Organometallic complexes with biological molecules. XVII. Triorganotin(IV) complexes with amoxicillin and ampicillin

Novel triorganotin(IV) complexes of two beta-lactamic antibiotics, 6-[D-(-)-beta-amino-p-hydroxyphenyl-acetamido]penicillin (=amoxicillin) and 6-[D-(-)-alpha-aminobenzyl]penicillin (=ampicillin), have been synthesized and investigated both in solid and solution states. The complexes corresponded to the general formula R(3)Sn(IV)antib*H(2)O (R=Me, n-Bu, Ph; antib=amox=amoxicillinate or amp=ampicillinate). Structural investigations about configuration in the solid state have been carried out by interpreting experimental IR and 119Sn M?ssbauer data. In particular, IR results suggested polymeric structures both for R(3)Sn(IV)amox.H(2)O and R(3)Sn(IV)amp*H(2)O. Moreover, both antibiotics appear to behave as monoanionic bidentate ligands coordinating the tin(IV) atom through ester-type carboxylate, as well as through the beta-lactamic carbonyl. Evidence that in none of these compounds water molecules were involved in coordination, was provided by thermogravimetric investigations. On the basis of 119Sn M?ssbauer spectroscopy it can be inferred that tin(IV) was pentacoordinate in all of the complexes in the solid state, showing an equatorial R(3)Sn(IV) trigonal bipyramidal (tbp) configuration. The nature of the complexes in solution state was investigated by using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, while an 119Sn spectrum was obtained for n-Bu(3)Sn(IV)amp*H(2)O. Although 1H- and 13C-NMR measurements suggested that in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d(6) solution the polymeric structure collapsed, due to a solvolysis process of the beta-lactamic carbonyl bonding to the organometallic moiety, the complexes have been shown to maintain the same trigonal bipyramidal configuration at tin(IV) atom by the coordination of a DMSO molecule. Cytotoxic activity of these novel semisynthetic antibiotic derivatives has been tested towards spermatocyte chromosomes of the mussel Brachidontes pharaonis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) using two different chromosome-staining techniques such as Giemsa and CMA(3). The occurrence of typical colchicinized-like (c-like) mitoses on slides obtained from animals exposed to organotin compounds, directly confirmed the high mitotic spindle-inhibiting potency of these chemicals. In addition, by comparative analysis of spermatocyte chromosomes from untreated specimens (negative controls) and specimens treated with the triorganotin(IV) complexes, structural damages such as 'achromatic lesions' and 'chromosome breakages' have been identified.     

Chlorotriphenyl(quinolinium-2-carboxylato)tin(IV) monohydrate

The crystal structure of chlorotriphenyl(quinolinium-2-carboxylato)tin(IV) monohydrate is reported. The crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/c with cell parameters a = 20.048(3) Å, b = 11.724(1) Å, c = 23.291(3) Å, ]gb = 113.42(1), Z = 8, refined to R_F = 0.034 on 3331 observed reflections. The tin(IV) atom is five-coordinate, being found to three phenyl groups, the chlorine atom and an oxygen from the quinaldic acid. The geometry around the tin atom is trigonal bipyramidal, with the three phenyl groups occupying the equatorial positions, and the chlorine and quinaldic acid oxygen, the apical ones. The acidic proton of quinaldic acid has shifted position in the complex, and is bound to the heterocyclic nitrogen atom.The acid is thus coordinated in the form of a zwitterion. These trigonal bipyramidal units are linked together as dimers by pairs of water molecules, each of which hydrogen-bonds to the non-coordinated carboxylate oxygen atoms of both quinaldic acid molecules, plus the heterocyclic nitrogen atom of one quinaldic acid molecule. For complex formation with the protonated acid, the heterocyclic nitrogen should be alpha to the carboxylic acid group.     

