重组人白细胞介素—6与肿瘤坏死因子突变体融合蛋白的构建及表达

针对肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）在肿瘤治疗剂量下产生的严重毒副作用及一些肿瘤细胞上的白细胞介素－６（ＩＬ－６）受体明显增高的事实,根据ＴＮＦ结构与功能研究的最新信息,利用ＰＣＲ技术,对人ＴＮＦα基因进行了改造,并将共与ＩＬ－６成熟肽编码区ｃＤＮＡ通过人工接头进行融合,融合蛋白在大肠杆菌表达后,Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析表明,分子量约为３７ｋＤ,活性检测结果证实,该融合蛋白兼具有ＴＮＦ抗肿瘤活性和结合ＩＬ     

重组人肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6融合基因的构建和表达

本文利用ＰＣＲ技术和基因定位突变技术,将编码人肿瘤坏死因子α（ｈＴＮＦα）和白细胞介素６（ｈＩＬ－６）成熟肽的基因通过中间接头连接成编码单一蛋白的基因,构建了融合蛋白表达载体ｐＢＩＴ,并在大肠杆菌中得到了表达。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ的电泳胶薄层扫描显示,融合蛋白的表达量是菌体总蛋白量的２０％,其分子量约为３７ｋＤ。活性检测证实,融合蛋白既有ＴＮＦ活性,又有ＩＬ－６活性。     

人PSP94全长cDNA的获得及PSP94-TNF~Δ融合蛋白的构建

利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ从人肥大前列腺组织钓取９４个氨基酸的人前列腺分泌蛋白（ＰＳＰ９４）全长ｃＤＮＡ,序列分析结果与文献报道的完全一致．将ＰＳＰ９４成熟肽与人ＴＮＦα衍生物（ＴＮＦΔ）通过Ｌｉｎｋｅｒ－ＳＡＰＧＴＰ在基因水平上融合成５′ＰＳＰ９４－ＴＮＦΔ,融合基因ＤＮＡ序列分析结果与设计的相符合．５′ＰＳＰ９４－ＴＮＦΔ在大肠杆菌中表达产物分子量约为３１ｋＤ,表达量约占菌体总蛋白量的３５％．以Ｌ９２９细胞和人前列腺癌细胞株ＰＣ－３为靶细胞进行细胞毒分析结果表明,５′ＰＳＰ９４－ＴＮＦΔ融合蛋白既具有ＴＮＦ的细胞毒活性,又具有对前列腺癌细胞ＰＣ－３的杀伤作用     

人α降钙素基因相关肽与肿瘤坏死因子的融合表达

用半酶和半化学合成的方法合成和克隆了人ａ降钙素基因相关肽基因,将该基因融合在肿瘤坏死因子之后插入表达载体ｐＳＢ－９２中,使融合基因的５＇端直接置于大肠杆菌ＰＬ启动下游,采用３０℃培养,４２℃诱导,使ＴＮＦ与ＣＧＲＰ融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得了表达,表达的融合蛋白既有ＣＧＲＰ的结合活性（酶标检测为阳性）又有ＴＮＦ的生理功能（对Ｌ－９２９细胞的细胞毒活性）。表达菌裂解液走ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,显示     

乙肝病毒表面抗原preS1与人肿瘤坏死因子α融合基因的表达

用ＰＣＲ法获得了ＨＢｓＡｇｐｒｅＳ１（１－６５）肽段基因,将该基因融合在肿瘤坏死因子（ｈＴＮＦα）之后,插入表达载体ＰＳＢ－９２中,使融合基因的５′端直接置于大肠肝菌ＰＬ启动子下游,采用３０℃培养,４２℃诱导,获得了ＴＮＦ与ｐｒｅＳ１（１－６５）融合蛋白的表达产物。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳显示表达产物为２５ｋＤ,约占细菌总蛋白的３５％。表达产物经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ验证,能分别特异地与ｈＴＮＦα抗体与ｐｒｅＳ１抗体结合,稀释复性后,该融合蛋白还具有ＴＮＦ的生理功能（对Ｌ９２９细胞的细胞毒活性）。经ＤＮＡ序列测定,ｐｒｅＳ１（１－６５）肽基因正确地融合在ｈＴＮＦα基因之后。该结果提供了一种制备ｐｒｅＳ１的新方法,为进一步开展治疗肝癌和乙肝的导向药物打下基础。     

