稻米营养品质种子效应和母体效应的遗传分析

采用谷类作物种子数量性状的遗传模型,以珍汕９７Ａ等６个籼型不育系与测早２－２等,３个早籼恢复系进行不完全双列杂交,对籼型杂交稻稻米营养品质性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明：稻米蛋白质含量和蛋白质指数主要受制于母体遗传效应,但亦受到种子基因效应的影响;赖氨酸含量和赖氨酸指数则主要与种子基因效应有关,其中赖氨酸含量还受到母体加性效应的影响。除赖氨酸指数外,其它营养品质性状的种子直接遗传率和母体遗传率均已达到极显著水平。遗传效应预测值表明,选用浙南１号Ａ和２６７１５较易获得稻米营养品质较为理想的籼型杂交稻组合。     

籼稻稻米外观品质的细胞质,母体和胚乳遗传效应分析

利用浙协2号A等9个籼型不育系和T49等5个籼型恢复系进行不完全双列杂交,研究了籼稻稻米外观品质的遗传效应．结果表明,稻米外观品质性状的表现受制于胚乳、母体和细胞质三套遗传体系．糙米长、长宽比和长厚比等性状以母体遗传率为主,而糙米宽和糙米厚则以胚乳直接遗传率为主,糙米长和长宽比等性状的细胞质遗传率亦很重要．结果还发现外观品质性状间存在着较强的遗传相关,其中糙米长与糙米宽、糙米长与糙米厚、糙米宽与糙米厚、糙米宽与长宽比、糙米厚与长厚比以及糙米长宽比与长厚比性状间以胚乳直接加性和母体加性相关为主．而糙米长与长宽比、糙米长与长厚比、糙米宽与长厚比以及糙米厚与长宽比性状间则以胚乳直接显性和母体显性相关为主．就外观品质的总体情况而言,遗传效应预测值表明参试亲本以V20A、作5A和测早2-2较好,其各种遗传效应能够显著改善稻米品质性状。V20A／102和作5A／测早2-2等组合具有较好的稻米外观品质．     

东北地区三种柴胡种子游离氨基酸的研究

东北地区三种柴胡１２个居群做了种子游离氨基酸成分分析。发现狭叶柴胡９个居群中种子游离氨基酸种内存在着变异,而且种间游离氨基酸种类变异较大,可以作为种间分类的指标。     

玉米籽粒性状的遗传效应分析

采用二倍体胚和三倍体胚乳种子遗传模型及其分析方法,以5个玉米自交系及其配制的F1,F2,BC1,BC2世代为材料,研究5个玉米种子性状的胚直接效应、胚乳直接效应、母体效应和细胞质效应。分析结果表明,除粒宽外,各性状的遗传同时由细胞质效应和胚、胚乳、母体基因效应所控制,百粒重主要受胚乳和母体效应的影响,粒长的遗传以母体效应为主,粒宽和粒厚以胚乳效应为主。各部位籽粒百粒重的胚乳直接加性效应与母体加性效应的协方差达到显著或极显著水平,其余性状的胚、胚乳直接效应与母体效应间的协方差均不显著,通过母体植株的遗传表现可以对这些性状进行有效的选择。S22 是改良百粒重的优良亲本。 Abstract：The embryo,endosperm and cytoplasm effects of seven seed traits were studied by genetic model for diploid embryo and triploid endosperm plant seeds using five inbreds and their F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations. The estimates of genetic variance components indicated that the inheritance of all other kernel traits was controlled by the four effects except kernel width. The 100?kernel weight was mainly controlled by endosperm and maternal effects , and kernel length was controlled by the maternal effects,while endosperm conrrolled kernel width and kernel thickness. Except the significant or highly significant covariances between the endosperm direct additive and maternal additive effects for 100－kernel weight,all other traits between the embryo or endosperm direct effect and the maternal were not significant. So,maize inbreds could be developed by direct selection based on maternal plants for these traits. S22 was the best inbred of the improvement for kernel weight in this study.     

母体遗传效应对绒山羊生产性状遗传参数估计的影响

利用非求导约束最大似然法(DF-REML), 比较了内蒙古白绒山羊在两种不同动物模型下估计遗传参数的差异, 两种模型的区别在于是否考虑母体遗传效应。对两种模型的差异用似然比进行检验。结果表明, 母体遗传效应对于体重和绒厚影响极显著(P<0.01), 对于抓绒量、毛长、绒长度以及绒细度影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

烟草叶片游离氨基酸含量的分析

分析结果表明,烟草叶片中含有１６种以上游离氨基酸,其中谷氨酸含量最高。不同层次叶片的总游离氨基酸含量不同,从脚叶（下层）至顶叶（上层）总游离氨基酸的含量逐渐增加。此外,烟草叶片中尚含有芳香族氨基酸,其中苯丙氨酸与酪氨酸对烟叶色、香、味的形成起着重要作用。     