Potentiometric and spectroscopic studies on the dimethyltin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyhippuric acid

Equilibrium and spectroscopic (1H, 13C NMR and 119Sn M?ssbauer) studies in aqueous solution are reported for dimethyltin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyhippuric acid (Sal-Gly). Below pH 4, oxygen-coordinated complexes MLH and ML are formed. In the pH range 5-8.5, the species MLH(-1), predominates at any metal-to-ligand ratio. The ligand exchange of this species is slow on the NMR time scale, which allows its structural characterization by NMR spectroscopy: the coordination polyhedron around the tin atom is distorted trigonal bipyramidal, with tridentate [O-,N-,COO-] coordination of Sal-Gly, involving two equatorial methyl groups. The NMR results reveal that the main cause of the distortion of the polyhedron is the large CH3-Sn-CH3 angle of 136+/-4 degrees. The presented results supplement the data available on the dimethyltin(IV)-promoted amide deprotonation of peptides, and provide further arguments for the fundamental role of the carboxylate as an anchoring group in this process.     

New mononuclear organotin(IV) 4-benzhydrylpiperazine-1-carbodithioates: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray structures and in vitro antimicrobial activities

A new series of organotin(IV) complexes with 4-benzhydrylpiperazine-1-carbodithioate (L) were synthesised by the metathesis reactions of the ligand-salt with triorganotin(IV) chlorides and diorganotin(IV) dichlorides in the appropriate molar ratio. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, Raman, IR, and multinuclear NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn) spectroscopy. Solid-state studies (Raman, IR and X-ray analysis) confirmed the bidentate coordination of the ligand in all cases. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy suggested that some tri- and diorganotin complexes reduce their geometry by one unit in solution. The τ values, 0.6 and 0.24 for chlorodibutyl- and chlorodiethyltin(IV) derivatives, respectively, authenticated the trigonal bipyramidal geometry for the first complex and distorted square-pyramidal geometry for the latter. The low τ value for the chlorodiethyltin(IV) complex is attributed to the additional Sn···Cl and Sn···S intermolecular interactions. The antimicrobial results indicated the compounds are active biologically.     

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and crystal structures of two chlorodiorganotin(IV) 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioates

Two chlorodiorganotin(IV) complexes of 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate (MPPDA) have been synthesized by 1:1 mole-ratio reactions of the parent acid (MPPDAH) with Me₂SnCl₂ or Et₂SnCl₂ in dry methanol. The products have been characterized by Raman and multinuclear NMR (¹H, ¹³C and ¹¹⁹Sn) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicate that both complexes have distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries around the central Sn atom.     

On the bioreactivity of triorganotin aminobenzoates. Investigation of trialkyl and triarylyltin(IV) esters of 3-amino and 4-aminobenzoic acids

The synthesis and study of trimethyl-, tributyl- and triphenyltin esters of the 3- and 4-aminobenzoic acids are reported. The triorganotin derivatives are characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR and solution ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra. The structure of the trimethyltin 4-aminobenzoate is solved by X-ray diffraction and proves to be polymeric in nature with bridging carboxylates and trigonal bipyramidal tin(IV) environment. However, all the compounds become monomeric in solution with a tetrahedral tin coordination environment in chloroform and trigonal bipyramidal in DMSO due to coordination of the solvent as the NMR spectra have revealed. The compounds exhibit variable cytotoxic activity when tested against Κ562 myelogenous leukaemia, HeLa cervical cancer and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, with the butyl derivatives being the more effective and the methyl ones the less. Interestingly, their antibacterial action was significantly lower when tested against Escherichia coli, while not appreciable direct interaction with DNA has been observed. The above observations account for a mode of action that may be related to their potential interaction with cell membranes and the subsequent inhibition of various signaling processes.     

Synthesis and structural studies on silvertin complex salts with cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene

Three new silver—tin complex salts with cis-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene have been synthesized. IR,³¹P and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR and conductivity data are reported and discussed together with the X-ray crystal structure of one of them, [Ag(cdppet)₂][SnPh₃(NO)₃)₂]. The silver atom is distorted tetrahedrally surrounded by the four phosphorus atoms of the two cdppet ligands. The tin atom is in a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the phenyl carbon atoms in the equatorial plane and two oxygen atoms from monodentate nitrate groups at the apices.     

