家兔隔核中去甲肾上腺素对皮肤与内脏痛阈的影响

本工作以电刺激内脏大神经或耳尖部皮肤测定清醒家兔内脏痛阈或皮肤痛阈,以探讨隔核去甲肾上腺素在内脏镇痛和皮肤镇痛中的作用以及与中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)中内阿片肽系统的关系。实验观察到,双侧隔核内微量注射α受体激动剂可乐宁(10μg/2μl)或α受体阻断剂酚妥拉明(10μg/2μl)对内脏痛阈无明显影响。注入β受体激动剂异丙肾上腺素(1μg/2μl)使内脏痛阐明显升高;而注入β受体阻断剂心得安(1Cμg/2μl)则内脏痛阈明显降低。隔核内注入酚妥拉明(10μg/2μl)或心得安(10μg/2μl)均可使皮肤痛阈明显提高。提示,隔核内NA通过β受体调制内脏痛;通过α受体和β受体调制皮肤痛。隔核内注入异丙肾上腺素(1μg/2μl)明显地镇内脏痛,此作用可被PAG内注射纳洛酮(1μg/2μl)或注射抗亮啡肽抗血清(1:20,000)所减弱;但可使PAG内亮啡肽样物质释放量增加。这提示,隔核内NA的镇内脏痛作用与PAG的内阿片肽系统有关;其中亮非肽在这一过程中具有重要作用。     

外侧隔核注射促甲状腺素释放激素对丘脑束旁核痛放电的影响

本实验用细胞外记录法,观察大鼠外侧隔核(LS)微量注射促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)对丘脑束旁核痛兴奋神经元(PEN)放电的影响。结果如下:(1)LS注射TRH对束旁核PEN痛放电产生明显的抑制效应;TRH的最大抑制效应及持续时间与TRH剂量(1,2.5,5μg/1μl)的对数呈正线性相关;(2)预先 LS 注射纳洛酮(3μg/1 μl)不能改变TRH抑制柬旁核PEN痛放电效应;(3)预先LS注射阿托品(5μg/lμl)阻断了TRH对束旁核PEN痛放电的抑制效应。结果表明:LS是TRH参与镇痛的一个有效的作用部位。LS胆碱能M受体可能参与了TRH的抑制PEN痛放电效应,而TRH的抑制效应未涉及阿片受体。     

褪黑色素对缰核痛神经元单位放电的影响及可能机制

目的通过观察褪黑色素对缰核痛神经元单位放电的影响,进一步证明褪黑色素的中枢镇痛作用及可能机制。方法：应用细胞外神经元单位放电记录方法,记录缰核神经元痛相关神经元放电,并观察外侧缰核痛神经元在褪黑色素作用下电活动的改变,及对伤害性刺激痛敏感性的改变,在此基础上观察纳洛酮的翻转作用。结果：褪黑色素影响外侧缰核痛神经元的电活动,并使外侧缰核痛神经元对伤害性刺激敏感性降低,此种作用可被纳洛酮翻转。结论：褪黑色素可通过作用于外侧缰核的阿片受体而影响其痛相关神经元对痛刺激的反应,这可能是褪黑色素中枢镇痛机制之一。     

兔隔核刺激及隔核阿片受体在镇内脏痛中的作用

本工作以电刺激内脏大神经测定清醒家兔的内脏痛阈。实验观察到,以弱电流刺激隔核对内脏痛阈有升高、降低和无明显变化三种效应;向家兔双侧隔核注入阿片受体激动剂埃托啡(etorphine)2μg/2μl,注药后 5min,内脏痛阈即升高,维持 40min;静脉注射纳洛酮O.2mg/kg或 2μg/2μl纳洛酮注入中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)均能阻断隔核内注入埃托啡的镇痛作用;电针刺激能抑制内脏痛,静脉注射纳洛酮 0.4mg/kg 能阻断这一效应,但对电针后效应无明显影响,向隔核内注入纳洛酮 2μg/2μl亦能阻断针效,而且后效应消失。结果提示,镇内脏痛与内阿片肽活动有关,隔核的阿片受体被激活即有明显抑制内脏痛的作用,其作用的传出通路可能通过 PAG;隔核的阿片受体参与电针镇内脏痛过程。     

