近零磁场对灰飞虱生长发育的影响

【目的】作为矢量场的地磁场(Geomagnetic field, GMF)不仅可为生物提供定向(定位)信息,并可能影响生物的进化。磁场强度的变化对生物生理、代谢和行为等可产生影响,本研究以迁飞性昆虫为模式生物,探究GMF强度变化对其生长发育的影响,进一步明确其对GMF强度变化的磁响应策略。【方法】以水稻迁飞性害虫灰飞虱Laodelphaxstriatellus为研究对象,利用亥姆霍兹线圈模拟近乎抵消GMF强度的近零磁场(Near-zeromagneticfield,NZMF),明确GMF强度缺失这一极端处理(NZMFvs.GMF)对灰飞虱生长发育的生物学效应。【结果】与GMF相比,NZMF显著延长了若虫历期(+8.23%)及雄成虫寿命(+35.60%)(P <0.05),显著缩短了雌成虫寿命(–17.68%)并显著降低了雌(–15.82%)雄(–15.21%)成虫体重(P <0.05),但NZMF对灰飞虱卵的发育历期影响不显著。【结论】相对于GMF对照,NZMF显著影响灰飞虱若虫和成虫的生长发育,且对灰飞虱成虫寿命的磁生物学效应表现出雌雄二型现象。     

Cloning of heat shock protein genes from the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens,and the small brown planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus,and their expression in relation to thermal stress

Three heat shock protein (HSP) genes (hsp70, hsc70, hsp90) were partially cloned from the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera: Delphacidae), which are serious pests of the rice plant. Sequence comparisons at the deduced amino acid level showed that the three HSPs of planthoppers were most homologous to corresponding HSPs of dipteran and lepi‐dopteran species. Identities of both heat shock cognate 70 and HSP90 were higher than HSP70 in both species. Identity of the HSP70 between the two planthopper species was only 81%, a value much lower than seen among fly and moth groups. Effects of heat and cold shocks were demonstrated on expression of the three hsp genes in the two planthopper species. Heat shock (40 °C) upregulated the hsp90 level but did not change the hsc70 level in either the nymph and adult stages of either species. On the other hand, the hsp70 level was only upregulated in L. striatellus. This heat shock response was prompt and lasted only for 1 h after treatment. In contrast, cold shock at 4°C did not change the expression levels of any hsp in either species.     

Cloning of heat shock protein genes from the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens,and the small brown planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus,and their expression in relation to thermal stress

Three heat shock protein （HSP） genes （hsp70, hsc70, hsp90） were partially cloned from the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens and the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus （Homoptera： Delphacidae）, which are serious pests of the rice plant. Sequence comparisons at the deduced amino acid level showed that the three HSPs of planthoppers were most homologous to corresponding HSPs of dipteran and lepidopteran species. Identities of both heat shock cognate 70 and HSP90 were higher than HSP70 in both species. Identity of the HSP70 between the two planthopper species was only 81%, a value much lower than seen among fly and moth groups. Effects of heat and cold shocks were demonstrated on expression of the three hsp genes in the two planthopper species. Heat shock （40 ℃） upregulated the hsp90 level but did not change the hsc70 level in either the nymph and adult stages of either species. On the other hand, the hsp70 level was only upregulated in L. striatellus. This heat shock response was prompt and lasted only for 1 h after treatment. In contrast, cold shock at 4℃ did not change the expression levels of any hsp in either species.     

