呼吸道过敏性疾病与社会心理因素双向关系的Meta分析

目的：系统评价呼吸道过敏性疾病和社会心理因素的关系。方法：计算机检索Cochrance图书馆、Medline、EMbase、Pubmed、CBM、CNKI等数据库,查找包括心理社会因素对呼吸道过敏性疾病的影响或者呼吸道过敏性疾病对精神健康影响的临床研究。根据纳入和排除标准选择文献,对符合纳入标准的文献进行Meta分析,计算其合并OR值及95％CI。结果：共纳入20个病例研究（13篇文献）,其中13个研究评估心理社会因素对呼吸道过敏性疾病的影响,7个研究评估效果呼吸道过敏性疾病对心理健康的影响。在这些研究中呼吸道过敏性疾病是评估哮喘和过敏性鼻炎。Meta分析结果显示社会心理因素和呼吸道疾病的发生发展有关[OR=1．77,95％CI（1．42,2．22）],呼吸道过敏性疾病与未来不健康的心理发生发展有关[OR=1．73,95％CI（1．47,2．03）]。结论：当前的研究发现呼吸道过敏性疾病和社会心理因素有很大的关系。这支持在呼吸道过敏性疾病治疗除了传统的生理和药理干预外,心理干预呼吸道对过敏性疾病的预防和管理也发挥作用。     

Aminophylline modulation of the mouse respiratory network changes during postnatal maturation.

Aminophylline is a respiratory stimulant commonly used for the treatment of central apnea. Experiences from clinical practice, however, revealed that aminophylline is not reliably effective in preterm infants, whereas it is normally effective in infants and mature patients. In an established animal model for postnatal development of respiratory control mechanisms, we therefore examined the hypothesis that the clinical observations reflect a developmental change in the sensitivity of the central respiratory network to methylxanthines. The medullary respiratory network was isolated at different postnatal ages (postnatal days 1-13; P1-P13) in a transverse mouse brain stem slice preparation. This preparation contains the pre-B?tzinger complex (PBC), a region that is critical for generation of respiratory rhythm. Spontaneous rhythmic respiratory activity was recorded from the hypoglossal (XII) rootlets and from neurons in the PBC by using the whole cell patch clamp technique. Bath-applied aminophylline [20 microM] increased the frequency (+41%) in neonatal animals (P1-P6) without affecting the amplitude of respiratory burst activity in XII rootlets. The same concentration of aminophylline did not have any significant effect on the frequency of respiratory XII bursts but increased the amplitude (+31%) in juvenile animals (P7-P13). In the same age group, aminophylline also augmented the amplitude and the duration of respiratory synaptic drive currents in respiratory PBC neurons. The data demonstrate that augmentation of the respiratory output is due to direct enhancement of central respiratory network activity and increase of synaptic drive of hypoglossal motoneurons in juvenile, but not neonatal, animals. This indicates a developmental change in the efficacy of aminophylline to reinforce central respiratory network activity. Therefore, we believe that the variable success in treating respiratory disturbances in premature infants reflects maturational changes in the expression of receptors and/or intracellular signal pathways in the central respiratory network.     

茚虫威对不同抗药性品系小菜蛾呼吸代谢的影响

以小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)敏感品系(S)、田间品系(F)及茚虫威汰选抗性品系(T17)幼虫为供试虫源,采用便携式光合作用测定仪测定小菜蛾3～4龄幼虫在受药前后或不同受药剂量等条件下呼吸速率的变化,从能量代谢的角度研究抗药性机制。结果表明,汰选抗性品系、田间品系与敏感品系同龄期小菜蛾幼虫在未受药条件下的呼吸速率差异不显著,表明抗药性的产生并未影响小菜蛾本底的呼吸速率。以各个品系的茚虫威LC20和LC50剂量处理幼虫后,3个品系的呼吸速率均明显提高,汰选抗性品系呼吸速率提高幅度明显大于其他2个品系。在LC20剂量下3个品系呼吸速率峰值均出现在2h前后,10h后恢复到正常水平;在LC50剂量下敏感品系没有明显差异;而田间品系和汰选抗性品系分别在药剂处理后4h和6h达到呼吸高峰,汰选抗性品系保持高水平呼吸速率时间长达9h,分别于药后15h和24h恢复到正常水平。这表明用药后抗性品系呼吸速率的提高幅度与小菜蛾的解毒代谢能力有关,这也揭示了昆虫幼虫中毒后能量消耗会随着抗性水平的提高而增加。     

