基于能值分析的深圳市三个小型农业生态经济系统研究

应用能值分析方法,通过能值转换率,把深圳市3个农场生态经济系统的能量流、物质流、货币流和信息流转化为统一量纲———能值。在绘制能值系统概图和编制能值分析表的基础上,建立能值评价指标体系对3个系统的能值输入结构、生产效率、环境负载和可持续发展状况等进行分析和比较。此外,比较经济指标与能值分析结果,并采用情景分析对农场未来发展做出预测。能值分析方法不仅考虑环境及其服务功能对经济生产的贡献,同时能值交换率和能值产出率把系统经济流入和产出纳入分析过程,结合环境和经济评价,可用于综合分析农场生态效益和经济效益。研究结果表明:西丽果场是可持续发展能力最高的农场,碧岭现代农业科技园次之,而山海农场的可持续发展能力最低。都市农场应该大比例利用可更新资源,努力发展农业生产,并且积极提升农业的技术含量。在此基础上,控制规模合理地发展旅游经济,走高科技农业生态旅游之路。     

生态系统的能值分析

论述了国际生态学最新发展的能值（Emergy）分析方法与原理,并与能量分析作比较研究,任何产品或劳务形成过程中所需投入的直接和间接的一种有效能之量称为其具有的能值;单位能量相当的能值称为该能量的能值转换率,能值和能值转移率揭示了能量的能质、等级及其真实价值;以能值尺度可衡量比较不同类别的能量,综合分析各种生态系统的生态流,定量研究生态与经济效率及其关联。     

生态系统的能值分析

论述了国际生态学最新发展的能值(Emergy)分析方法与原理,并与能量分析作比较研究.任何产品或劳务形成过程中所需投入的直接和间接的一种有效能之量称为其具有的能值;单位能量相当的能值称为该能量的能值转换率.能值和能值转换率揭示了能量的能质、等级及其真实价值;以能值尺度可衡量比较不同类别的能量,综合分析各种生态系统的生态流,定量研究生态与经济效率及其关联.     

毛乌素沙地县域典型农、牧户单元生态经济系统能值分析

农、牧户单元生态经济系统作为最基层的生产单位,关系着国家大政方针政策的落实和实施.运用能值理论及其分析方法,选择毛乌素沙地偏牧区的内蒙古自治区乌审旗苏力德苏木典型牧户生态经济系统和偏农区的陕西省榆阳区牛家梁镇典型农户生态经济系统作为研究对象,对两种不同产业偏重区产业模式的能值投入、产出结构状况进行对比分析,结合净能值产出率、能值投资率、环境负荷力、能值功率密度、单位面积生产力、人均能值用量、人均能值占有量、系统生产优势度、系统稳定性指数和系统可持续性指数共10项能值分析综合指标体系,全面系统地对农、牧户单元生态经济系统进行比较研究,定量描述典型农、牧户单元生态经济系统格局及其发展的总体特征.旨在为毛乌素沙地偏牧区和偏农区农、牧户经营层面的产业模式优化及发展提供策略选择.     

相图法在区域农业经济系统能值研究中的运用

能值分析方法将不同的资源类型以统一的太阳能值来衡量,考虑了资源在生产过程中贡献力的差异,是研究和分析复杂能量系统资源代谢过程,评价过程的环境压力和发展可持续性的有效方法.运用能值方法对比分析了我国辽宁省两个经济与环境基础不同的农业生产系统,在发展过程中资源利用结构的变化,以及变化对当地环境和系统发展的影响,并运用相图分析方法更系统而全面地分析了系统的发展进程,现状和将来可能的发展方向.分析结果表明,同样的经济发展模式对自然环境条件相对脆弱的系统来说,所造成的环境压力和对系统可持续性的削弱程度更大.能值的相图分析法为能值方法的应用提供了一个有力的研究工具.     

基于能流物流理论的农牧交错带生态治理模式研究——以内蒙古后山旱农区为例

中国北方农牧交错带的生态环境问题引起了人们广泛关注.经过多年的攻关研究,以能物流理论为指导,根据地处北方农牧交错带的后山旱农区的自然、社会、经济特征,提出了以丘陵为单元的生态治理模式.1999年对传统顺坡种植模式、人工草地模式和生态治理模式进行观测.能物流分析结果表明,生态治理模式与传统的种植模式相比,能提高太阳能利用率8.3%,提高能量输出量8.7%,提高能量转化效率19.4%,N的输出量提高26.5%,转化效率提高57.1%,P的输出量提高12.1%,转化效率提高45.0%,水分利用效率提高17.7%.人工草地模式与传统模式和生态治理模式相比,其太阳能利用率、能量输出量、能量转化效率都是最低的.治理模式产出最多,盈利最多,是经济效益最好的模式,经济效率比传统模式提高16.1%.     

