Nutrient accumulation and translocation in maturing wheat plants grown on waterlogged soil

Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Arina) growing in large pots (perforated at the bottom for controls, intact for flooding) were embedded in the field in spring. Waterlogging was initiated at anthesis and was maintained throughout the maturation period. Grain yield as well as potassium, phosphorus and magnesium contents in the shoot were decreased on flooded soil, while manganese and iron contents increased considerably. Total calcium and zinc contents per shoot remained comparable to those in controls. The reduction of potassium, phosphorus and magnesium contents by waterlogging was greatest in the grains, while manganese and iron accumulated mostly in the vegetative parts and the glumes. Zinc contents were also lowered in the grains during waterlogging due to an inhibited redistribution from the vegetative parts to the grains. Our results indicate that flooding caused not only an accumulation of manganese and iron in the shoot, but also affected the redistribution of macro- and micronutrients to the maturing gains.     

Chemistry of submerged soils and growth and yield of rice

Summary Submergence caused similar changes in pH, redox potential, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese contents of soils as were observed in Part 1.Rice plants grown on pots at submergence and at field capacity with fertilization assimilated more nitrogen, phosphorus potassium, iron and manganese and as a result, grew better and tillered more than plants grown at field capacity without fertilizers. The grain yield at submergence and at field capacity with fertilizers were better compared to those at field capacity without fertilizers. All these observations lead to a conclusion that the additional application of nutrients in the form of fertilizers at field capacity condition can equate the benefits of submergence.     

Mineral nutrition of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Summary Two experiments on cacao seedlings grown in sand culture are described, the first of which was concerned with variations in the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur (the macronutrient experiment) and the second dealing with variations in the levels of iron, copper, zinc, boron, manganese, and molybdenum (the micronutrient experiment).Many of the deficiency symptoms obtained were similar to those reported in the literature and they have not been described again. However, additional information is provided for symptoms of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, copper, boron, and molybdenum deficiencies.The effects of all treatments on the dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots are presented. The effects of the macronutrient treatments on the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the leaves of eight month old plants and the effects of micronutrient treatments on the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, sodium, and aluminium in the leaves of eleven-month-old plants are presented and discussed.     

The effect of iron supply on the yield and composition of leaves of tomato plants

Summary This paper describes a factorial experiment which was designed to elucidate the effect of total iron supply and rate of iron supply on the yield of tomato plants. Information was also obtained on the effect of iron supply and leaf age on the concentration of a number of nutrient elements in the leaf tissue.Increasing the total iron supply increases the yield, and the iron concentration in the leaves, while the manganese, phosphorus, sodium, calcium and magnesium decrease in concentration. The young leaves have a lower concentration of iron, manganese, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium than the older leaves, while the reverse is true of nitrogen and phosphorus. A slow rate of iron supply decreases the yield and sodium concentration in the leaves but increases the manganese and phosphorus concentrations.Interaction between total iron supply and leaf position affects the manganese, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in the leaves, while the interaction between total-iron level and rate of iron supply affects the phosphorus and calcium concentration in the leaves.     

ELECTRON PROBE ANALYSIS OF SILICON AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN LEAF EPIDERMAL CELLS OF THE RICE PLANT (ORYZA SATIVA L.)

By means of electron probe analysis, the effects of significant amounts of accumulation of silicon on the accumulation of calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorous, iron, and sodium in the silica cells of rice leaves are described. The silica cells of both the surfaces of the leaf blade and leaf sheath were studied. Silicon accumulation in the silica cells appears to decrease the amount of accumulation of potassium on both the surfaces of the leaf blade and sheath. The effect of significant amounts of silicon accumulation on the accumulation of other elements in a particular cell varies in different organs or on different surfaces of the organ of the same plant. Magnesium, manganese, iron, and phosphorus could not be detected in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf sheath and magnesium and iron in the adaxial epidermis of the leaf blade. Manganese, magnesium, and phosphorus were not detected in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf blade nor iron in the abaxial epidermis of the leaf sheath. Sodium was not revealed in either surface of the leaf blade and leaf sheath. Possible mechanisms for the effects of silicon accumulation on the accumulation of these elements in rice leaf epidermal cells are discussed.     