近零磁场对褐飞虱翅型分化、趋光性及飞行能力的影响

【目的】地磁场(geomagnetic field,GMF)不是恒定不变的,而是随时间和空间时刻变化的。目前,动物对磁场变化的响应研究主要集中于迁徙性动物地磁定向导航中的磁感受方面,而迁徙性动物迁出地和迁入地之间地磁场强度差异对动物生理和行为潜在的磁场效应尚不明确。【方法】迁飞性昆虫褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens试虫采自江苏省农业科学院试验田。本文采用亥姆霍兹线圈室内模拟近零磁场(near-zero magnetic field,NZMF)和GMF,调查了褐飞虱成虫在NZMF和GMF下的翅型分化、趋光性和飞行能力。【结果】结果表明,与GMF相比,NZMF显著提高了褐飞虱雄成虫短翅型比例(6. 4%)(P <0. 05),但对雌成虫长翅型比例影响不显著(P> 0. 05);对于长翅雌成虫,NZMF显著提高了其2日龄成虫的上灯比例(55%)(P <0. 05),但显著降低了其4日龄成虫的上灯比例(22%)(P <0. 05),对趋光性的影响总体呈现出随着龄期先增强后减弱的效应。NZMF对长翅雄成虫趋光性的影响也呈现出相同的效应,但对各日龄成虫的影响不显著(P> 0. 05); NZMF显著缩短了2日龄长翅雄成虫的飞行时间(46%)(P <0. 05),并显著提高了长翅雌成虫(65%)和长翅雄成虫(101%)的飞行速度(P <0. 05)。此外,GMF对照组的褐飞虱长翅雄成虫飞行速度显著低于长翅雌成虫(96%),而NZMF处理组中二者无显著差异。【结论】结果说明,近零磁场可提高褐飞虱成虫短翅比例,对长翅成虫趋光性的影响呈现出基于龄期增长先增强后减弱的效应,并在未影响长翅成虫飞行距离的情况下,改变了其飞行策略,即提高飞行速度,同时缩短飞行时间。     

褐飞虱与灰飞虱间接种内和种间效应的比较研究

为了明确褐飞虱Nilaparva talugens(Stl)与灰飞虱Laodelphgax striatellus(Fallén)经寄主植物而诱导引起的间接种间效应,在人工气候室内以健康植株为对照,研究了2种飞虱在事先分别经一种稻飞虱危害的汕优63和秀水11上的表现,比较由同种或异种诱导的间接种内和种间效应对该2种稻飞虱主要生物学参数的影响,结果表明在每2株稻苗接20头高龄单一种飞虱若虫危害2d的条件下,褐飞虱存在一定的间接种内竞争,主要表现为在事先由同种危害的寄主上若虫存活率显著下降,但未发现灰飞虱对褐飞虱的正面或负面的间接种间效应。但是,在试验条件下灰飞虱并不存在间接种内竞争,而存在着显著的褐飞虱对灰飞虱诱导的间接种间促进作用,主要表现为在事先经褐飞虱取食危害的寄主植物上灰飞虱若虫的历期缩短、存活率提高、雌成虫寿命延长、每雌产卵量增加。同时,褐飞虱对灰飞虱所表现的间接诱导种间促进效应与寄主品种有显著互作关系,在中抗灰飞虱的汕优63品种上,间接诱导种间促进效应较在感灰飞虱品种秀水10上更为明显。本文对稻飞虱间接诱导种内和种间效应的机制和进化意义进行了讨论。     

南昌地区灰飞虱的生活史、繁殖和越冬生物学特性

为了探明灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)在南昌地区的生物学特性, 本研究在实验室和自然条件下系统调查了该虫的年生活史, 温度对其生长发育、 繁殖、 性比及翅型分化的影响, 及其越冬生物学。结果表明, 灰飞虱在南昌一年发生4~7代。在18~32℃, 卵的发育历期随温度升高逐渐缩短。若虫的发育历期在18~28℃随温度升高逐渐缩短, 但若虫的发育历期在30和32℃时显著长于28℃的发育历期（P=0.000﹤0.05）。越冬个体的若虫期为143~187 d。卵和若虫的发育起点温度分别为10.17℃和7.51℃。在室外, 7月中旬高温下孵化的第4代若虫的发育历期也明显延长, 显示了高温诱导的夏季休眠现象。在18~28℃, 产卵前期随温度升高而逐渐缩短, 当温度上升到30℃时, 其产卵前期比26和28℃下有所延长。产卵期在22℃最长, 30℃下最短。成虫在20~24℃下的寿命最长。在28℃下, 平均每雌产若虫量最大。不论在室内还是在室外, 雌雄比均接近1∶1。在18~32℃, 羽化的成虫均以长翅型占绝对优势。在自然条件下, 越冬代和第6代羽化的成虫以短翅型占优势, 其他各代仍以长翅型占优势。在自然条件下, 9月中旬孵化的若虫就有少量个体滞育越冬, 10月中旬后孵化的若虫全部进入越冬。越冬若虫的龄期为1-5龄。本研究为该虫发生的预测及有效防控提供基础资料。     