280例呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒病原学检出情况及流行规律分析

目的:了解呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒病原学检出情况及其流行规律,为儿童呼吸道感染的预防、诊断及治疗提供病原学依据。方法:选取2016年1月-2017年12月期间中国人民解放军中部战区总医院收治的280例呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,分析患儿呼吸道分泌物中呼吸道病毒的检出情况,并分析呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒感染与年龄、季节、疾病类型的关系。结果:280例呼吸道感染患儿中共检出98份阳性标本,阳性率为35.00%,其中有2份标本中检出2种病毒感染,混合感染阳性率为0.71%;在所有病毒类型中,呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)病毒感染阳性率最高。1岁患儿的病毒感染阳性率最高,与其他年龄段病毒感染阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。呼吸道感染患儿春季、冬季的病毒感染阳性率明显高于夏季、秋季(P0.05)。不同呼吸道感染疾病类型患儿病毒感染阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),以喘息性肺炎、毛细支气管炎、肺炎患儿病毒感染阳性率较高。结论:RSV是呼吸道感染儿童呼吸道病毒感染的主要致病病原体,1岁的婴幼儿较易感染,春季、冬季为其高发季节,且以肺炎、毛细支气管炎、喘息性肺炎患儿的病毒感染阳性率较高。     

Structural and functional organization of the respiratory center

The main experimental data on the organization of the respiratory center accumulated during the past 200 years are summarized. It is emphasized that the existence of separate, reciprocally interrelated, inspiratory and expiratory centers has never been proved. The notion of multiple respiratory centers in the CNS, including pneumotaxic, apneustic, gasping, and deep-exhalation centers, which allegedly underlie the multiple forms of respiratory movements, is demonstrated to be unjustified. Upon systemic consideration, the evidence in favor of the decisive role of neurons of the pre-Bötzinger complex and preinspiratory neurons in initiating the respiratory rhythm and maintaining rhythm generation in the respiratory center is contradictory and unconvincing. It is assumed that the respiratory center located in the medullary region of the brain of intact animals and humans fulfills the main functions of endogenous self-sustained generation of the respiratory rhythm, chemoregulation, and mechanoregulation in the respiratory system in an integrated manner, according to the general requirements of the body at a given moment.     

Respiratory Response, Ethylene Production, and Response to Ethylene of Citrus Fruit during Ontogeny

The initial respiratory rates at 20 centrigrade of detached oranges (Valencia and navel), grapefruit, and lemons decreased during ontogeny. Small attached oranges respired at the same rate as detached fruits of the same weight, and cutting the pedicel produced no shock or injury stimulus to the respiratory rate. Small oranges and grapefruit (average weight about 15 grams) showed pseudoclimacteric respiratory patterns and produced ethylene. The height of the respiratory rise and the amount of ethylene produced decreased as the fruit increased in weight until the September 4th harvest, when the fruit weights were 120, 64, and 87 grams for grapefruit, Valencia, and navel oranges, respectively; at that time no respiratory rise or ethylene production was observed. The pattern for all subsequent harvest revealed no postharvest rise in the respiratory rates. Lemon fruit, in contrast, had a continuously decreasing respiratory rate at all stages of ontogeny. Exposure to 20 microliters of ethylene per liter induced an increase in the respiratory rate of all varieties at every stage of ontogeny; this was true also in young oranges and grapefruit following their respiratory rise and decline.     

中缝大核在臂旁内侧核区注射吗啡所致呼吸抑制效应中的作用

实验在33只浅麻醉、肌肉麻痹、人工呼吸及切断双侧颈迷走神经的家兔上进行。观察中缝大核区电解损毁或微量注射利多卡因对呼吸活动及臂旁内侧核区微量注射吗啡所致呼吸抑制效应的影响。结果是:电解损毀中缝大核区,使呼吸频率增加,膈神经放电的幅度和频率均无明显变化,而臂旁内侧核区微量注射吗啡抑制呼吸的程度减轻;中缝大核区微量注射利多卡因,则部分消除臂旁内侧核区微量注射吗啡的呼吸抑制效应。中缝大核旁网状结构电解损毁或微量注射利多卡因,不影响吗啡的呼吸抑制效应。上述结果提示,中缝大核区可能在脑桥臂旁内侧核区微量注射吗啡抑制呼吸的机制中起一定作用。     

Measurement of Respiratory Volume for Virus Retention Studies in Mice

A pressure plethysmograph for measuring respiratory volume in mice during exposure to virus aerosols is described. The respiratory frequency and tidal volume were measured, and from these data the minute ventilation was calculated. The mean respiratory frequency of adult, male mice was 255 per min; the mean tidal volume of 0.18 ml was inversely related to respiratory frequency. The standardized mean minute ventilation rate was 1.46 ml per g of body weight. The respiratory frequency and tidal volume of CD-1 and HA/ICR strains of mice of the same age were similar. The respiratory retention rate for a 2.7-mum aerosol of vesicular stomatitis virus was 41%, and 58% of the virus retained was found in the trachea and lung.     