侧脑室注射肾上腺髓质素增加大鼠心血管相关核团中c-fos的表达并激活脑内一氧化氮神经元

本研究利用Fos蛋白和一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)双重免疫组化方法,观察侧腑脑室注射肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,ADM)对大鼠心血管相关核中c-fos表达及一氧化氮神经元的影响,以探讨ADM在中枢的作用部位并研究其在中枢的作用是否有NO神经元参与。侧脑室注射ADM(1nmol／kg,3nmol／kg)诱发脑干的孤束核、最后区、蓝斑核、臂旁核和外侧巨细胞旁核,下丘脑的室旁核、视上核才腹内侧核以及前脑的中央杏仁核和外侧缰核等多个部位的心血管中枢出现大量Fos样免疫反应神经元。侧脑室注射ADM(3nmol／kg),引起脑干的孤束核、外侧巨细胞旁核,下丘脑的室旁核、视上核内的Fos-nNOS双标神经元增加;ADM(1nmol／kg)亦可引起室旁核、视上核内的Fos-nNOS双标神经元增加,而对孤束核、外侧巨细胞旁核内的Fos-nNOS双标神经元无影响。降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene—related peptide,CGRP)受体拈抗剂CGRP8-37(30nmol／kg)可明显减弱此效应。以上结果表明,ADM可兴奋脑内多个心血管相关核闭的神经元并激活室旁核、视上核、孤束核及外侧巨细胞核内一氧化氮神经元,此效应可能部分山CGRP受体介导。     

白细胞介素－2中枢镇痛作用途径的探讨

抗ＩＬ－２受体α亚基的单克隆抗体不能阻断ＩＬ－２的中枢镇痛作用,以及丧失与ＩＬ－２受体β亚基结合能力的ＩＬ－２突变体仍具有提高大鼠痛阈的能力,这表明ＩＬ－２的中枢镇痛作用并不是通过ＩＬ－２受体所介导,亦表示ＩＬ－２的免疫和镇痛作用是通过不同的受体途径实现的。加之内源性阿片肽与ＩＬ－２分子有着共同的抗原决定基和结构相似性,提示ＩＬ－２可以与阿片受体直接结合产生中枢镇痛效应。从放射免疫法测定的ＩＬ－２侧脑室注射后不同时间大鼠脑内不同核团的内源性阿片肽含量,推测ＩＬ－２的中枢镇痛作用可能还与弓状核、室旁核、蓝斑等核团的β－ＥＰ和ＬＥＫ有关。     

大鼠中缝背核内γ-氨基丁酸加强针刺镇痛作用

本实验中,将γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的受体激动剂异鹅羔胺(Mus)、受体拮抗剂荷苞牡丹碱(Bicu)、神经元摄取的阻断剂哌啶酸(Nip)和GABA合成酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MPA)经埋植的引导管注入大鼠中缝背核,注射剂量均为 4μg/μl;并观察了上述注药对动物痛阈和针刺镇痛效应的影响。 脑内注射Mus和Nip 均能明显提高动物的痛阈( 20％— 40％,P<0.05和P<0.01)和加强针刺镇痛作用;这种增强作用至少能维持2h。脑内注射Bicu和3-MPA均不影响动物的痛阈(P>0.05),但是它们都能明显地降低针刺镇痛效应(P<0.05和P<0.01)。以上结果表明,中缝背核内的GABA递质在针刺镇痛中起着一定作用。     