Effects of triflumezopyrim on the reproduction of brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens

The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a notorious pest on rice in Asia and has evolved serious resistance to traditional chemical insecticides in recent years. Triflumezopyrim, a newly commercialized mesoionic insecticide, exhibited an excellent control effect on sucking insects, including N. lugens. However, the effects of triflumezopyrim on the reproduction of N. lugens have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the impacts of different concentrations of triflumezopyrim (LC₁₀, LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) on the reproduction and the reproduction related genes of N. lugens exposure to the insecticide via systemic and contact route. The results indicated that the preoviposition periods of N. lugens females in the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim-treated groups (♀ t × ♂ t) were prolonged in contact toxicity treatment, compared with control (acetone treatment). The fecundities for three pair combinations (♀ c ×♂ t, ♀ t ×♂ c and ♀ t ×♂ t) treated with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ concentrations of triflumezopyrim showed a significant decrease compared to water/acetone-treated control via contact and systemic route. No significant effects of LC₁₀ triflumezopyrim on preoviposition period and fecundity were found in contact and systemic toxicity treatments. However, the triflumezopyrim did not influence the egg hatchability. By microscope observation, the LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim impended the ovarian development in females. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the vitellogenin (NlVg) relative expression level of female adults exposed to LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim decreased by 30.3 – 39.5% in two toxicity treatments. The titers of another reproduction related hormones juvenile hormone III (JH III) in LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ triflumezopyrim-treatments were 27.4% and 25.8% lower than control in contact toxicity treatment and 27.08% and 37.18% lower than control in systemic toxicity treatment. In summary, these results suggested that the median lethal and high lethal concentrations of triflumezopyrim inhibited the reproduction and reduced the expression of NlVg and JH III in N. lugens. This study provided a reference for the efficient and scientific utilization of triflumezopyrim in the field.     

High temperature determines the ups and downs of small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus population

Small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) numbers usually drop sharply in the summer and revive quickly in the autumn. However, it is unclear whether and how the high temperature plays a role in this process. The effects of durations of heat exposure (33°C) on life‐history traits were examined here. Exposure of adults for 1 day during the oviposition stage led to a very low survival of nymphs. The average longevity of L. striatellus exposed for 1–31 days from oviposition was significantly longer than that of the control (27°C). Short‐term (1–5 days) heat exposure of the third instar nymphs did not significantly influence eclosion, but exposure of the fourth instar nymphs significantly increased eclosion. Lifespan from egg to adult was significantly lengthened when the third instar nymphs were exposed to heat for 2–15 days, or the fourth instar were exposed for 10 days. The preoviposition period was prolonged by heat exposure of the third or fourth instar nymphs. Short‐term heat exposure of less than 3 days of the third or fourth instar nymphs did not restrict fecundity, but when the exposure duration exceeded 5 days the total eggs per female and hatchability decreased. Exposure to high temperature increased the brachypter rate of adults. In summary, low survival and slowing development under heat exposure resulted in population decline in the summer, and the relatively high fecundity and brachypter rate led to quick revival in autumn. Temperature in the summer determines the rise and fall in numbers of L. striatellus.     

