骨形态发生蛋白在多器官组织分化发育中的作用及研究进展

骨形态发生蛋白(Bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs)是一种多功能蛋白,是转化生长因子TGF-β超家族成员,参与骨器官发生、形成与再生的过程,同时对神经系统、造血系统的分化发育也有调控作用.目前,BMPs的研究已经涉及发育生物学、遗传学等多个领域,并在临床上具有广泛的应用前景.基于相关研究近状,对BMPs的分子结构特征及其在多器官组织分化发育中的作用进行分析,为进一步研究BMPs的体内活性及临床应用提供了理论借鉴和参考.     

骨形成蛋白-15基因研究进展

骨形成蛋白-15(BMP-15)是属于转移生长因子-β超家族生长因子的一种分泌型信号分子,仅在卵母细胞中特异性表达,具有促进卵泡生长,阻止黄体早熟的作用。开展对BMP-15基因的研究将有助于人们从基因角度阐明不育或多胎的形成和发展机制,对医学和畜牧业等领域将产生积极的影响。从BMP基因控制排卵数的机制入手,总结BMP-15基因的研究进展。     

BMP-1及BMP家族在背-腹轴图式形成中的作用

骨形态发生蛋白（bone morphogenetic proteins, BMPs）是一类在发育过程中起重要作用的分子。除BMP-1外,其他BMP分子均属于转化生长因子-β（transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β）/BMP超家族的发育信号分子。在胚胎发育过程中,这些信号分子通过形成浓度梯度对背—腹轴各向异性分化进行调控。它们借助细胞表面受体的识别进行信号传导,参与调控细胞分化、增殖等活动。而BMP-1则属于细胞外基质金属蛋白酶超家族中的Tolloid蛋白酶家族。BMP-1通过水解其他BMP的抑制物（如脊索发生素,Chordin）,达到促进其他BMP信号传导的目的。BMP-1、BMP和Chordin三者通过相互制约与相互促进等一系列作用,在背—腹沿线建立起稳定的BMP信号梯度。本文就BMP浓度梯度的形成及其稳态维持的机制进行回顾与总结。并在此基础上,对各个物种间BMP浓度梯度形成机制的异同,以及可能存在的协同进化进行比较、分析和讨论。     

骨形态发生蛋白在人类肿瘤组织中的表达

骨形态发生蛋白（Bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs）是转录生长因子8（transforming growthfactors-β,TGFβ）家族成员之一。研究显示,BMPs在心、。肾、肺、骨骼、神经组织等胚胎发育中起着非常重要的作用,它可调控细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡及决定细胞的命运,并对不同组织其作用不同。有资料显示BMPs在某些消化系统肿瘤中的表达发生改变,提示BMPs可能在肿瘤发生中发挥作用,但它对呼吸系统的肿瘤和疾病是否也有作用,目前尚不清楚,故本实验拟研究BMPs在呼吸系统肿瘤及某些疾病中的表达情况,为进一步探讨它在肿瘤及某些疾病中的作用提供证据。     

骨形成蛋白调控成骨分化的信号机制

骨形成蛋白(bone morphogenetic proteins,BMPs)能诱导成骨细胞和软骨细胞的分化成熟,并能在体内诱导异位成骨。BMPs与骨形成蛋白受体BMPR结合,通过Smads和p38MAPKs途径进行信号转导,并通过下游转录因子Cbfal、Osterix、Dlx等与相应的成骨细胞特异蛋白碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、OPN等基因启动子连接,促进细胞向成骨方向分化。另外,还通过转录因子CIZ、AJ18等对成骨进行负调控,维持胚胎发育正常,保持骨量平衡。由于BMPs在骨修复中的重要作用,现已成为基因治疗用于骨缺损的一个研究热点。     

TGF—β超家族在软骨发生、发育和维持中的作用

转化生长因子β(Transforming growth factor β,TGF-β)超家族包括TGF-β和骨形态发生蛋白(Bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)两个亚家族.TGF-β超家族信号通路的配体、配体拮抗分子,受体、信号转导分子均在软骨内成骨过程中发挥各自独特的作用,参与调控软骨细胞的谱系分化、增殖、成熟、凋亡和矿化.BMP信号能起始间充质细胞向软骨细胞分化并维持软骨细胞的特性,在软骨发生过程中起主导作用;在生长板发育的过程中,BMP信号促进软骨细胞的成熟,促进成骨,而TGF-β信号抑制软骨细胞的肥大分化,维持生长板中适量的软骨细胞;TGF-β信号和BMP信号对于关节软骨的维持和修复都是不可或缺的.因此,TGF-β超家族的重要作用贯穿骨骼发育过程的始终.     