缰核痛相关神经元对伤害性刺激和吗啡的反应

目的:观察缰核痛相关神经元对经典镇痛药吗啡的反应,了解缰核的痛觉属性.方法:实验在浅麻醉下的成年大鼠进行.通过脑室插管微量注射,或经五管微电极电泳吗啡、纳络酮、八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)等,并记录缰核内痛相关神经元的单位放电.结果:在内侧缰核、外侧缰核记录的痛相关神经元放电,又可分为痛兴奋性神经元和痛抑制性神经元.在缰核微电泳吗啡后,痛兴奋性神经元以抑制反应为主,痛抑制性神经元以兴奋反应为主.微电泳纳洛酮可以翻转吗啡对缰核的作用.在吗啡耐受大鼠腹腔注射吗啡10 mg/kg,LHb痛相关神经元表现为镇痛效应的数量远大于MHb痛相关神经元的,表明外侧缰核受吗啡的作用程度高于内侧缰核.对吗啡耐受大鼠脑室注入CCK拮抗剂后,再由腹腔注射吗啡,可减弱对吗啡的耐受程度.反之,在腹腔注射吗啡(10 mg/kg)10 min后,侧脑室注射CCK-8(15 ng/10μl),CCK-8可拮抗吗啡对LHb的镇痛作用,但对MHb的拮抗作用不明显.结论:缰核的痛兴奋性神经元和痛抑制性神经元对伤害性(痛)刺激敏感而不易发生适应.其中外侧缰核神经元对吗啡的敏感性高于内侧缰核神经元.     

侧脑室及下丘脑视前区微量注射孤啡肽对大鼠血压、心率的影响

孤啡肽（OrphaninFQ,OFQ）是1995年底发现的内阿片肽,一级结构与强啡肽A很相似,但生物学作用与其它内阿片肽有所不同。本工作采用侧脑室及核团微量注射的方法,观察了中枢OFQ对大鼠心血管活动的影响。结果表明：侧脑室注射1、10μgONQ可明显降低大鼠平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）;侧脑室预先注射4μg纳洛酮不影响1μgOWQ的降压及减慢心率的效应。下丘脑视前区（POA）微量注射1μgOFQ也可降低血压、减慢心率。结果表明,中枢OFQ与其它内阿片肽相似,可抑制心血管活动,且其抑制作用不是通过μ、δ、κ阿片受体介导。POA为中枢OFQ抑制心血管活动的靶区之一。     

中脑导水管周围灰质在侧脑室注入微量吗啡或纳洛酮所引起的镇痛或拮抗镇痛中的作用

本工作进一步探索中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)在吗啡镇痛与纳洛酮拮抗吗啡镇痛中的作用。实验在清醒受限制的大鼠上进行,以电刺激鼠尾出现的甩尾和嘶叫为痛反应指标。结果表明:(1)侧脑室注射微量纳洛酮后,可使电刺激 PAG 或注射微量吗啡于 PAG 所引起的镇痛效应受到明显拮抗;(2)损毀 PAG 或注射微量纳洛酮于 PAG 后,可使由侧脑室注入微量吗啡所引起的镇痛效应显著减弱。由此可见 PAG 既是侧脑室注射吗啡镇痛作用的重要中枢部位,又是侧脑室注射纳洛酮拮抗吗啡镇痛的重要中枢部位。     

Central antalgic activity of resveratrol

A single dose of resveratrol (25 μg/10μl) was injected directly into the right lateral cerebral ventricle (icv) of Wistar rats via an implanted cannula in order to study the analgesic properties of the compound. A control group of rats received 10 μl NaCl 0.9%. The lengthening of the time to reaction to painful stimuli was assessed in the radiant heat tail-flick latency time test. In this study, the response to painful stimuli of the animals treated with resveratrol had a bimodal profile with hypoalgesia or hyperalgesia. In the selected experimental conditions, resveratrol had a definite analgesic effect; the increase in time to reaction ranged from 100-120% (8 rats) to 600-700% (9 rats). In this experiment resveratrol exerts evident central antalgic effects in the majority of rats, which are related to the individual level of excitation and vigilance at baseline. Antinociceptive induced by resveratrol icv injection was maximal at 4-10 min and lasted no longer than 15 min. The effect of resveratrol to produce analgesia after a single icv injection may be interesting for preventing chronic pain.     