虫害诱导的水稻挥发物对褐飞虱的驱避作用

水稻叶片在遭受害虫的危害时,释放一些特异性的挥发性物质。这些挥发性信息物质在调节植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌的相互关系中有重要作用。利用“Y”型嗅觉仪研究了褐飞虱对虫害诱导的11种水稻挥发物（浓度为2 Μl 化合物溶解在100 Μl丙酮溶液中）的行为反应。结果表明,(E)-2-己烯醛、(E)-2-己烯-1-醇、-2-庚醇和水杨酸甲酯等4种化合物对褐飞虱成虫有显著的驱避作用,而(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、-2-庚酮、柠檬烯、罗勒烯、芳樟醇、-β-子丁香烯和橙花叔醇等7种物质对褐飞虱成虫的选择行为无显著影响。浓度梯度的实验表明,浓度(不同体积的待测化合物用100 Μl丙酮稀释)较低的(E)-2-己烯醛（0.5 Μl、1 Μl）和芳樟醇（05 Μl、1 Μl、5 Μl）对褐飞虱成虫的选择行为无显著影响,而较高浓度的(E)-2-己烯醛（5 Μl、10 Μl）和芳樟醇（10 Μl）对褐飞虱成虫均有明显的驱避作用。     

高温及水稻类型对灰飞虱种群的影响

近年来,灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fall n)在江浙等地呈明显上升态势。采用不同温度及水稻类型处理灰飞虱若虫,获得灰飞虱种群在不同处理组合下的存活率、发育进度及抗寒力。结果表明,35℃的高温下,灰飞虱各龄若虫无论在杂交籼稻还是粳稻上,其发育进度均比25~30℃推迟2~7d。35℃高温下若虫死亡率较高,并且不能正常羽化。粳稻上饲养的灰飞虱若虫的存活率明显高于杂交籼稻,但水稻类型和温度对灰飞虱存活率的影响不存在明显的互作作用。在适宜温度下(27~30℃)用杂交籼稻饲养的灰飞虱,其过冷却点及结冰点均要比在高温(35℃)或低温(25℃)下饲养的低。在26~30.5℃变温条件下,杂交籼稻上饲养的灰飞虱的过冷却点和结冰点显著低于粳稻上饲养的,而且不同温度和水稻类型上的灰飞虱的过冷却点均低于零下10℃。可见江浙稻区冬季低温对灰飞虱的越冬已不存在制约作用。温度和水稻类型的变化是近年灰飞虱暴发成灾的重要原因。     

稻株含氮量和密度对褐飞虱存活、发育和生殖特性的影响

对褐飞虱种群在不同含氮量稻株和若虫密度条件下的反应进行了研究。结果表明,若虫密度对褐飞虱存活的抑制作用随若虫密度提高而增强,但随寄主含氮量的增加而显著下降,表现为低含量的寄主植物可以增强对种群调节的负反馈作用。在低氮稻株上的饲养代数也明显影响若虫存活率,而在高氮稻株上饲养的不同代别褐飞虱之间则无显著差异。若虫率与稻株含氮量呈极显著的负相关,即在高若虫密度下寄主含氮量的增加可显著缩短褐飞虱若虫的发育历期。与高含氮量稻株上的褐飞虱种群相比,饲养在低含氮量稻株上的褐飞虱种群的若虫发育时间在高若虫密度下显著延长。在每盆40头褐飞虱若虫的密度下,成虫性比与稻株含氮量呈极显著的正相关,而在不同若虫密度下,随着若虫密度的增加雌性成虫比例显著下降。在每盆160头的若虫密度时低氮稻株上褐飞虱种群的性比低于0.3,显著低于在高氮稻株上的褐飞虱种群的性比0.85。在含氮量低的稻株上的雌成虫体重随若虫密度的增加极显著减少,连续取食第2代的雌成虫又比取食第1代时的轻。在所研究的所有若虫密度下,取食高含氮量稻株的褐飞虱种群的雌成虫寿命均为取食低含氮量稻株褐飞虱种群雌成虫寿命的3倍左右,差异极为显著。稻株含氮量和若虫密度对褐飞虱生殖力的作用最大,特别是在低氮稻株上若虫密度对褐飞虱生殖力的作用更为突出。在高含氮量稻株上的卵孵化率均随若虫密度的增加而有所下降,但在相同含氮量稻株上卵孵化率的差异均不显著。结果推测由于施用氮肥较多的水稻可以承受高密度的褐飞虱,提高了它们的迁出临界密度,减少了褐飞虱在克服逆境过程中的种群损失,从而造成更高的密度和更重的田间危害程度。     