Respiration and Motility in Starfish Spermatozoa at Various Times in the Breeding Season

In the spermatozoa of Asterias amurensis , patterns of changes in the respiratory rate and motility following dilution of dry sperm in sea water varied among batches and were classified into three types. The type I spermatozoa were immotile and exhibited quite low respiratory rate. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid made the type I spermatozoa motile and elevated their respiratory rate. The type II spermatozoa were also immotile and the respiratory rate remained quite low for about 5 min after the dilution. Thereafter, they spontaneously became motile and the respiratory rate increased. The type III spermatozoa became motile upon their dilution and exhibited high respiratory rate. Differences in the motility and respiratory rate of spermatozoa among batches probably result from degree of their maturation. In moving spermatozoa, the ADP and AMP levels increased at the expense of ATP. 2,4-Dinitrophenol elevated the respiratory rate only in immotile spermatozoa, which showed a high ATP level and quite low ADP level, but did not made them motile. Oligomycin inhibited the respiration of both motile and immotile spermatozoa. Probably, the respiratory rate is made low by a shortage of ADP in immotile spermatozoa and is enhanced by ADP production due to the initiation of their movement.     

肺脏的呼吸腺泡及其成体干细胞研究进展

肺脏是机体与外界环境沟通的重要脏器之一,环境有害因子如病原微生物和致癌物可以直接损伤呼吸道上皮,对这类损伤的修复功能主要由呼吸道上皮内的肺干细胞或其祖细胞承担。呼吸系统的基本结构单位是呼吸腺泡,其表面积约占呼吸系统总面积的99%以上,是呼吸系统疾病包括恶性肿瘤发病的主要区域。现有证据显示,在肺脏的胚胎发育期,呼吸腺泡源自远端干细胞,在成体肺脏内此类肺干细胞主要分布在细支气管分叉处以及细支气管与肺泡导管的连接处,其恶性转化是肺癌的主要发病机理。因此,探讨呼吸腺泡中肺干细胞的生物学特性,有助于深入了解肺癌的癌变早期分子机制并为肺癌防治提供有效靶标。     

Outcome of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants: preliminary report of seven-year follow-up study.

Seven years after admission to hospital for acute lower respiratory tract infection in infancy 200 children and their matched controls were assessed for respiratory state and epidemiological characteristics. The index group comprised 100 cases where respiratory syncytial virus infection had been responsible for the index illness (group 1) and 100 cases in whom this organism had not been found (group 2). There were no differences between index and control groups in birth weight or gestational age but fewer index cases were breast fed. Social indices such as class distribution and family size were more favourable in controls, though housing standards and maternal smoking habits were similar in the two groups. The prevalence of subsequent respiratory symptoms--cough, wheeze, nasal discharge, and hearing difficulties--was greater in index cases as was absence from school and family doctor consultation for respiratory illness. Bronchitis and asthma were significantly more common in the index group. Impaired ventilatory function and bronchial hyperreactivity were found in index cases when compared with controls. No differences in clinical characteristics and outcome were found in the two groups of index cases. The question whether lung "damage" during lower respiratory tract infection predisposes to subsequent respiratory problems or whether certain infants are more vulnerable than others to respiratory illnesses (including lower respiratory tract infection) from the onset is unanswered.     

Identification of a respiratory related area in the rat insular cortex

The aim of this study was to map areas within the rat insular cortex from which respiratory responses originate and compare those sites with gastrointestinal control regions. The insular cortex was systematically microstimulated and histological location of responsive sites determined. Increased inspiratory airflow and decreased respiratory cycle duration were considered to be respiratory excitatory responses. The responses were localized in dysgranular and agranular insular cortex at levels caudal to the joining of the anterior commissure. More rostrally, respiratory inhibitory responses were elicited: these were manifested as a decrease in inspiratory airflow without a significant alteration in respiratory cycle duration. Respiratory inhibitory responses were usually accompanied by changes in gastric motility. These results suggest that the respiratory area in the rat insular cortex consist of two distinct zones which overlap a region modulating the gastrointestinal activity.     

The respiratory activity of Rhodococcus rhodochrous M8 cells producing nitrile-hydrolyzing enzymes]

The respiratory activity of Rhodococcus rhodochrous M8 cells containing nitrile hydratase and amidase was studied in the presence of nitriles and amides of carbonic acids. Culturing of cells with acrylonitrile and acrylamide yielding their maximum respiratory activity was studied. The optimum conditions for measurements and maintenance of respiratory activity were found. Curves for the linear concentration dependence of cell respiratory activity on 0.01-0.5 mM acrylonitrile, 0.025-1.0 mM acetonitrile, and 0.01-0.1 mM acrylamide were plotted. The selectivity of cell respiratory activity for some substrates was analyzed.     