Complexes of copper(II) dihalide with 2,2′-dipyridylamine. X-ray diffraction structures of the [dibromo-bis(dipyam)copper(II)]–water (1:2) and di[chloro-bis(dipyam)copper(II)]diiodide–acetonitrile (1:2) complexes

The formation of complexes between copper(II) halides and 2,2′-dipyridylamine (dipyam) has been studied systematically. Only complexes with a 1:1 and 1:2 metal-to-ligand ratio are formed. Some mixed chloro–iodide and halide–PF₆ compounds have also been isolated. The X-ray diffraction structures of the [Cu(dipyam)₂Br₂] · 2H₂O (I) and the [Cu(dipyam)₂Cl]₂I₂ · 2CH₃CN (II) complexes are reported. I is a rare example of an octahedral coordination among the copper(II) halide complexes of dipyam. The two bromo atoms, which occupy the apical positions, are H-bonded to the water molecules of crystallization. II is a dimer, where each copper forms a cationic chloro-complex of approximately trigonal bipyramidal geometry, the dimerization being due to hydrogen bonds formed by the NH group of one of the two dipyams coordinated to each metal atom with the chlorine atom of the centrosymmetric cationic complex. The iodide anions are hydrogen-bonded to the NH groups of the dipyams not involved in the dimerization.     

119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of the products of the reaction of triorganotin(IV) derivatives with 6-thiopurine

A structural study of the products of the reaction of R₃Sn^IV derivatives (R = Me, Buⁿ, Ph) with 6-thiopurine, 6-TPH₂, and its sodium salt, 6-TPHNa, has been undertaken using Mössbauer spectroscopy and the point-charge model rationalization of the Mössbauer parameter nuclear quadrupole splitting. The synthetic reactions have been carried out at ca. 0 °C, 20 °C and 50 °C. The Mössbauer spectra of the complexes AlK₃Sn(6-TPH) are consistent with the occurrence of two distinct tin(IV) sites in samples prepared at the lower temperature, while one only site appears by increasing the temperature of the reaction. Two tin sites constantly occur in the products of the reactions involving the Ph₃Sn^IV moiety; the stoichiometry is assumed to be (Ph₃Sn)₃(6-TPH)(6-TP) for the uniquely-formed complex. Solid state polymeric structures with trigonal bipyramidal environments of the tin atoms and planar SnC₃ skeletons have been proposed. The apical ligand atoms have been assumed to be N, S and N, N in the samples showing two individual tin(IV) sites, and N, N when a single site was present.     

Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and in vitro antistaphylococcal activity of organotin(IV) derivatives with 5,7-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine

New organotin(IV) complexes of 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dbtp) and 5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dptp) with 1:1 and/or 1:2 stoichiometry were synthesized and investigated by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer in the solid state and by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, in solution. Moreover, the crystal and molecular structures of Et₂SnCl₂(dbtp)₂ and Ph₂SnCl₂(EtOH)₂(dptp)₂ are reported. The complexes contain hexacoordinated tin atoms: in Et₂SnCl₂(dbtp)₂ two 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine molecules coordinate classically the tin atom through N(3) atom and the coordination around the tin atom shows a skew trapezoidal structure with axial ethyl groups. In Ph₂SnCl₂(EtOH)₂(dptp)₂ two ethanol molecules coordinate tin through the oxygen atom and the 5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine molecules are not directly bound to the metal center but strictly H-bonded, through N(3), to the OH group of the ethanol moieties; Ph₂SnCl₂(EtOH)₂(dptp)₂ has an all-trans structure and the C-Sn-C fragment is linear. On the basis of Mössbauer data, the 1:2 diorganotin(IV) complexes are advanced to have the same structure of Et₂SnCl₂(dbtp)₂, while Me₂SnCl₂(dptp)₂ to have a regular all-trans octahedral structure. A distorted cis-R₂ trigonal bipyramidal structure is assigned to 1:1 diorganotin(IV) complexes. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the synthesized complexes have been tested against a group of reference pathogen micro-organisms and some of them resulted active with MIC values of 5 μg/mL, most of all against staphylococcal strains, which shows their inhibitory effect.     