温度和氮肥对褐飞虱存活、生长发育和繁殖的交互作用

在实验室条件下,研究了不同温度（20 ℃、23 ℃、26 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃）和氮肥水平（不施氮：0 kg·hm^-2;高氮：250 kg·hm^-2）对褐飞虱存活、发育和繁殖的影响和交互作用.结果表明：在20 ℃~29 ℃范围内,随着温度的升高,褐飞虱的卵孵化率和若虫存活率提高,卵和若虫历期缩短,成虫寿命缩短,同时产卵量增加;32 ℃时, 褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率降低、卵和若虫历期延长、成虫生殖力降低;在不同温度下,高氮植株上的褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率、成虫生殖力均明显高于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,同时高氮植株上褐飞虱的卵和若虫历期明显短于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,说明施用高水平氮肥提高了褐飞虱对逆境条件的生态适应性;温度和氮肥对褐飞虱卵存活率、若虫历期和产卵量的交互作用显著,表明全球气候变暖和长期施用高水平氮肥很可能是近年来褐飞虱猖獗暴发的重要原因.     

褐飞虱成虫体内磁性物质检测

地磁定向是昆虫远距离迁飞定向的重要机制之一.本研究以褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens长翅型和短翅型成虫为研究对象,利用MPMS-7型号超导量子干涉磁强计(磁场范围为±4.8 mA/m,温度范围为1.9 ～ 400 K)检测虫体内的磁性物质,明确其体内的分布状况.结果表明:褐飞虱长翅型雄成虫整个虫体的温度退磁曲...     

Cytoplasmic incompatibility in allopatric field populations of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, in Japan

The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera, Delphacidae), shows reproductive cytoplasmic incompatibility between laboratory-cultured strains. Wild planthoppers, were crossed for the purpose of examining the incompatibility principle in allopatric field populations. On the basis of the incompatibility recorded in field populations, Japanese planthopper populations were divided into two groups: one from the north-eastern part and one from the western part of Japan. Crosses between the females of the former group and males of the latter gave infertile eggs, showing unidirectional incompatibility. A small number of eggs from incompatible pairs, however, developed normally.

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Résumé Laodelphax striatellus présente une incompatibilité cytoplasmique reproductive entre souches de laboratoire. Des individus de la nature ont été croisés pour examiner l'incompatibilité entre populations allopatriques récoltées dans les champs. Sur la base de l'incompatibilité observée avec les populations naturelles, les populations japonaises ont été divisées en deux groupes: un pour la partie nordest du Japon, l'autre pour la partie occidentale. Les croisements entre femelles du premier groupe et mâles du second ont donné des oeufs stériles, montrant une incompatibilité unilatérale. Un petit nombre d'oeufs de couples incompatibles se sont cependant développés normalement.