大麦籽粒及花药愈伤组织的游离氨基酸含量分析

对同一基因型大麦花药愈伤组织与籽粒中的游离氨基酸含量尤其是赖氨酸含量之间的关系进行分析,结果表明,对同一基因型而言,愈伤组织及籽粒中的同一氨基酸含量高低具有相同趋势。同时着重分析了愈伤组织中游离脯氨酸的含量与绿苗分化的关系,结果表明游离脯氨酸含量高的愈伤组织,其绿苗分化率较高,说明脯氨酸对绿苗分化具有重要作用。966259的花药愈伤组织及籽粒中的游离氨基酸总含量及游离赖氨酸含量均最高。     

啮齿动物的母体效应

母体可通过基因遗传之外的其他方式影响后代的表型,包括激素分泌、胎盘渗透性、母乳成分和母体抚育行为等。这种对后代形态和行为的影响很大且持续终生。母体效应是子代对环境异质性的一种表型反应,在进化生态学研究中是一个非常重要的变异来源,对种群生态学而言,也可能是种群调节机制的一个重要的因子。着重介绍了母体状况对啮齿动物后代生长发育、性比、性特征和对性选择的影响,对啮齿动物母体效应的进一步研究进行了展望。     

GENETIC MODELS AND ANALYSIS METHODS FOR SEX-LINKED AND MATERNAL GENE EFFECTS

INTRODUCTIONInanimalbrce(lingexperilllents,sex--linkedandmaternaleff(3ctsaretheprimarysourcesofreciprocaleffects.Eiap1etal.(1966)presentedamodelcontainillgparametersforsex--linlcedan(lmaternaleffectsasxvellasautosomalgeneticeffects.Cockerhalllandacid(1977…     

ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC MATERNAL EFFECTS ON SEED CHARACTERS IN NEMOPHILA MENZIESII

Nuclear genetic, maternal genetic and maternal environmental effects on seed characters were estimated in the California native annual plant Nemophila menziesii using two greenhouse crosses. In one cross, according to a nested mating design, the narrow sense heritability of seed weight was small (3.9%). A subset of full-sib progenies produced in this cross was grown singly and in competition with the introduced grass Bromus diandrus. In a second cross, these plants were used as mothers (dams) and were each mated to the same three sires. Seeds produced by mothers competing with B. diandrus showed a significant reduction in weight, increase in time to germination, and increase in the incidence of dormancy, when compared to seeds from mothers grown singly. Significant sire components were found for time to germination and incidence of dormancy. Maternal genetic variation for seed weight was largely expressed as maternal genotype by maternal environment interaction, and showed no significant maternal genetic main effect. Time to germination and dormant fraction showed a relatively large maternal genetic effect. Evolution of seed characters in N. menziesii is more likely to occur via indirect response to selection among maternal plants than among the seeds themselves. Maternal genotype by maternal environment interaction could potentially contribute to the maintenance of maternal genetic variation in seed weight, but this does not appear likely for dormancy.     

镉、铁及其复合污染对烟草叶片氨基酸含量的影响

通过大田模拟试验,研究了Ｃｄ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｄ＋ＦｅＦｅ＋Ｃｄ处理下红花大金元烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍＬ．）叶片１７种蛋白水解氨茯酸和总氨基酸含量的变化情况。结果表明：Ｃｄ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｄ＋Ｆｅ和Ｆｅ＋Ｃｄ处理均不改变氨基酸的种类组成;Ｃｄ对烟草叶片氨基酸含量的影响比Ｆｅ大;Ｆｅ抑制Ｃｄ对氨基酸含量的影响,Ｃｄ也抑制Ｆｅ的作用,Ｃｄ与Ｆｅ相互拮抗,并初步探讨了拮抗机制;建议在Ｃｄ污染地区通过     

中国豆科黄华族植物种子游离氨基酸组成及其系统学意义

本文分析了我国豆科黄华族3属7种植物种子中的游离氨基酸组成,并初步讨论了其系统学意义。发现均含有较高的游离氨基酸,其总量的变化范围在2.792—12.51毫克/克干重之间,其中除谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸的含量均很高外,还发现含有很高的精氨酸,尤其是新疆黄华中精氨酸含量高达8.62毫克/克干重;属间、种间的游离氨基酸组成有着较大的差异,但不能完全反映出种属间的系统关系。     