细胞因子对卵巢功能的调节作用

细胞因子是一类具有广泛生物学活性的激素样多肽。近年来,细胞因子在生殖活动中的作用日益被人们所认识和关注,而成为一个新的研究领域。肿瘤坏死α（ＴＮＦ－α）、白介素１（ＩＬ－１）、ＩＬ－６、ＩＬ－８、γ－干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）、粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）等多种细胞因子可参与卵巢功能的调节。本文着重介绍细胞因子在卵泡发育和甾体激素生成、排卵、黄体形成和退化等方面的研究进展。     

创伤后巨噬细胞对T细胞白介素2及白介素2受体α基因表达的直…

以２５μｇ／ｍｌ的丝裂霉素Ｃ处理巨噬细胞３０ｍｉｎ,可阻断巨噬细胞白介素１（ＩＬ－１）、白介素６（ＩＬ－６）、肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）及前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的合成与分泌。创伤小鼠巨噬细胞经丝裂霉素Ｃ处理后,可明显抑制正常Ｔ细胞白介素２（ＩＬ－２）ｍＲＮＡ及ＩＬ－２受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）α ｍＲＮＡ水平,并增强Ｔｓ细胞的抑制活性。去除Ｔ细胞中Ｔｓ细胞可使巨噬细胞的抑制作用消失。表明创伤后巨噬细胞可通过     

外源p53基因和TNFa基因转导对膀胱癌细胞在裸鼠体内的生长抑制

通过逆转录病毒载体将野生型ｐ５３基因、ＴＮＦａ基因单独或与ＩＬ－６基因连接（ＴＮＦＩＬ－６）分别导入膀胱癌细胞株ＥＪ和ＢＩＵ－８７．裸鼠致瘤试验和体外生长实验显示：ｐ５３基因转染组细胞接种裸鼠后９周无肿瘤生长,体外生长速率明显降低,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交显示Ｈ－ｒａｓ基因表达明显低于非转染组细胞,ＴＮＰａ基因和ＴＮ刊ＩＬ－６基因转染组裸鼠瘤体积明显小于对照组,体外生长速率与对照组无显著差别,两种细胞因子对Ｈ－ｒａｓ基因表达无影响。     

双歧杆菌对RAW264.7细胞的免疫刺激作用

为了检测双歧杆菌是否能增强巨噬细胞免疫因子的产生,用ＲＡＷ２６４．７细胞作为巨噬细胞模型,将８种不同的经热处理杀死的双歧杆菌分别与培养的ＲＡＷ２６４．７细胞温育。所有的双歧杆菌均能诱导ＴＮＦ－α及ＩＬ－６的产生,且产生ＴＮＦ－α及ＩＬ－６的量与双歧杆菌的剂量及诱导时间有关,在２４ｈ之内,与对照组相比,８种双歧杆菌均能增强ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６的产生,但是如果双歧杆菌与ＲＡＷ２６４．７细胞温育时间短（只有１４ｈ）,低剂量的双歧杆菌（１０μｇ／ｍＬ和５０μｇ／ｍＬ）就不能诱导ＴＮＦ－α和ＩＬ－６的产生。双歧杆菌     

人类疱疹病毒6型可诱生TNF－α

用生物活性法和双抗体夹心桥联酶免疫吸附（ＥＬＩＳＡ）法检测了人类疱疹病素６型（ＨＨＶ－６）ＧＳ株和南京地方株ＣＮ５,８,１０感染的淋巴细胞培养上清中的肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）的水平,发现培养２４ｈ即可检出高水平的ＴＮＦ,４８～７２ｈ述到峰值,此后逐渐下降,与未感染耐照组比较有及其显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＧＳ株与地方株同诱生ＴＮＦ水平无儿著性差异（Ｐ＞０．１）,三株地方株诱生ＴＮＦ也无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＴＮＦ－α单抗可以完全中和培养上清中ＴＮＦ的活性,证实上清中有ＴＮＦ－α。与ＬＰＳ比较,ＨＨＶ－６诱生ＴＮＦ－α的能力要强得多。     

