetic traits (quantum yield and stomatal conductance) did not generally differ between B. darwinii and the native species, regardless of light environment. Berberis darwinii had more positive values of δ¹³C than the four native species, suggesting that it gains more carbon per unit water transpired than the competing native species. These results suggest that the invasion success of B. darwinii may be partially explained by combination of a Jack‐of‐all‐trades scenario of widespread germination with a master‐of‐some scenario through its ability to photosynthesize at higher rates in the sun and, hence, gain a rapid height and biomass advantage over native species in favourable environments.     

Notes on Erysiphales (Ascomycetes) from Patagonia, Argentina

Fifteen Erysiphaceous taxa found on 20 host plant species in Patagonia are documented. A new species Oidium maculatae (type host: Viola maculata) is described. Berberis linearifolia, Buddleja globosa, Prosopis alpataco and Viola maculata, are new host plants for Erysiphales. Three new combinations on fungi and host plant species were founded: Erysiphe howeana – Fuchsia magellanica; E. patagoniaca – Nothofagus pumilio and N. antarctica. The genus Sawadaea and the species S. bicornis on Acer negundo and A. pseudoplatanus, are new records for South America. New host plants recorded for Argentina: Consolida ajacis, Galega officinalis and Plantago lanceolata. New host plants recorded for Patagonia: Galium aparine, Melilotus albus, Petunia × hybrida, Potentilla anserina, and Spiraea × bumalda. Oidium longipes is a new record for Argentina and Golovinomyces riedlianus is a new record for Patagonia.     

Food habits and home range use of Japanese macaques on an island inhabited by deer

Food habits and home range use of a troop of Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata Blyth on Kinkazan Island (9.6km²), northern Japan, were studied from the spring of 2000 to the winter of 2002. The home range of this troop covers the area where vegetation is modified by foraging of sika deer Cervus nippon Temminck. The core areas of the home ranges of the macaque troop corresponded closely to the distributions of the staple food plants in every season. For example, leaves of Berberis thunbergii DC. and leaves of Zelkova serrata Makino in spring, berries of Berchemia racemosa Sieb. & Zucc. in summer, nuts of Zelkova serrata and Carpinus spp. in the fall of 2000 and winter of 2001, seeds of Torreya nucifera Sieb. & Zucc. in the fall of 2001, and bark of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC. in winter of 2002. Among the staple food plants, Berberis thunbergii and Zanthoxylum piperitum are more abundant on Kinkazan Island than other macaque habitats in northern Japan because they are spiny and unpalatable to sika deer, hence survive under the heavy foraging by the deer. Further, another staple food plant, Berchemia racemosa, a liana, grows abundantly at the edges of Illicium forests. Illicium anisatur is toxic and is not consumed by sika deer. Monkeys of this troop using the unique vegetation induced by sika deer grazing, fed on several plants which are not consumed by monkeys in other areas, and the home range was heavily affected by the distributions of these plants.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the invasive shrub Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceae) and their applicability in related species

Microsatellite loci were isolated from a Mahonia aquifolium cultivar. We describe the variability of 10 loci in invasive European and native North American M. aquifolium and their transspecies amplification in native Mahonia repens and Mahonia pinnata from North America and one species of the related genus Berberis (Berberis vulgaris), native to Europe. The markers should be useful to reveal the genetic origin of invasive Mahonia populations and differences in the genetic make up between invasive and native populations.     

Berbamine ameliorates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rats

Berbamine (BBM), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from roots, bark, and stem of Berberis plant such as Berberis aristata has a wide range of pharmacological activities. However, the evidence for the cardioprotective effect of BBM is inadequate and the molecular mechanism of BBM remains unclear. This study investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of BBM-mediated cardioprotection on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in rats. The assays of mitochondria antioxidant status, mitochondrial marker enzymes, and electron microscopic analysis of mitochondria revealed BBM significantly prevented the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ISO. The ISO-induced elevation of mitochondrial oxidative stress was also curbed by BBM. Furthermore, pretreatment with BBM protected the heart tissue from ISO-induced apoptosis as evident from decreased terminal dUTP nickend-labeling positive cells and decreased expression of Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, and caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and increased expression of Bcl-2 in ISO-induced rats. These current findings suggest that BBM exerts a significant cardioprotective effect on ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats.     

中国东部和南部小檗属植物之研究

我国小檗属植物种类十分丰富,据文献记载共有200余种,主要分布于西部和南部地区。东部和南部种类虽然较少,但迄今尚未见有较全面的整理和报导,故名称亦混乱。作者在编写《广东植物志》的过程中,对这一地区(包括广西、广东、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、浙江、福建)的小檗属进行了初步的研究,发现了一些新分类群和分布新纪录,归并了B.chekiangensis Ahrendt和B.pingjiangensis Q.L.Chen et B.M.Yang,已知这一地区共有14种,2亚种和1变种。现将结果整理成文,内容包括已知种类的检索表、产地、分布以及对部分种类的评注和讨论。文中所引证的标本,凡未加标本室缩写代号者,均存华南植物研究所标本室。