北京地区耕地碳酸盐褐土不同农作物氮及灰分元素生物循环的比较研究

京郊耕地碳酸盐褐土小麦、大麦、玉米、高梁、花生五种农作物氮及灰分元素生物循环的研究结果表明：1．不同作物存留、归还、吸收不同元素数量的差别很大。豆科作物花生以对钙、镁吸收量大为其显著特征;禾本科作物吸收较高数量硅、铁、铝、锰、钠。在四种禾本科作物中,高梁吸收较高数量氮、磷,钾、钙、镁、硅,大麦吸收较高数量钠、硫和锰。2．不同作物以根、茬形式对11种元素和灰分向土壤中的归还有三种情况：1)低度归还类型：氮磷钾,归还比例一般低于10%;2)中度归还类型：镁钙硫硅钠和灰分,归还比例介于10—30%;3)高度归还类型：铁铝和锰,归还比例一般为30%。 3．不同农作物生物循环特点对研究农田生态系统元素平衡、耕地土壤肥力变化和形成过程以及施肥、耕作制度改革,都有重要意义。     

紫胶蚧寄生对寄主植物营养成分的影响

报道了1个世代中紫胶蚧Kerria laccaKerr寄生对寄主植物营养成分产生的影响。结果表明:紫胶蚧寄生对寄主植物营养成分有影响,被寄生枝条的氨基酸、无机盐和营养成分总量都出现变化。以久树Schleichera oleosa(Lour)为例,紫胶蚧寄生使久树枝条中氨基酸总量减少了35%。其中,天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的含量也都存在不同程度减少。但是,蛋氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸含量比对照枝条中高。被寄生枝条中氮、磷(P2O5)、铁等呈现下降趋势,钠元素含量几乎没有发生变化,而钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰等却有不同程度的增加,特别是钙元素含量,被寄生枝条中钙元素的含量是对照枝条的5.3倍左右。紫胶蚧寄生对枝条中总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、粗纤维、水溶性物质以及灰分含量都产生不同程度影响,被寄生枝条中蛋白质、粗纤维含量比对照枝条中含量低;而被寄生枝条中总糖、脂肪、水溶性物质、灰分含量比对照枝条中高。     

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Additions on Plant Biomass and Soil Nutrient Content of a Swale Barrier Strand Community in Louisiana

Fertilization of a swale plant community with various levelsand combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium resultedin increased plant growth. Nitrogen addition produced the greatestincrease in biomass. At some high nitrogen levels, phosphoruslimited plant production. Potassium fertilization did not influenceplant growth. Phosphorus fertilization decreased the levelsof soil calcium, magnesium and manganese. A shore-perpendiculargradient in apparent saltwater inundation influenced soil pHand the concentrations of iron, phosphorus, and magnesium. Fertilizer effects, swale Scirpus americanus, Spartina patens, nitrogen limitation     

Total uptake of nutrients at different stages of the growth of groundnut and the ratios in which various nutrient elements exist in groundnut plant

Summary A pot experiment was conducted with groundnut crop in two red soils with various levels of application of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The plants were analysed at vegetative, reproductive and post harvest stages for the uptake of nutrients. Up to vegetative stage, the crop absorbed 10 per cent of the total requirement of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. During the reproductive stage the crop removed about 40 to 50 per cent of the above nutrients. Between reproductive and harvest stages groundnut absorbed the remaining amount of the nutrients.Forms a part of the Ph.D. thesis of the first author approved by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.     

Plant genotype differences in the uptake,translocation, accumulation,and use of mineral elements required for plant growth

Plant genotypes differ in their uptake, translocation, accumulation, and use of mineral elements. Examples of genotype differences to iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum are discussed. Current knowledge is sufficient to indicate that many crop plants can be improved for the efficient use of mineral elements and better adaptation to mineral stress conditions.     