Differential binding modes of the bromodomains of CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 with acetylated MyoD

We investigated whether blocking of monocyte chemoattractant-1 (MCP-1) function would inhibit recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and prevent tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth of human malignant melanoma. B16-F1 melanoma cells were implanted onto the back of C57BL/6 mice (Day 0). At Day 7, a dominant negative MCP-1 mutant (7ND) gene was transfected in the thigh muscle to make overexpressed 7ND protein secreted into systemic circulation. 7ND treatment inhibited TAM recruitment and partially reduced tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Also, 7ND treatment attenuated inductions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the stroma and tumor. Melanoma cells expressed not only MCP-1 but also its receptor CCR2. Accordingly, it was suggested that MCP-1 would enhance tumor angiogenesis and early tumor growth in the early stages by inducing TNFα, IL-1α, and VEGF through TAM recruitment and probably the direct autocrine/paracrine effects on melanoma cells.     

重组白介素6-假单胞菌外毒素融合蛋白对正常BN大鼠骨髓粒系造血的作用

本文报道了重组白介素6-假单胞菌外毒素融合蛋白(IL-6-PE40)对正常BN大鼠骨髓粒系造血的体外效应。10ng/ml的IL-6-PE40对高表达IL-6受体的U266骨髓瘤细胞的蛋白质合成抑制率为50％,1000ng/ml则为100％。1～1000ng/mlIL-6-PE40对正常骨髓未纯化细胞的CFU-GM集落形成和DNA合成无明显抑制,但IL-6却具有一定的刺激效应。提示正常骨髓粒系祖细胞和骨髓细胞可能不表达IL-6受体,IL-6-PE40对粒系造血仍具有某些细胞毒作用,但被IL-6-PE40中的IL-6极大地削弱了。     

Long-term suppression of tumor growth by TNF requires a Stat1- and IFN regulatory factor 1-dependent IFN-gamma pathway but not IL-12 or IL-18

Tumor cells engineered to secrete TNF were used as a model to examine how persistently high local concentrations of TNF suppress tumor growth. TNF secretion had no effect on tumor cell proliferation in vitro but caused a very impressive growth arrest in vivo that was dependent on both bone marrow- and non-bone marrow-derived host cells expressing TNFR. Suppression also required an endogenous IFN-gamma pathway consisting minimally of IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma receptor, Stat1, and IFN regulatory factor 1 since mice with targeted disruption of any of the four genes failed to arrest tumor growth. The ability of these mice to suppress tumor growth was restored after they were reconstituted with bone marrow cells from Wt mice. Interestingly, mice lacking the major IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 or T cells, B cells, and the majority of NK cells that are potential sources of IFN-gamma nevertheless inhibited tumor development. Moreover, multiple lines of evidence indicated that local release of IFN-gamma was not required to inhibit tumor formation. These results strongly suggest a novel function for the endogenous IFN-gamma pathway that without measurable IFN-gamma production or activity affects the ability of TNF to suppress tumor development.     

A two-step selection approach for the identification of ligand-binding determinants in cytokine receptors

We have developed a novel cell-based method for the isolation and selection of mutant cytokine receptors with defects in ligand binding and applied it to the human interleukin-4 receptor. The experimental procedure is based upon the functional heterologous expression of receptor mutants in eukaryotic cells followed by a two-step selection procedure. Positive selection for cells that express receptor variants is achieved by means of an agonistic antibody that mediates cell survival through receptor dimerization. An IL-4-coupled toxin is subsequently used to select against cells expressing wild-type receptors. Cells expressing mutant receptors that are unable to bind the cytotoxic ligand survive and can be amplified. The procedure allows the isolation of rare receptor variants from cell pools containing predominantly wild-type cells. This method, which should be equally applicable to similar receptor systems, was used to demonstrate the importance of a critical charged amino acid residue in the human IL-4 receptor alpha-subunit for IL-4-induced receptor activation.     