Transition metal complexes with pyrazole based ligands, part 18: new binuclear Cu(I), Cu(II) and Co(II) complexes with 3,5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole: synthesis, structural and magnetic studies

Three new binuclear metal complexes of the formulas (L = 3,5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole) have been synthesized and characterized by chemical analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, solution conductivity, solid state magnetic measurements and X-ray single crystal and variable temperature powder diffraction. Complex 1 forms doubly chloro-bridged dimers, with Cu(II) in distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination with the apical positions occupied by chlorine atoms. Magnetic measurements indicate an antiferromagnetic interaction between the Cu(II) centres in the dimer, with the singlet-triplet exchange parameter of J = −19.40 cm⁻¹. Complex 2 forms doubly sulfur-bridged dimers, with Cu(I) in distorted tetrahedral coordination with apical positions occupied by bromine atoms. Complex 3 is a cobalt analogue of 1. It contains dinuclear units formed by five-coordinate high-spin Co(II) in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal environment. The magnetisation of 3 shows no significant departure from Curie-Weiss behaviour between room temperature and 5 K. All crystal structures are stabilized by two-dimensional hydrogen bonding networks between the carboxamide nitrogen donors and the terminal halide acceptors.     

Characterization of complexes formed between [Me2Sn(IV)]2+ and carboxymethylcelluloses

Complexes formed between carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the [Me(2)Sn(IV)]2+ cation have been prepared in the solid state and characterized by FTIR and M?ssbauer spectroscopy. The complexes contained CMC with varying molar weight and degree of carboxylation, and the complexes were isolated both from acidic and from neutral solutions at varying metal-to-ligand ratios. The characteristic vibration bands of the ligands were identified from their pH-dependent FTIR spectra. In the organotin(IV) complexes obtained at pH approximately 2, the -COO- moieties were found to be coordinated in a monodentate manner, and the band characteristic of the protonated (unbound) -COO- group(s) was also identified. The broad -OH band can be interpreted as the sum of the contributions of the alcoholic -OH groups of the anhydroglucose units and the mixed organotin aqua complexes. In complexes obtained at pH approximately 7, the broad -OH band significantly sharpens, which is probably due to the metal-ion induced deprotonation and subsequent coordination of the alcoholic -OH groups. At the same time, -COO- groups are also involved in the coordination of the metal ions, resulting in a complicated network that forms through inter- and intramolecular bridges. Quadrupole splitting (/Delta(exp)/) values observed by M?ssbauer spectroscopy revealed that the valence state of tin is four in all of the complexes. The /Delta(exp)/ values were compared with the calculated ones, obtained from the pqs theory. From these data, trigonal bipyramidal (Tbp) and octahedral (Oh) geometries have been suggested for the complexes obtained. It has also been concluded that the structure of the complexes prepared depends mainly on the pH of the solution, and it is relatively insensitive to the other parameters, like molar mass or degree of carboxylation of the ligand, or the metal-to-ligand ratio in the reaction mixture.     

N-methyl-bis(2-bromo 6-pyridylmethyl)amine: high yield synthesis, and spectroscopic properties of the dichloroferrous complex with trigonal bipyramidal geometry

The new tridentate title ligand has been synthesized by a very convenient and high yield method. The dichloroferrous derivative was prepared in order to provide spectroscopic bases for solution studies of trigonal bipyramidal derivatives with aminomethylpyridyl containing ligands. Its crystal structure is reported, together with UV-Vis, ¹H NMR and molecular conductivity data. The absence of any MLCT in UV-Vis, significant broadening of the β and β′ resonances in ¹H NMR and neutral electrolytic behavior are reported and taken together, these parameters can now unequivocally serve as criteria to detect any tridentate coordination mode of the tripod in the chemistry of dichloroferrous complexes with tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine type ligands.     

Structural investigations on diorganotin and triorganotin(IV) phosphomycin derivatives

Four new diorganotin(IV), (R = Me, Bu), and triorganotin(IV), (R = Me, Ph), derivatives of the phosphomycin disodium salt antibiotic[(1R,2S)-1,2-epoxypropylphosphonate]Na₂ have been synthesized and their solid state configuration studied by X-ray crystallography, FT-IR, Mössbauer, UV-Vis spectroscopies. The X-ray diffraction investigation, performed on the bis[trimethyltin(IV)]phosphomycin, showed that the coordination geometry at all the Sn atoms is trigonal bipyramidal. The structure of the complex forms an unusual polymeric zig-zag planar network. The FT-IR and the ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer studies supported the formation of trigonal bipyramidal (Tbp) molecular structures, both in the diorganotin(IV) and triorganotin(IV) derivatives, even if, in the case of diorganotin(IV) derivatives, the tetrahedral structure cannot be a priori excluded. The group of phosphomycin coordinates the organotin(IV) centers originating a monodimensional polymeric network, as inferred by variable temperature ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, used to investigate lattice dynamics of the bis-[trimethyltin(IV)]phosphomycin complex.     