东亚钳蝎神经毒素在大肠杆菌中的表达

以山西风陵渡东亚钳蝎（ＢｕｔｈｕｓｍａｒｔｅｎｓｉＫａｒｓｃｈ）的尾腺总ＲＮＡ为模板,根据已知的蝎神经毒素保守氨基酸序列设计引物,利用ＰＣＲ技术,扩增并克隆了两个蝎神经毒素基因．序列分析表明,由两个基因导出的氨基酸序列（ＢｍＫＭｍ１和ＢｍＫＭｍ２）与已知的蝎神经毒素ＢｍＫⅠ、ＢｍＫⅡ、ＢｍＫⅢ、ＢｍＫＭ１、ＢｍＫＭ９有很高的同源性．将ＢｍＫＭｍ２基因重组到大肠杆菌分泌型表达载体ｐＥｘＳｅｃ１中进行表达．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ证明表达产物被分泌到细胞周间质及培养液中．经ＩｇＧ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ纯化后的蛋白质注射小白鼠表明表达产物有生物学活性     

Expression, purification and characterization of an analgesic peptide from Buthus martensii Karsch in Pichia pastoris

BmK AngM1 is an analgesic peptide from the venom of Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK). The synthetic gene encoding BmK AngM1 was optimized on the basis of its cDNA sequence and the codon usage preference of Pichia pastoris. The codon-optimized gene was cloned into pPIC9K and then transformed into P. pastoris. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant BmK AngM1 (rBmK AngM1) was expressed by the addition of methanol to the medium, and its maximum production reached above 500 mg/l. The purified rBmK AngM1 could be obtained efficiently by Nickel affinity chromatography. Analgesic bioassay, by the mouse-twisting model, showed that rBmK AngM1 had evident analgesic effect with an ED₅₀ of 0.5 mg/kg.     

Cloning,expression, and pharmacological activity of BmK AS,an active peptide from scorpion <Emphasis Type="Italic">Buthus martensii</Emphasis> Karsch

BmK AS is a β long-chain scorpion peptide from the venom of Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK). It was efficiently expressed as a soluble and functional peptide in Escherichia coli, and purified by metal chelating chromatography. About 4.2 mg/l purified recombinant BmK AS could be obtained. The recombinant BmK AS maintained a similar analgesic activity to the natural one in both the mouse-twisting test and hot-plate procedure. It also exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. BmK AS is the first long-chain scorpion peptide reported to have antimicrobial activity, and is a valuable molecular scaffold for pharmacological research.     

High-level expression and purification of an analgesic peptide from Buthus martensii Karch

BmK AngM1, a scorpion peptide isolated from Buthus martensii Karch was reported to exhibit potential analgesic effect. But the relative low content of this toxin in crude venom limits its further characterization. In this study, we constructed an expression vector and transformed into E.coli. The BmK AngM1 was expressed as a fusion protein in the soluble fraction and was purified by Nickel affinity chromatography. Subsequently, the purified fusion protein was cleaved by enterokinase and was further purified by reverse-phase HPLC. We purified 25 mg recombinant BmK AngM1 (rBmK AngM1) from 1 L bacterial culture. The molecular weight of rBmK AngM1 determined by ESI-MS was 7240.4 Da which was the expected size for correctly processed. Analgesic bioassay studies of rBmK AngM1 exhibited its potential analgesic effect comparable to that of the natural BmK AngM1 peptide.     

Cloning,co-expression with an amidating enzyme,and activity of the scorpion toxin BmK ITa1 cDNA in insect cells

BmK ITa1 is an insect-specific neurotoxin from the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch (Bmk). We succeeded in obtaining biologically active recombinant BmK ITa1 protein by simultaneous expression in insect cells of BmK ITa1 cDNA with an amidating enzyme expressed by the rat peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) gene. We investigated the insecticidal efficacy of recombinant BmK ITa1/W (without coexpression of PAM), and of BmK ITa1/A (with coexpression of PAM) in 5th instar Bombyx mori, by injecting these recombinant toxins into larvae. The lethal time for 50% of larvae (LT₅₀) was 9 h for BmK ITa1/A and 17 h for BmK ITa1/W. At 19 h after injection all of the larvae exposed to BmK ITa1/A had been killed, whereas only half of the larvae exposed to BmK ITa1/W had been killed. These results show that the simultaneous expression of an amidating enzyme can result in apparently higher insecticidal activity of BmK ITa1.     