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1-alpha regulate transferrin receptor in human diploid fibroblasts. Relationship to the induction of ferritin heavy chain

We have studied transferrin receptor expression in MRC5 human fibroblasts in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF, cachectin) or interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1). Treatment of exponentially growing MRC5 cells with these cytokines led to a 3-4-fold increase in transferrin receptor mRNA and a coordinate increase in transferrin receptor protein by 24 h. Under these conditions, stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation was minimal, suggesting that the induction of transferrin receptor by TNF and IL-1 is mediated by a growth-independent regulatory mechanism. A study of the time course of this response showed that cytokine-mediated increases in transferrin receptor mRNA and protein proceeded after a lag of 12-24 h. A simultaneous analysis of the effects of TNF and IL-1 on ferritin in MRC5 cells was also performed. Ferritin L mRNA levels were unchanged. However, induction of ferritin H mRNA was seen within 4 h, preceding the induction of the transferrin receptor. The synthesis of ferritin H (but not ferritin L) protein peaked at 8 h after TNF or IL-1 treatment, followed by a rapid decrease in both ferritin H and L protein synthesis. As ferritin H synthesis declined, levels of transferrin receptor protein increased, reaching a maximum by 24 h. These results suggest that the cytokine-dependent induction of ferritin H and subsequent increase in the transferrin receptor are related and possibly interdependent events. This study demonstrates that the complex role of TNF and IL-1 in iron homeostasis includes modulation of the transferrin receptor.     

An insertional mutant of epidermal growth factor receptor allows dissection of diverse receptor functions.

Cultured NIH-3T3 cells devoid of endogenous EGF-receptors were transfected with cDNA constructs encoding normal human EGF-receptor and with a construct encoding an insertional mutant of the EGF-receptor containing four additional amino acids in the kinase domain after residue 708. Unlike the wild-type receptor expressed in these cells which exhibits EGF-stimulatable protein tyrosine kinase activity, the mutant receptor lacks protein tyrosine kinase activity both in vitro and in vivo. Despite this deficiency the mutant receptor is properly processed, it binds EGF and it exhibits both high and low affinity binding sites. Moreover, it undergoes efficient EGF-mediated endocytosis. However, EGF fails to stimulate DNA synthesis and is unable to stimulate the phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein in cells expressing this receptor mutant. Hence, it is proposed that the protein tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-receptor is essential for the initiation of S6 phosphorylation and for DNA synthesis induced by EGF. However, EGF-receptor processing, the expression of high and low affinity surface receptors and receptor internalization, require neither kinase activity nor receptor autophosphorylation. Interestingly, phorbol ester (TPA) fails to abolish the high affinity state and is also unable to stimulate the phosphorylation of this receptor mutant. This result is consistent with the notion that kinase-C phosphorylation of EGF-receptor is essential for the loss of high affinity EGF-receptors caused by TPA.     

Role of FAN in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 secretion and lethality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha-induced neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated generation of ceramide, a bioactive lipid molecule, is transduced by the adaptor protein FAN, which binds to the intracellular region of the CD120a TNFalpha receptor. FAN-deficient mice do not exhibit any gross abnormality. To further explore the functions of FAN in vivo and because CD120a-deficient mice are resistant to endotoxin-induced liver failure and lethality, we investigated the susceptibility of FAN-deficient animals to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We show that after d-galactosamine sensitization, FAN-deficient mice were partially resistant to LPS- and TNFalpha-induced lethality. Although LPS challenge resulted in a hepatic ceramide content lower in mutant mice than in control animals, it triggered similar histological alterations, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation in the liver. Interestingly, LPS-induced elevation of IL-6 (but not TNFalpha) serum concentrations was attenuated in FAN-deficient mice. A less pronounced secretion of IL-6 was also observed after LPS or TNFalpha treatment of cultured peritoneal macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts isolated from FAN-deficient mice, as well as in human fibroblasts expressing a mutated FAN. Finally, we show that d-galactosamine-sensitized IL-6-deficient mice were partially resistant to endotoxin-induced liver apoptosis and lethality. These findings highlight the role of FAN and IL-6 in the inflammatory response initiated by endotoxin, implicating TNFalpha.