A 119Sn M?ssbauer spectroscopic study on the interaction of dimethyltin (IV) derivatives with rat hemoglobin, and of related model systems in aqueous solution

In the context of a study of the molecular basis of the antileukemia (murine) activity of diorganotin (IV) compounds, the interaction with rat hemoglobin (selected as a model protein) of the representative terms dimethyltin dichloride, dimethyltin glycylglycinate (Me2SnGlyGly), and dimethyltin L-cysteinate (Me2Sn-Cys) has been investigated by 119Sn M?ssbauer spectroscopy. In order to possibly determine the reaction pathway, aqueous model systems in Hepes buffer at pH 7.4 were also considered. The structural characteristics of reactants and products were advanced on the basis of semiempirical calculations of M?ssbauer nuclear quadrupole splitting parameters, delta E, by the point-charge model approach. In aqueous Hepes at pH 7.4, evidence was obtained for the formation of the five-coordinated species, trigonal bipyramidal type (tbp), Me2Sn(OH)2.Hepes(II), Me2Sn(OH)(GlyGly).Hepes(III), and Me2Sn(OH)Cys(IV) (see Fig. 1). Equatorial groups or atoms would be the Me radicals, as well as OH, N(peptide), and S(thiol), respectively. Hepes would coordinate to tin in axial position through the tertiary amino nitrogen, while cysteine would behave as a bidentate chelating agent, with an axially located amino group. Species (II), (III), and (IV) react with cysteine in aqueous Hepes at pH 7.4, yielding Me2Sn(OH)Cys(IV), as well as Me2SnCys2(V), where tin would be embedded into a tbp structure due to one cysteine probably chelating (equatorial S thiol and axial amino nitrogen), and one monodentate through S thiol. Species (II), (III), and (IV) react analogously with rat hemoglobin, primarily through the S thiol of a cysteine side chain, yielding pellets where the environment of tin could be tetrahedral, such as in Me2Sn(OH)(S thiol), (VI), and tetrahedral (IX) or tbp (V) in Me2Sn(Cys)(S thiol), where Cys would act either as chelating or monodentate. Further reaction of (VI) and (IX) could involve imidazole nitrogen atoms, N het, of histidine side chains, forming tetrahedral Me2Sn(S thiol)(N het), (VIII), or tbp Me2Sn(OH)(S thiol)(N het), (VII), and Me2Sn(Cys)(S thiol)(N het), (V) (see Figs. 1 and 5).     

An exact coordination mode of 6-thiopurine with an organotin(IV): preparation and crystal structure of triphenyl(6-thiopurinyl)tin(IV)

Triphenyl(6-thiopurinyl)tin has been prepared and its structure reinvestigated by X-ray diffraction. In the structure, a new coordination mode was observed that was different from those reported previously from investigations by infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy. In the molecule, 6-thiopurine coordinated to tin by the S and N(1) atoms. The discrete molecules were connected to form a zigzag 1D network through intermolecular H?N hydrogen bonds. The tin environment is pentacoordinated with cis-trigonal bipyramidal geometry.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of two cis-dioxorhenium(V) ReO2[SN][P] mixed-ligand complexes

Two novel five-coordinate cis-dioxorhenium(V) complexes of the general formula ReO₂[R₂NCH₂CH₂S][PPh₃] (R₂N=Et₂N, complex 1 and R₂N=(o-CH₃O---C₆H₄N(CH₂CH₂)₂N, complex 2) have been synthesized by reacting ReOCl₃(PPh₃)₂ with the respective bidentate ligands R₂NCH₂CH₂SH. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, NMR spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallographic studies showed that the coordination geometry around rhenium is distorted trigonal bipyramidal. The basal plane is defined by the two doubly bonded oxygen atoms and the sulfur of the bidentate ligand, while the nitrogen of the ligand and the phosphorus occupy the apical positions.     