农业生态经济系统的能值分析

农业生态经济系统的能值分析蓝盛芳,陈飞鹏,刘新茂（华南农业大学生物系,广州５１０６４２）本文探讨能值（Ｅｍｅｒｇｙ）分析理论和方法在农业生态经济系统研究中的应用,同以往的农业能量分析加以比较,说明其特点和重大进步意义。能值是美国著名生态学家Ｈ．Ｔ．Ｏ...     

基于能流物流理论的农牧交错带生态治理模式研究——以内蒙古后山旱农区为例

中国北方农牧交错带的生态环境问题引起了人们广泛关注．经过多年的攻关研究。以能物流理论为指导,根据地处北方农牧交错带的后山旱农区的自然、社会、经济特征,提出了以丘陵为单元的生态治理模式,1999年对传统顺坡种植模式、人工草地模式和生态治理模式进行观测．能物流分析结果表明。生态治理模式与传统的种植模式相比,能提高太阳能利用率8．3％,提高能量输出量8．7％,提高能量转化效率19．4％,N的输出量提高26．5％,转化效率提高57．1％,P的输出量提高12．1％,转化效率提高45．0％。水分利用效率提高17．7％．人工草地模式与传统模式和生态治理模式相比,其太阳能利用率、能量输出量、能量转化效率都是最低的．治理模式产出最多,盈利最多,是经济效益最好的模式,经济效率比传统模式提高16．1％。     

天祝县生态经济系统的能值分析

能值理论为生态经济系统结构和功能的研究提供了一种新的理论和分析方法。本文对甘肃省天祝县生态经济系统进行了能值分析,通过计算天祝县总的能值用量、能值货币比率、能值自给率、人均能值用量、能值密度等指标,定量描述了天祝县生态经济格局和发展状况的总体特征,并与其他国家和地区进行了比较。结果表明:天祝县2008年总的能值用量为2.38×1021sej,人均能值用量只有1.03×1015sej,远远低于其他国家或地区;能值自给率达88.87%,而能值货币比率为3.41×1013sej.$-1,二者均高于国内沿海经济发达的省份。说明天祝县的经济发展是建立在本地资源过度依赖和高强度的利用基础之上,生态经济系统是一封闭的、不具活力的、不可持续的系统。据此提出了一系列促进区域可持续发展措施和建议。     

农业生态系统能量分析

农业生态系统的能量分析从能流着手进行农业生态系统的功能量化分析,是农业生态系统重要的研究方法之一。本文简要回顾讨论了农业生态系统能量分析研究的历史和进展。着重讨论了能值分析方法对传统能量分析方法的新发展,分析了农业生态系统能量分析目前存在的问题,并就其进一步发展方向进行了探讨能值分析方法用生产某种能量或物质所直接或间接耗用的太阳能值量来衡量该能量或物质的价值,不仅在概念上而且在算法上都是原有能量分析方法的新发展．发展到能值分析阶段的农业生态系统的能量分析方法亦存有自身的不足之处,如能值转换率的计算过于繁复,能值指标体系缺乏统一性及系统可持续发展的能值综合评价指标缺乏等。这些问题的解决与能值最大功率的明晰化、能值分析与能量及耗散分析的结合、与物质分析及景观结构分析的结合等研究等共同构成了农业生态系统能量分析的几大发展方向。     

盐城自然保护区两种人工湿地模式评价

在用能值分析对盐城自然保护区两种人工湿地研究的基础上 ,对其可持续发展提出了建议。在缓冲区建立以获取经济效益为目的的鱼塘是必要的 ,它为自然保护事业的发展提供了足够的资金反馈 ;为了减轻由于湿地开发带来的珍禽的生境压力 ,在核心区的边缘必须建立以招鸟为目的的水禽湖。水禽湖对鱼塘的面积比须在 0 .1 9和 8.0 0之间。当比例是0 .1 9时 ,系统获得最大经济效益 2 .1 3× 1 0 3US＄ /a.hm2 ,当比例是 8.0 0时 ,系统获得最大生态效益 1 .1 8× 1 0 3US＄ /a.hm2当比例是 0 .3 1时 ,系统获得相等的生态和经济效益 ,其和是 3 .79× 1 0 2 US＄ /a.hm2 比例 0 .3 1是保护区较优的选择。在此模式运作几年后 ,鱼塘须被改成水禽湖 ,且被划入核心区进行严格管理 ,核心区被扩大。同时 ,建议在江苏省“海上苏东”发展计划对海涂湿地大力开发的同时 ,必须建立一定比例的适于珍禽栖息活动的人工湿地 ,扩大自然保护规模 ,以保护珍贵的生物多样性资源。     