Use of bone morphogenetic proteins in mesenchymal stem cell stimulation of cartilage and bone repair

The extracellular matrix-associated bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) govern a plethora of biological processes. The BMPs are members of the transforming growth factor-β protein superfamily, and they actively participate to kidney development, digit and limb formation, angiogenesis, tissue fibrosis and tumor development. Since their discovery, they have attracted attention for their fascinating perspectives in the regenerative medicine and tissue engineering fields. BMPs have been employed in many preclinical and clinical studies exploring their chondrogenic or osteoinductive potential in several animal model defects and in human diseases. During years of research in particular two BMPs, BMP2 and BMP7 have gained the podium for their use in the treatment of various cartilage and bone defects. In particular they have been recently approved for employment in non-union fractures as adjunct therapies. On the other hand, thanks to their potentialities in biomedical applications, there is a growing interest in studying the biology of mesenchymal stem cell(MSC), the rules underneath their differentiation abilities, and to test their true abilities in tissue engineering. In fact, the specific differentiation of MSCs into targeted celltype lineages for transplantation is a primary goal of the regenerative medicine. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge of BMP roles and signaling in MSC biology and differentiation capacities. In particular the article focuses on the potential clinical use of BMPs and MSCs concomitantly, in cartilage and bone tissue repair.     

Reversion of malignancy in human gastric cancer MKN—45 cells through the transfection of transforming growth factor—β type Ⅱ receptor gene

Human gastric cancer MKN-45 cells which are resistant to TGF-β growth inhibition and possess TGF-β type I and type Ⅲ receptors,but not type Ⅱ receptors,have been used as a model system to reconstitute these cancer cells with TGF-β RII cDNA.The results of these experiments indicated that the reexpression of TGF-β RII gene in MKN-45 cells can restore their sensitivity to TGF-β growth inhibition,decrease their growth rate,reduce their cloning efficiency in soft agar and tumorigenicity in nude mice in stable transfectants,in comparison with their control MKN-45 cells.Among different RII transfectants,their difference in the changes of these parameters,as a result of the regain of autocrine negative growth control by TGF-β,is roughly proportional to their level of expression of transfected RII mRNA.From these data,it is concluded that the inactivation of TGF-β RII gene is related to the escape of growth control by TGF-β in MKN-45 cells.The importance of the study of the interplay of TGF-β and its receptor system in the negative growth control of gastric cancer,and possibly also of other cancers,is discussed.     

高效的骨诱导生长因子——成骨蛋白-1

成骨蛋白-1(OP-1)又称骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7),属转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族成员.重组人OP-1(rhOP-1)在体内和体外都显示了高效的骨诱导活性,可使多种实验动物的骨缺损满意愈合,有良好的临床应用前景.     

BMP inhibits neurite growth by a mechanism dependent on LIM-kinase

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. BMPs regulate several crucial aspects of embryonic development and organogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that BMP-2 inhibits the neurite outgrowth of postnatal cerebellar neurons in vitro. Although receptor-regulated Smad proteins are activated by BMP-2, this signal transduction is not necessary for the inhibitory effect of BMP-2. Interestingly, BMP-2 activates LIM-kinase 1 in the neurons, and the dominant negative form of LIM-kinase 1 abolishes the effect of BMP-2. Thus, BMP-2 inhibits neurite outgrowth by a LIM-kinase 1-dependent mechanism, and our findings add a new member to the group of neurite growth inhibitors.     

Osteogenesis versus chondrogenesis by BMP-2 and BMP-7 in adipose stem cells

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) initiate, promote, and maintain chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. We hypothesize that BMP-2 induces an osteogenic, and BMP-7 a chondrogenic phenotype in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs). We compared the effects of a short 15min BMP-2 or BMP-7 (10ng/ml) treatment on osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs. Gene expression was studied 4 and 14 days after BMP-treatment. At day 4 BMP-2, but not BMP-7, stimulated runx-2 and osteopontin gene expression, and at day 14 BMP-7 down-regulated expression of these genes. At day 4 BMP-2 and BMP-7 stimulated biglycan gene expression, which was down-regulated by BMP-7 at day 14. BMP-7 stimulated aggrecan gene expression at day 14. Our data indicate that BMP-2 treatment for 15min induces osteogenic differentiation, whereas BMP-7 stimulates a chondrogenic phenotype of AT-MSCs. Therefore, AT-MSCs triggered for only 15min with BMP-2 or BMP-7 provide a feasible tool for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.     

The differential pathways of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and -7 in the suppression of the bovine granulosa cell apoptosis

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta family, are crucial factors in follicular growth and development in the mammalian ovary. In this study, we examined the effects of BMP-4 and BMP-7 on granulosa cell apoptosis. Here, we report that BMP-7 suppresses granulosa cell apoptosis by inhibiting the release of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) via a mechanism which does not appear to be associated with the mitochondrial pathway, whereas BMP-4 inhibits the release of CAD. Our data provide the first evidence that BMP-4 and BMP-7 may inhibit granulosa cell apoptosis via different pathways.     