小麦叶片中硝酸还原酶活性、游离氨基酸和粗蛋白含量与籽粒蛋白质含量关系研究

试验以５个八倍体小偃麦、野生二粒小麦、硬粒小麦和１３个普通小麦品种（系）为材料,研究了叶片中硝酸还原酶活性（ＮＲＡ）、氨基酸和粗蛋白含量与籽粒蛋白质含量之间的关系。结果表明,叶片中ＮＲＡ在拔节、抽穗、开花三个生育时期与籽粒蛋白质含量存在显著的正相关系;叶片中氨基酸总量与籽粒蛋白质含量在拔节和抽穗期显著相关,在开花期相关不显著;抽穗期旗叶中粗蛋白含量与籽粒蛋白质含量相关显著。籽粒蛋白质含量高的基因型材料其叶片中ＮＲＡ、氨基酸和粗蛋白含量一般高于低蛋白基因型材料,三者的变化趋势一致,这反映了不同基因型Ｎ素代谢的特点。因此适宜生育时期叶片中ＮＲＡ、氨基酸和粗蛋白含量可作为品质育种选择过程中的参考生理指标。     

MATERNAL INHERITANCE AND ITS EFFECT ON ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION: A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MATERNAL EFFECTS IN A NATURAL PLANT POPULATION

A mother can influence a trait in her offspring both by the genes she transmits (Mendelian inheritance) and by maternal attributes that directly affect that trait in her offspring (maternal inheritance). Maternal inheritance can alter the direction, rate, and duration of adaptive evolution from standard Mendelian models and its impact on adaptive evolution is virtually unexplored in natural populations. In a hierarchical quantitative genetic analysis to determine the magnitude and structure of maternal inheritance in the winter annual plant, Collinsia verna, I consider three potential models of inheritance. These range from a standard Mendelian model estimating only direct (i.e., Mendelian) additive and environmental variance components to a maternal inheritance model estimating six additive and environmental variance components: direct additive and environmental variances; maternal additive and environmental variances; and the direct-maternal additive () and environmental covariances. The structure of maternal inheritance differs among the 10 traits considered at four stages in the life cycle. Early in the life cycle, seed weight and embryo weight display substantial , a negative , and a positive . Subsequently, cotyledon diameter displays and of roughly the same magnitude and negative . For fall rosettes, leaf number and length are best described by a Mendelian model. In the spring, leaf length displays maternal inheritance with significant and and a negative . All maternally inherited traits show significant negative . Predicted response to selection under maternal inheritance depends on and as well as . Negative results in predicted responses in the opposite direction to selection for seed weight and embryo weight and predicted responses near zero for all subsequent maternally inherited traits. Maternal inheritance persists through the life cycle of this annual plant for a number of size-related traits and will alter the direction and rate of evolutionary response in this population.     

NaCl对大麦幼苗根系蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量的影响

大麦幼苗在２００ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ处理６ｄ过程中,根中蛋白水麦活性下降,可溶性蛋白含量在处理１、２、４ｄ下降,６ｄ时有所提高。多数游离氨基酸相对含量及其总量呈上升势,胁迫１、２、６ｄ时,总量较对照分别上升６４．２０％、５６．６９％和１．６９％,其中Ｐｒｏ、Ｇｌｕ、Ａｌａ和Ｔｈｒ较为突出,盐胁迫下根系质膜和液泡膜结合慢白含量上升。可溶性蛋经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳和扫描分析,在盐胁迫１、２、６ｄ中２５     

VARIATION IN SEED CHARACTERS IN NEMOPHILA MENZIESII: EVIDENCE OF A GENETIC BASIS FOR MATERNAL EFFECT

A growing body of evidence indicates that phenotypic selection on juvenile traits of both plants and animals may be considerable. Because juvenile traits are typically subject to maternal effects and often have low heritabilities, adaptive responses to natural selection on these traits may seem unlikely. To determine the potential for evolutionary response to selection on juvenile traits of Nemophila menziesii (Hydrophyllaceae), we conducted two quantitative genetic studies. A reciprocal factorial cross, involving 16 parents and 1960 progeny, demonstrated a significant maternal component of variance in seed mass and additive genetic component of variance in germination time. This experiment also suggested that interaction between parents, though small, provides highly significant contributions to the variance of both traits. Such a parental interaction could arise by diverse mechanisms, including dependence of nuclear gene expression on cytoplasmic genotype, but the design of this experiment could not distinguish this from other possible causes, such as effects on progeny phenotype of interaction between the environmental conditions of both parents. The second experiment, spanning three generations with over 11,000 observations, was designed for investigation of the additive genetic variance in maternal effect, assessment of paternal effects, as well as further partitioning of the parental interaction identified in the reciprocal factorial experiment. It yielded no consistent evidence of paternal effects on seed mass, nor of parental interactions. Our inference of such interaction effects from the first experiment was evidently an artifact of failing to account for the substantial variance among fruits within crosses. The maternal effect was found to have a large additive genetic component, accounting for at least 20% of the variation in individual seed mass. This result suggests that there is appreciable potential for response to selection on seed mass through evolution of the maternal effect. We discuss aspects that may nevertheless limit response to individual selection on seed mass, including trade-offs between the size of individual seeds and germination time and between the number of seeds a maternal plant can mature and their mean size.