外源施钙对盐胁迫下花生营养元素吸收与分配的影响

为解决盐碱地花生养分吸收不畅及分配受阻等问题,研究外源施钙对盐胁迫下花生氮、磷、钾、钙、镁吸收积累、分配特性和产量的影响,为盐碱地花生生产合理、高效施肥提供理论依据.以‘花育25号’为材料,在0.3%盐胁迫浓度下,设置4个Ca浓度梯度[T₁(0)、T₂(75)、T₃(150)和T₄(225) kg·hm^-2 CaO]进行盆栽试验.结果表明: 花生植株内养分含量依次为氮>钾>钙>磷>镁,苗期植株对氮和钙素的吸收中心均在叶片,磷、钾、镁的吸收中心为茎,苗期近一半的营养积累分配在各元素相应的生长中心.成熟期氮、磷、钾吸收中心转移到荚果中,尤以氮、磷在籽仁中的积累量居多,达72.3%～78.9%;钙、镁的吸收中心仍为叶片和茎,其分配比例分别为49.8%、32.6%.盐胁迫明显抑制花生植株各器官对氮、磷、钾、钙和镁各元素的吸收积累与分配,尤以对叶片和籽仁中氮素积累的抑制较为显著,但盐胁迫对荚果中镁的积累有促进作用.外源钙对盐胁迫下花生植株各器官氮、磷、钙和镁的吸收累积有明显的促进作用,尤其对籽仁中磷素积累的调节最为显著,其在籽仁中的积累量提高50%以上.适宜的钙施用量可显著促进盐胁迫下花生养分吸收积累量,提高花生成熟期荚果中氮、磷、钾的分配比,最终提高产量.综合各养分吸收、积累分配和产量结果,在0.3%盐胁迫条件下钙肥适宜施用量为150 kg·hm^-2 CaO.     

Carbohydrate, Amino acid, Phenolic and Mineral Nutrient Contents of Pepper Plants in Relation to Age-Related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici

The relationship between age-related resistance of peper plants to Phytophthora capsici and contents of carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics and mineral nutrients in pepper stems was studied using two pepper cultivars, Hanbyul (susceptible) and Kingkun (resistant). With increasing age of pepper plants, the two cultivars, which differ in their susceptibility to Phytophthora blight, became gradually resistant to the disease. The cultivar Kingkun distinctly showed the age-related resistance to Phytophthora blight at the second branch stage. The weight of dry matter in healthy stems of pepper plants at the second branch stage was twice that at the six leaf stage. The resistant cultivar Kingkun contained lower levels of fructose, glucose and sucrose in stems than the susceptible cultivar Hanbyul at the different developmental stages. No consistent differences between the developmental stages of the plants were recognized with regard to their glucose content. However, the contents of fructose and sucrose in the cultivar Hanbyul greatly increased at the second branch stage. The levels of inositol reduced in both pepper cultivars during plant development. In view of the fact that there were only slight changes in the amount of total amino acids, it seems unlikely that there is a relationship between the amino acid metabolism and the retardation of Phytophthora infection during plant development. The amounts of total phenolic compounds in pepper stems were relatively low at the later growth stages of the plants and also in the resistant cultivar Kingkun. The contents of macroelemental nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were drastically reduced in pepper stems at the later plant growth stage. No significant differences between the cultivars or the plant growth stages were found in the silicon and microelemental nutrients such as sodium, iron, zinc and manganese. These results suggest that the expression of age-related resistance of pepper plants may be due to the morphological and nutritional changes in tissues of pepper stems during ageing, i.e. the pronounced increase in weight of dry matter, the significant decrease in amounts of mineral nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, and the tow contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose in the stem tissues.     