Expression, purification and osteogenic bioactivity of recombinant human BMP-4, -9, -10, -11 and -14

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines from the TGF-β superfamily, with important roles during embryonic development and in the induction of bone and cartilage tissue differentiation in the adult body. In this contribution, we report the expression of recombinant human BMP-4, BMP-9, BMP-10, BMP-11 (or growth differentiation factor-11, GDF-11) and BMP-14 (GDF-5), using Escherichia coli pET-25b vector. BMPs were overexpressed, purified by affinity his-tag chromatography and shown to induce the expression of early markers of bone differentiation (e.g. smad-1, smad-5, runx2/cbfa1, dlx5, osterix, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and alkaline phosphatase) in C2C12 cells and in human adipose stem cells. The described approach is a promising method for producing large amounts of different recombinant BMPs that show potential for novel biomedical applications.     

Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in prostate cancer cell lines

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and is often associated with bone metastases. Prostate cancer bone lesions can be lytic or schlerotic, with the latter predominating. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of growth factors, which may play a role in the formation of prostate cancer osteoblastic bone metastases. This study evaluated the effects of BMPs on prostate cancer cell lines. We observed growth inhibitory effects of BMP-2 and -4 on LNCaP, while PC-3 was unaffected. Flow cytometric analysis determined that LNCaP cell growth was arrested in G(1) after bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment. Treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 with BMP-2 and -4 activated downstream signaling pathways involving SMAD-1, up-regulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1) and changes in retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation. Interestingly, bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment stimulated a 2.7-fold increase in osteoprotegerin (OPG), a molecule, which inhibits osteoclastogenesis, production in PC-3.     

Bone morphogenetic protein-4

Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is one of nine structurally related BMPs belonging to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of secreted proteins. Mature BMP-4 is a dimer that binds to a multimeric transmembrane receptor with serine/threonine kinase activity. Although discovered because it stimulates bone formation in adult mammals, BMP-4 has important roles as a signalling molecule in embryonic tissues, including the developing central and peripheral nervous system, musculature and skeleton. It participates in an ancient signalling pathway also found in insects and worms. Nevertheless, the main practical application of BMPs is for stimulating repair of bone, and their use in humans is currently being assessed.     

Suppression of bone morphogenetic protein inhibitors promotes osteogenic differentiation: therapeutic implications

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are expressed during osteogenesis and their action is regulated by corresponding BMP inhibitors. Chordin (a well recognized BMP inhibitor) and BMP-2 are expressed during osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Chordin inhibition induces human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and reduces their proliferation by increasing BMP-2 bioavailability. The potential of suppressing BMP inhibitors is emerging as a biological therapeutic target in bone tissue engineering, because it results in an unopposed synergy between the various growth factors that are involved in osteogenesis, within their physiological milieu.     

BMP-5 expression increases during chondrocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro and promotes proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis in primary chondrocyte cultures

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play pivotal roles in bone and cartilage growth and repair. Through phenotypes of short-ear (se) mice, which have BMP-5 mutations, a role for BMP-5 in some specific aspects of skeletogenesis and cartilage growth is known. This report examines BMP-5 expression in the growth plate and in differentiating cultures of primary chondrocytes, and the effects of addition of BMP-5 or its inhibition by anti-BMP-5 antibody in chondrocyte cultures. By laser capture microdissection and immunohistochemistry, we found that BMP-5 is expressed in proliferating zone (PZ) chondrocytes and that the expression increases sharply with hypertrophic differentiation. A similar pattern was observed in differentiating cultures of primary chondrocytes, with BMP-5 expression increasing as cells differentiated, in contrast to other BMPs. BMP-5 added to cultures increased cell proliferation early in the culture period and also stimulated cartilage matrix synthesis. Also, BMP-5 addition to the cultures activated phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8 and p38 MAP kinase and caused increased nuclear accumulation of phospho-Smads. Anti-BMP-5 antibody inhibited the endogenous BMP-5, reducing cell proliferation and phospho-Smad nuclear accumulation. Together, the results demonstrate that BMP-5 is normally an important regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Whether other BMPs may compensate in BMP-5 loss-of-function mutations is discussed.     

Follistatin regulates bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) activity to stimulate embryonic muscle growth

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) can either promote growth of embryonic muscle by expanding the Pax-3-expressing muscle precursor population or restrict its development by inducing apoptosis. Follistatin, a proposed BMP antagonist, is expressed in embryonic muscle. Deficiency in Follistatin results in muscle defects and postnatal asphyxia. Here, we report that during chick limb development Follistatin enhances BMP-7 action to induce muscle growth but prevents the ability of BMP-7 to induce apoptosis and muscle loss. Follistatin, unlike another BMP-binding protein, Noggin, promotes Pax-3 expression and transiently delays muscle differentiation and thus exerts proliferative signalling during muscle development. We provide data which show that Follistatin binds BMP-7 and BMP-2 at low affinities and that the binding is reversible. These data suggest that Follistatin acts to present BMPs to myogenic cells at a concentration that permits stimulation of embryonic muscle growth.