Influence of respiratory support on respiration parameters

The influence of three types of respiratory support on the respiratory values in wakeful healthy individuals was studied. Specific changes in the pattern of volumetric and temporal parameters were established for each type of respiratory support. One response to all types of respiratory support was hyperventilation, though of different degrees, and hypocapnia as a consequence. These changes are not connected with the metabolic requirements and are apparently a result of interaction between the mechanisms of automatic and voluntary regulation of respiratory movements.     

Inhaled Nitric Oxide Reverses Vascular and Respiratory Effects of ET-1 and PAF in Pigs

In anaesthetized paralysed, mechanically ventilated pigs, the vascular and respiratory effects of 80 ppm nitric oxide (NO) inhaled for 6 min were evaluated. To evoke different levels of smooth muscle contraction ET-1 or PAF, mediators involved in pulmonary disorders, were used. In control conditions, inhaled NO caused selective pulmonary vasodilatation without affecting respiratory resistances. This pulmonary vascular activity influenced the distensibility of the respiratory system and decreased inspiratory work. ET-1 administration significantly increased pulmonary arterial pressure and modestly changed mechanical properties of the respiratory system, while PAF caused potent vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction associated with a marked change in volume-pressure relationship. In both cases, the changes in vascular and mechanical properties of the respiratory system increased inspiratory work. The vascular and respiratory activities of inhaled NO were correlated with preconstriction levels. The data show that the combination of vascular and respiratory effects improves pulmonary function, suggesting that inhalation of NO is a possible therapeutic approach for obstructive and inflammatory pulmonary diseases.     

Controlled trial of respiratory health worker visiting patients with chronic respiratory disability.

Seventy five patients with chronic respiratory disability were randomised to a group visited by a respiratory health worker (42) or control group (33). The first group was visited monthly by a respiratory nurse, who gave education and support. The effect of the intervention was assessed in terms of quality of life (by questionnaires), the number and duration of admissions to hospital, and the number of deaths. The questionnaires on quality of life showed no changes in either group during the study, but nearly all of the group visited by a respiratory health worker said that they valued the visits and wished them to continue. Their knowledge about their condition also improved compared with that of the controls. The duration of stay in hospital for respiratory reasons in the group visited by a respiratory health worker was longer than that of control patients. This was explained by their being scored as more ill than the controls on admission. Fewer patients died in the group visited by a respiratory health worker than in the control group (p = 0.11). The patients in the group visited by respiratory health workers may have survived longer because they sought help rather than dying at home. If confirmed this could have implications for the cost of their care.     

肺心病患者血清甲状腺激素的变化

本文分析30例慢性肺心病心衰并呼衰患者(心衰并呼衰组)及30例慢性肺心病心衰无呼衰患者(心衰无呼哀组)和慢性肺心病死亡组的血清甲状腺激素水平。结果表明心衰并呼衰组T_3、T_4水平均值显著低于心衰无呼衰组和健康组,心衰无呼衰组T_3水平均值显著低于健康组,肺心病死亡组T_3、T_4水平均值显著低于存活组,并发现血清T_3、T_4水平与动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)呈正相关。作者认为T_3明显降低是重症肺心病的损伤性结果,预示病情严重,预后差。而T_4明显下降,可能是死亡的信号之一。     

Changes of minute ventilation in rabbits in experimental hyperthermia

The relative effect of the temperature on respiratory rhythm generation was studied in muscle-relaxed, artificially ventilated and bilaterally vagotomized rabbits under general anaesthesia (urethane and chloralose). Hypercapnia was produced during normothermia (38.8 +/- 0.6 degrees C) and hyperthermia (40.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C). The basic physiological parameters, efferent phrenic nerve activity and gasometric determinations in arterial blood were recorded. In the animals ventilated with a classic respirator hyperthermia produced a 118% increase of Veq value with a simultaneous 28% rise of the partial pressure of CO2. An increase of the stroke volume of the respirator during hyperthermia (in a degree sufficient for achieving PaCO2 value equal to the control value during normothermia) produced a 2% fall of Veq value due to an 8% fall in amplitude of the respiratory movements without changes of respiratory rate. Breathing in of a hypercapnic mixture caused a 131% rise of Veq above the control value in normothermia. This rise was due both to the increased respiratory rate and respiratory amplitude. During ventilation by means of a respirator controlled by phrenic nerve activity hyperthermia increased the electrophysiological equivalent of minute ventilation by 34%, with a 109% rise in the respiratory rate and with no change in PaCO2. Breathing of a hypercapnic mixture increased Veq without inducing any statistically significant changes in the respiratory rate and amplitude. The analysis of the results suggests that the effect of raised temperature on respiratory rhythm generation is manifested mainly as an impairment of the respiratory amplitude. Maintaining of minute ventilation proportional to the magnitude of respiratory drive is decisive in this phenomenon.