武夷山自然保护区生态旅游系统能值分析

能值理论与分析方法已经被广泛应用于对人类社会和自然界研究的各个层面.将武夷山国家自然保护区视为生态旅游系统,运用能值理论及其分析方法对其进行讨论和研究.由于传统的能值方法未能完全反映生态旅游系统的一切价值,研究中将条件价值法(CVM)与能值分析相结合,试图能够完整的体现出生态旅游系统的全部价值.在此认识的基础上提出了理想能值交换率等概念.并且将对该系统的研究结果与类似系统进行了横向比较.研究结果表明:(1)武夷山自然保护区生态旅游系统能值密度为7.31×1011sej/m2,低于福建省的16.02×1011sej/m2;而人均能值量为2.80×1016sej/m2,高于福建省人均能值5.75×1015sej/m2;净能值产出率为3.60,略高于广西恭城月柿生态农业旅游经济系统的2.79;武夷山自然保护区生态旅游系统理想能值交换率为0.70.(2)武夷山自然保护区自然环境条件良好,发展潜力较大;社区经济欠发达,居民生活水平较低;系统生产效率低,与外界贸易失衡,生态旅游处于探索阶段.     

Comparisons of ecosystem services among three conversion systems in Yancheng National Nature Reserve

A conceptual framework of internal and external emergy was addressed to integrate ecosystem services evaluation and emergy analysis. Internal emergy yields support the material, structure, and information of the ecosystem, and external emergy is those goods and services related to the outside of the ecosystem. An accounting system was determined from the conceptual framework and applied to the evaluation of ecosystem services of conversion activities in Yancheng National Nature Reserve (YNNR), an international important coastal wetland in Jiangsu Province of China. Three typical conversion systems were selected as study cases: (1) a ragworm culturing system (RCS, located in the core zone of YNNR), (2) a clam culturing system (CCS, located in the buffer zone), and (3) a fishpond system (FCS, located in an experimental zone). Our results showed that the ragworm culturing system was more sustainable than the other two systems; indices of base emergy yield ratio (Beyr), net emergy yield ratio (EYR), eco-services benefits (Bs), emergy sustainable indices (ESI) were more sensitive in the new accounting system; the function of the ragworm culturing system relied more on renewable resources and the other two relied mainly on the economic management; and environmental impact, and external services played a crucial role in the ecological engineering evaluation.     

Improved emergy indices for the evaluation of industrial systems incorporating waste management

Emergy analysis is able to account for ecosystems’ contribution to industrial activity. Accordingly, it is an ecologically conscious tool useful for assessing the environmental impact and sustainability of industrial systems. The emergy-based approach requires proper system boundary definitions and uses several standard indices. In this article some perspectives on the deficiencies of three standard emergy indicators - environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy index of sustainability (EIS) - when applied to industrial systems involving waste management are put forward and suggestions for overcoming them given. In addition, in order to account for the impact of waste emissions on the environment, a simple impact amplification factor is proposed for inclusion in the improved emergy indicators. To demonstrate their usefulness and highlight their superiority over standard indices, the improved emergy indicators are used to evaluate the interaction between a commercial polyethylene production process incorporating waste management and its surrounding environment.     

Emergy analysis of cassava chips-suitable feedstock for fuel ethanol in China

The theory and indices of Odum's concept of emergy are explained. The environmental and economic inputs and sustainability of cassava chips production system are evaluated by emergy methodology. The emergy indices of cassava chips production system were calculated as follows: Tr (transformity) was 6.85E + 11 sej/kg, EYR (emergy yield ratio) was 1.11, ELR (environmental loading ratio) was 1.75, EIR (emergy investment ratio) was 9.33, and ESI (emergy sustainability indice) was 0.63. The emergy indices of four kinds of feedstock for fuel ethanol—corn, wheat, sugarcane, and cassava chips—were compared. Least solar energy was consumed when taking cassava chips as feedstock for fuel ethanol. According to the emergy indices, using cassava chips as the feedstock of fuel ethanol is helpful for sustainable development in China.     

Monitoring the sustainability and equity of socioeconomic development: A comparison of emergy indices using Macao, Italy and Sweden as examples

The concept of sustainability involves factors related to society, economy, and ecology. The modern context of sustainability also includes a requirement for equitable consumption of materials and energy to sustain the quality of life while still protecting the environment. To evaluate the environmental sustainability of socioeconomic activities, emergy (embodied energy) is an important tool because it can measure real wealth by accounting for both natural and socioeconomic flows using a common set of units. However, different emergy indices provide different insights, and not all are equally suitable for every situation. Using traditional emergy-based indices, an integrated environmental sustainability index (ESI), and two measures of emergy storage, we analyzed emergy flows and related indices for three typical human-influenced ecosystems: those of Macao, Italy, and Sweden. The performance of each ecosystem was compared using several emergy-based indices to assess their levels of sustainable development and demonstrate how different indices provide different insights. Based on the principle that equitability is an essential component of sustainability, we suggest that a positive and low net emergy ratio is desirable, since this means that the system does not capture excessive amounts of resources from external systems and thereby damage its external life-support systems.     