紫胶蚧与寄主植物无机盐含量关系初步研究

采用比较研究法和聚类分析初步研究了紫胶蚧与7种寄主植物无机盐含量关系.结果表明,不同寄主植物之间和是否被紫胶蚧寄生的枝条之间,无机盐含量存在差异,14种枝条的无机盐含量分成4组.7种紫胶蚧寄主植物放虫枝条的无机盐含量经聚类分析可分成7类.寄主植物无机盐含量与紫胶蚧胶被厚、死亡率、怀卵量、个体泌胶量有一定关系,但不是很紧密.紫胶蚧寄生后久树枝条中氮、磷(P2O5)、铁都有不同程度的减少,钠元素含量几乎没有发生变化,钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰都有不同程度的增加,特别是钙元素含量,放虫枝条中钙元素的含量是未放虫枝条的5.3倍左右.其他寄主植物放虫枝条中都有不同种类元素不同程度地比未放虫枝条含量升高或降低.     

FURTHER ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NICKEL TOXICITY AND IRON SUPPLY

Absorption of nickel by oat plants increased with increasing pH for a fixed iron supply. Nickel uptake and toxicity symptoms (necrosis and chlorosis) were both reduced when the concentration of iron in the nutrient solution was high. Nickel-iron ratio in the nutrient solution. For solutions with the same nickel-iron ratio, toxicity symptoms increased with increase in the absolute amount of nickel. There was a linear relationship between the degree of necrotic symptoms and the nickel-iron ratio in the plant.
Nickel consistently reduced the iron content of roots and tops. In the absence of nickel, the iron content of the roots but not of the tops, increased with iron supply. In nickel-toxic plants, the magnesium, calcium and phosphorus contents of the tops and the potassium, calcium and phosphorus contents of the roots were higher than in healthy plants, but the potassium content of the tops and the magnesium content of the roots were lower.
Similar results were found with tomato.     

Mineral nutrition and reduction processes in the rhizosphere of rice

Summary The influence of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the reduction processes in the rhizosphere of rice grown in solution culture and of rice under lowland conditions was studied. In solution culture the redox potential in the complete nutrient solution was highest, indicating that fully nourished roots have the highest oxidizing power. When the supply of only one element was interrupted, the lack of potassium in the nutrient solution caused the greatest decline in redox potential. Redox potential was further decreased when, besides nitrogen, either phosphorus or potassium was discontinued. Simultaneous deficiencies of nitrogen and potassium lowered redox potential even more severely than did deficiency of all three elements. A long-term nitrogen fertilizer trial under lowland conditions, however, revealed that an abundant supply of nitrogen can decrease redox potential. Redox potential was higher in the soil near plants than in the soil away from plants. In solution culture, at low Eh levels, the increase in iron reducing power of the solution was correlated with the decrease in redox potential. The total number of bacteria and iron reducing bacteria increased almost parallel to the decrease in redox potential and increase in iron reducing power. These relationships show that the nutritional status of the rice plant essentially influences bacterial activity and, thus, oxidation-reduction conditions around the roots. Since sufficient potassium nutrition seems important in maintaining the oxidising power of rice roots, root growth in a potassium deficient soil with K application was compared with root growth without K application. Without potassium the fine lateral roots far from the root base showed black coloration due to ferrous sulfide, indicating a loss of oxidising power. With increasing potassium supply, this phenomenon disappeared and the iron content of the rice plants decreased. re]19751208     

Nutrient Concentrations in Foliage of Species Within a New South Wales Sub-Tropical Rainforest

Sub-tropical rainforests in New South Wales are complex, oftenwith more than 30 tree species ha^–1. Estimation of nutrientcontents involves obtaining information on the range of nutrientconcentrations both in different species and in different foreststrata. The foliage from the tree and shrub components of an undisturbedforest were analyzed chemically together with the small treeand shrub component of an area logged two years previously.The site had high nutrient availability. All nutrients analyzed(nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese,aluminium, sodium, zinc, iron, boron and chloride) varied betweenspecies. Some individuals accumulated high concentrations ofspecific nutrients, but an accumulator of one nutrient was notnecessarily an accumulator of any other. Assessment of nutrient concentrations on the basis of foreststrata showed major differences. Nutrients were accumulatedin higher concentrations on a disturbed site than on an undisturbedsite. This has been discussed in relation to nutrient conservationmechanisms after disturbance. Within the undisturbed stand,the large shrub stratum had the highest concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium and boron. Mean concentrations of aluminium,sodium and chloride were highest in the small shrub stratum,mainly because several species accumulate these elements. Sub-tropical rainforest, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, aluminium, sodium, zinc, iron, boron, chloride     