     

Sublethal effects of abamectin on the development,fecundity, and wing morphs of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens negatively affects rice yield by sucking nutrients from the rice stem and spreading viruses. In this study, the effects of sublethal concentrations of abamectin on development, fecundity, and wing morphs of N. lugens were investigated. Treatment with sublethal concentrations of abamectin showed no significant effects on the developmental period of F₀ nymphs. Although LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ treatments resulted in 10% and 25% mortality, the LC₂₅ treatment significantly prolonged the lifespan of macropterous and brachypterous females. Abamectin-treated brachypterous females showed significantly lower fecundity than control females. Furthermore, abamectin treatment showed no significant effects on the developmental period of F₁ nymphs. However, LC₂₅ treatment significantly inhibited the fecundity of brachypterous F₁ females and significantly reduced the proportion of macropterous F₁ females and brachypterous F₁ males. LC₂₅ treatment showed no significant effects on the fecundity of macropterous F₁ females. Considering the proportion of macropterous and brachypterous F₁ females, the relative fitness of the macropterous F₁ nymphs in the control, LC₁₀, and LC₂₅ treatment groups was 1, 1.02, and 0.84, respectively, and that of brachypterous F₁ nymphs was 1, 0.79, and 0.93, respectively. Sublethal concentrations of abamectin inhibited N. lugens emergence. The present findings indicate the potential of abamectin for N. lugens field control.     

Genetic analysis of the wing-form determination of the small brown planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The mechanism of the genetic control of wing form determination of the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus was analyzed by selection and crossing experiments. The selection experiment for brachypterous and macropterous forms for 13 generations showed that the wing form is under some genetic control. The crossing experiment showed that the wing form polymorphism was not a simple Mendelian character but was under polygenic control. The data from the crossing experiment were applied to the liability method for the quantitative genetics by Falconer (1981). The analysis suggested that wing form determination was a threshold character under polygenic control, and the estimated minimum number of loci concerned was 2.07. The realized heritability estimated from the data of selection experiment was 0.36 for macroptery. On the other hand, the heritability in broad sense estimated on the basis of the variance of F₁ and F₂ in crossing experiment was 0.81.     

Detection and analysis of QTLs for resistance to the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in a doubled-haploid rice population

 We used a mapping population of 131 doubled-haploid lines, produced from a cross between an improved indica rice variety (IR64) and a traditional japonica variety (Azucena), to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. We evaluated the parents and mapping population with six tests that measure varying combinations of the three basic mechanisms of insect host plant resistance, i.e., antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. To factor-out the effect of the major resistance gene Bph1 from IR64, the screening was done with two BPH populations from Luzon Island, The Philippines, that are almost completely adapted to this gene. A total of seven QTLs associated with resistance were identified, located on 6 of the 12 rice chromosomes. Individual QTLs accounted for between 5.1 and 16.6% of the phenotypic variance. Two QTLs were predominantly associated with a single resistance mechanism: one with antixenosis and one with tolerance. Most of the QTLs were derived from IR64, which has been shown to have a relatively durable level of moderate resistance under field conditions. The results of this study should be useful in transferring this resistance to additional rice varieties. Received: 10 May 1998 / Accepted: 4 June 1998     

水稻品种对褐飞虱的田间抗性及其生态学机制

评价了7个水稻品种(浙粳22、宜香845、中组14、秀水123、二优倍九、感虫对照品种TN1和抗虫对照品种IR36)在田间成株期对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)的抗性表现,并初步分析了它们的抗性机制。结果表明,在田间网室人工诱发条件下,浙粳22、宜香845、秀水123和中组14等4个品种的抗性水平与抗虫品种IR36相同,均小于3级,表现为抗虫,而二优培九则与感虫品种TN1相同,表现为感虫。在自然发生条件下的水稻分蘖期至乳熟期,宜香845和中组14上褐飞虱数量仅为TN1上的7.84%～24.44%,秀水123和浙粳22则为TN1上的30.19%～60.27%。在4个抗性品种上褐飞虱的产卵量和卵孵化率明显减少,而若虫存活率仅为TN1上的20%～30%。与IR36相同,4个抗性品种上褐飞虱的若虫存活率和种群增长倍数均显著低于TN1上,说明他们对褐飞虱的抗性主要表现为抗生性。