Location of the analgesic domain in Scorpion toxin BmK AGAP by mutagenesis of disulfide bridges

An increasing number of analgesic peptides have been found in the tail toxicyst, but there has been little research into their analgesic domains. Where are the analgesic domains in a conservative βαββ topology conformation of the analgesic peptides? We have carried out research to address this question. On account of the importance of disulfide bonds in the study of protein structure, the conformational stability, catalytic activity and folding, and site-directed mutagenesis in disulfide bridges have been used to look for the analgesic domain in a mature antitumor-analgesic peptide from the venom of the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK AGAP). The mouse-twisting assay was used to examine the analgesic activity of 12 mutants, in which two mutants (C22S, C46S) and (C16S, C36S), exhibited lower relative activity. Following the conformational analysis, one domain, called the “core domain”, was found to be the key to the analgesic activity.     

Scorpion toxin BmK I directly activates Nav1.8 in primary sensory neurons to induce neuronal hyperexcitability in rats

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in primary sensory neurons play a key role in transmitting pain signals to the central nervous system. BmK I, a site-3 sodium channel-specific toxin from scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch, induces pain behaviors in rats. However, the subtypes of VGSCs targeted by BmK I were not entirely clear. We therefore investigated the effects of BmK I on the current amplitude, gating and kinetic properties of Nav1.8, which is associated with neuronal hyperexcitability in DRG neurons. It was found that BmK I dose-dependently increased Nav1.8 current in smallsized (<25 μm) acutely dissociated DRG neurons, which correlated with its inhibition on both fast and slow inactivation. Moreover, voltage-dependent activation and steady-state inactivation curves of Nav1.8 were shifted in a hyperpolarized direction. Thus, BmK I reduced the threshold of neuronal excitability and increased action potential firing in DRG neurons. In conclusion, our data clearly demonstrated that BmK I modulated Nav1.8 remarkably, suggesting BmK I as a valuable probe for studying Nav1.8. And Nav1.8 is an important target related to BmK I-evoked pain.     

The study of sodium channels involved in pain responses using specific modulators

Voltage-gated sodium channels(VGSCs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for generation and conduction of action potentials in excitable cells.Physiological and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that VGSCs play a critical role in chronic pain associated with tissue or nerve injury.Many long-chain peptide toxins(60-76 amino acid residues) purified from the venom of Asian scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch(BmK) are investigated to be sodium channel-specific modulators.The α-like neurotoxins that can ...     

A new insect neurotoxin AngP1 with analgesic effect from the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch: purification and characterization.

An insect toxin named BmK AngP1 was purified from the venom of the scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK). It also shows an evident analgesic effect on mice, but is interestingly devoid of mammalian toxicity. Bioassay showed that the CPU value of AngP1 was 0.01 microg/body ( approximately 30 mg) for the excitatory insect toxicity and 43.0% inhibition efficiency for analgesia at a dose of 5 mg/kg. However, even at the dosage of 10 mg/kg no detectable toxicity on mice could be found. The isoelectric point (pI) value for AngP1 was 4.0, and its molecular mass analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS was 8141.0. The first 15 N-terminal residues of AngP1 were determined by Edman degradation and showed high similarity to that of other excitatory scorpion insect toxins. The circular dichroism spectroscopy measured on a JASCO J-720 system showed that there were 10.4% alpha-helix, 46.2% beta-strand and 14.1% turn structure in this peptide. Under two conditions single crystals of AngP1 were obtained.