水稻不同生育期茎秆生化成分的变化及其与抗倒伏能力的关系

以抗倒伏品种‘南粳44’、‘武运粳7号’与不抗倒伏品系‘宁7412’为试验材料,通过对水稻不同生育期茎秆硅、钾、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量的测定,结合氮钾肥配比试验,研究了水稻不同生育期茎秆硅、钾、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量的变化及其与茎秆抗倒伏能力的关系。结果表明：水稻茎秆的硅、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量随生育进程呈上升趋势,而茎秆的钾含量呈现先降后升的趋势。在不同施肥水平条件下,水稻茎秆的硅、钾、钙、镁含量及可溶性糖含量存在一定的差异。抗倒伏品种‘南粳44’和‘武运粳7号’茎秆基部抗折力较强,施肥对水稻茎秆基部抗折力有一定的影响。水稻生殖生育期茎秆的硅含量、可溶性糖含量与茎秆基部抗折力呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,与水稻抗倒伏能力的强弱有一定的关系。     

Mineral composition of Phragmites australis in Scottish lochs as related to eutrophication. I. Seasonal changes in organs

Monthly levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron in the organs (root, rhizome, stem, leaf and panicle) of Phragmites australis were determined from March to November, 1975 in Forfar Loch (polytrophic), Balgavies Loch (eutrophic) and Loch of the Lowes (mesotrophic), Scotland. Generally no consistent seasonal changes in the mineral levels were detected for the root, rhizome and panicle. For the stem and leaf, the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium rose to a peak before declining for the rest of the season. Consistently higher levels of tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium were found in the Forfar plants over those of Balgavies and Lowes, reflecting the very eutrophic condition in Forfar Loch. The mineral compositions in the reeds in the present study were compared with similar studies in other areas.     

Rice bronzing in Nigeria caused by nutrient imbalances and its control by potassium sulfate application

Rice plants with bronzing, collected from fields in central and southern Nigeria, where the soils consisted of Tropaquent, Tropaquult and Tropaquept, showed higher iron and lower potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium concentrations than plants with little or no bronzing. Pot experiments with the soils indicated that the severity of the bronzing was affected not only by the iron concentration in the shoots but also by the potassium concentration. The application of chloride compounds to the soil increased severity of the bronzing and lead to deterioration of growth, whereas the application of sulfate compounds was beneficial.The application of potassium sulfate reduced the severity of bronzing and increased the dry matter production of rice plants grown in the field. The concentration and accumulation of potassium in the shoots increased when the bronzing severity decreased and the iron concentration was decreased by the dilution effect caused by the increased dry matter production.     

Effects of a compost made from the solid by-product ("alperujo") of the two-phase centrifugation system for olive oil extraction and cotton gin waste on growth and nutrient content of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

A pot experiment was conducted on a low-fertility calcareous soil in order to evaluate the effect on ryegrass growth and nutrient uptake of an organic fertiliser obtained by composting "alperujo" and cotton gin waste. Compost, alone and combined with nitrogen fertilisation, was added to the soil at three rates and three harvests were obtained. The compost application enhanced plant growth in the first and third harvest. However, the additional nitrogen fertilisation clearly improved soil productivity due to the scarce availability of this nutrient in the compost. Also, a general increase in the plant contents of phosphorus and potassium in the first two harvests was recorded, whereas treatments with the maximum compost rate showed the highest plant content of copper in the last two harvests. Decreases in calcium in the last two harvests, in magnesium in all of them and in iron and manganese in the last harvest were also observed.