Coordination behaviour of biologically active benzothiazolines towards silicon(IV)

The synthesis and structural features of some trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral complexes of silicon(IV) with biologically active benzothiazolines are described. These were derived by the condensation of pyridine-2-aldehyde, furfuraldehyde, thiophene-2-aldehyde and indole-3-carbaldehyde with 2-mercaptoaniline. The newly synthesized complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, conductance measurements, molecular weight determinations and electronic, infrared, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral studies. The ligand and its complexes of Si(IV) have been tested for their antifungal activity against Helmenthosporeum gramineum and Rhizopus oryzae. The growth inhibition percentage was calculated on the basis of the average diameter of the fungal colony.     

Organometallic complexes with biological molecules. XVIII. Alkyltin(IV) cephalexinate complexes: synthesis, solid state and solution phase investigations

Dialkyltin(IV) and trialkyltin(IV) complexes of the deacetoxycephalo-sporin-antibiotic cephalexin [7-(d-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid] (Hceph) have been synthesized and investigated both in solid and solution phase. Analytical and thermogravimetric data supported the general formula Alk(2)SnOHceph(.)H(2)O and Alk(3)Snceph(.)H(2)O (Alk=Me, n-Bu), while structural information has been gained by FT-IR, (119)Sn M?ssbauer and (1)H, (13)C, (119)Sn NMR data. In particular, IR results suggested polymeric structures both for Alk(2)SnOHceph(.)H(2)O and Alk(3)Snceph(.)H(2)O. Moreover, cephalexin appears to behave as monoanionic tridentate ligand coordinating the tin(IV) atom through ester-type carboxylate, as well as through beta-lactam carbonyl oxygen atoms and the amino nitrogen donor atoms in Alk(2)SnOHceph(.)H(2)O complexes. On the basis of (119)Sn M?ssbauer spectroscopy it could be inferred that tin(IV) was hexacoordinated in such complexes in the solid state, showing skew trapezoidal configuration. As far as Alk(3)Sn(IV)ceph(.)H(2)O derivatives are concerned, cephalexin coordinated the Alk(3)Sn moiety through the carboxylate acting as a bridging bidentate monoanionic group. Again, (119)Sn M?ssbauer spectroscopy led us to propose a trigonal configuration around the tin(IV) atom, with R(3)Sn equatorial disposition and bridging carboxylate oxygen atoms in the axial positions. The nature of the complexes in solution state was investigated by using (1)H, (13)C and (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of organotin(IV) cephalexinate derivatives has been tested using two different chromosome-staining techniques Giemsa and CMA(3), towards spermatocyte chromosomes of the mussel Brachidontes pharaonis (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Colchicinized-like mitoses (c-mitoses) on slides obtained from animals exposed to organotin(IV) cephalexinate compounds, demonstrated the high mitotic spindle-inhibiting potentiality of these chemicals. Moreover, structural damages such as "chromosome achromatic lesions", "chromosome breakages" and "chromosome fragments" have been identified through a comparative analysis of spermatocyte chromosomes from untreated specimens (negative controls) and specimens treated with the organotin(IV) complexes.     

Metal-N-saccharide chemistry: synthesis and structure determination of two Cu(II) complexes containing glycosylamines

Two new complexes [Cu(N,N',N"-(D-Glc)3-tren)Cl]Cl (1) and [Cu(N,N',N"-(maltose)-tren)]Cl2.H2O (2), have been synthesized and characterized by elementary analysis, and the IR and UV spectra suggest that complex 1 and complex 2 are arranged in trigonal bipyramidal configuration and square-pyramidal configuration, respectively. The crystal structure of complex 1 has been determined by X-ray diffraction as: a = 9.3476(8), b = 17.4236(13), c = 9.7836(8) angstroms, beta = 91.197 degrees, and V = 1593.1(2) Angstroms3, Z = 2, and R = 0.0325, which shows that three secondary amine groups (N-1, N-2, N-3) of the glycosylamine ligand forms the equatorial plane, and the tertiary amine (N-4) and one Cl- are located at the apical positions.