深圳福田红树林鸟类自然保护区管理策略初探

位于深圳经济特区的福田红树林鸟类自然保护区,是城市边缘一块不可多得的生物多样性宝地。面对经济建设的快速发展和市区的不断扩张,福田自然保护区正承受着来自各方面的巨大压力。如何在积极推动保护区立法的同时,通过开放式生物多样性保护管理,主动参与地方经济建设,实现与周边社区、地方政府和各相关社会利益集团结成合作伙伴关系,是本文探讨的重点。     

Creation of a nature reserve, its effects on hunting management and waterfowl distribution in the Camargue (southern France)

The eastern portion of the Camargue in southern France is divided into two parts: a natural wetland area of 2800 ha and an agricultural area of 5045 ha. In 1984 and 1989, a new protected area (1000 ha) was created on two contiguous former hunting estates. Analysis of aerial photographs (1968–1998) in conjunction with a field survey revealed, from 1984 to 1998, an increase of management for waterfowl hunting in natural wetlands located on the periphery of the new reserve, and a similar increase in the agricultural area amongst residual wetlands and former rice fields. Based on monthly aerial censuses, the size of the waterfowl population in the winter increased in this part of the delta by a factor of 3.8 following the creation of the reserve. Our results suggest that the creation of a reserve on former hunting estates resulted in greater attractiveness for ducks but also in the development of commercial hunting activity around the edge. This development increased fragmentation and uniformity of natural areas, including the loss of the unique Cladium mariscus habitat in the Camargue and resulted in the spatial expansion of waterfowl hunting areas in agricultural areas. It is associated with an increase in financial profit from waterfowl hunting. Our study highlights unexpected costs for nature conservation associated with the creation of a reserve. It illustrates the need for new models of wetland conservation where protection goals are not restricted to reserves, but also integrate conservation and economic development outside the protected areas.     

江西省主要作物(稻、棉、油)生态经济系统综合分析评价

基于成本收益分析和能值分析理论,构建经济效益指标和生态经济效益指标,对江西省水稻(早稻和晚稻)、棉花、油菜种植系统的经济效益、生态经济综合效益进行分析和评价。经济效益方面,分析比较了单位面积作物成本构成,构建了净利润(Rev)和净利润率(Prof)两个经济效益指标;生态经济方面,分析比较了单位面积能值投入产出构成,构建了能值投入率、能值产出率、环境负载率、宏观经济能值等四个能值评价指标。计算结果表明江西省水稻、棉花和油菜等作物的生产成本占主导地位,价格因素是影响种植成本最重要的因素。水稻主要是以生产物资费用为主,而棉花和油菜以人工费用为主。从产值和收益来看,Rev大小为棉花>晚稻>早稻>油菜,Prof大小为晚稻>棉花>早稻>油菜。水稻、棉花和油菜种植系统对自然更新资源的依靠程度较低,系统的维系主要依赖于外部购买能值的投入,其构成与生产成本构成是一致的。水稻、棉花和油菜等作物的种植系统能值投入率比较高,大小为棉花>早稻>晚稻>油菜,能值产出率:油菜>棉花>晚稻>早稻,造成生态环境压力为晚稻>早稻>油菜>棉花,宏观经济能值大小为油菜>棉花>晚稻>早稻。结果表明,江西省水稻、棉花、油菜种植系统是高度开放的系统,主要依赖购买能值,但是系统产出率不高,其环境压力也不大。研究结果可为深入认识江西水稻、棉花和油菜等主要作物种植系统提供一个新的视角,并为种植业可持续发展提供一定的参考价值。     

Emergy analysis for the environmental sustainability of an inshore fish farming system

The emergy concept was used to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the rearing process of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) in an inshore fish farming system in Gulf of La Spezia (Italy, Northwestern Mediterranean). Emergy is defined as the available energy of one kind previously used up directly and indirectly to make a product or service. The indices for the examined fish farm calculated from the emergy evaluation were compared with those of three other systems producing fishes: two intensive fish farming systems producing, respectively, salmons (Salmo salar) and tilapia (Tilapia mariae), the third system producing again S. aurata but in a semi-natural extensive manner. The emergy evaluation showed that the rearing of fishes in a sheltered area of Mediterranean Sea imposes a large stress on the environment. The greatest contributions to the emergy needed for production were due to fingerlings purchased and goods and services provided that are two external, non-renewable inputs to the system. The strong dependence of external contributions and the relative inability at exploiting local natural resources affect strongly the level of environmental sustainability of the productive process.