南海北部和西菲律宾海颗石藻种群特征及差异

本文对南海北部SCS-N站(116°E,18°30′N,2016年5月)和菲律宾海西部PAC-ST02-34站(129°59.7′E,17°29.7′N,2016年1月)真光层中颗石藻种群结构进行了对比。总体而言,南海北部真光层颗石藻丰度高于西菲律宾海,而物种多样性指数低于西菲律宾海,这与南海北部真光层中营养盐浓度高于同纬度西菲律宾海有关;两个海域颗石藻丰度极大值都出现在次表层,但在南海北部出现的深度要浅于西菲律宾海,这是由于南海北部真光层营养盐、温、盐跃层较西菲律宾海更浅。Florosphera profunda是两个海域颗石藻种群的主要优势种,南海北部次级优势种为Emiliania huxleyi和Gephyrocapsa oceanica,而西菲律宾海次级优势种则为Umbellosphaera irregularis。颗石藻属种的垂直分布构成在两个海域具有相似的特征,其中F.profunda主要分布在真光层中深层(80m);G.oceanica和Gladiolithus flabellatus也主要出现在真光层中深层;Umbellosphaera irregularis,Syracosphaera pulchra,Helicosphaera carteri和Discosphaera tubifera等则主要分布在100m以浅;E.huxleyi和Calcidiscus leptoporus在南海北部主要分布在100m以浅,但在西菲律宾海则出现在深层(150m附近)。     

江苏盐城上冈全瘭世颗石藻及其环境控制

盐城上冈地区全新世期间处于泥砂质潮滩环境。根据有孔虫组合分析,这套近岸潮滩沉积代表潮下带－湖间带－潮上带的一次大海退过程。本文分析了上冈村砖瓦厂采泥坑东侧SGE柱状剖面全新统的颗石藻化石,结果发现这套沉积物仅仅含Gephyrocapsa oceanica单一属种,而且丰度较低。但这个种在剖面上的丰度分布显示三分性：即自下至上为贫乏或缺失间隔、较常见间隔笔常见间隔,基本上对应于潮下带、潮间带和潮上带。一般情况下,潮坪区由海向陆水动力由强至弱,各相带的水动力条件不同,其沉积特征各异。颗石灌胳架十分细微,在海水中往往以悬乳形式搬运,并在水动力较弱时停积。所以,水动力是G.oceanica分布的直接控制因素。     

2010秋季东海今生颗石藻的空间分布

根据2010年11月东海29站位所采集108个样品偏光镜检分析结果显示:调查区共发现26种今生颗石藻,优势种为赫氏艾密里藻(Emiliania huxleyi)、大洋桥石藻(Gephyrocapsa oceanica)、卡特螺旋球藻(Helicosphaera carteri)和粗壮环翼球(Algirosphaera robusta)等.水体中今生颗石藻丰度为0-76.562个/mL,平均值为18.641个/mL;颗石粒丰度0-4506.47个/mL,平均值为613.44个/mL,今生颗石藻在表层和底层均呈斑块状分布,海盆区站位丰度较近岸站位下降明显,但物种丰富度明显增多;颗石球丰度最大值站位发生在硅藻水华站位.将研究区域划分为3个断面进行分析:PN断面、沿岸流断面和黑潮断面.比较显示,PN断面的空间分布差异性较大,赫氏艾密里藻具有最高丰度的颗石粒和颗石球.沿岸流断面颗石粒/颗石球、黑潮断面中颗石粒(除底层外),自表至底随水深增加有轻微增加趋势,黑潮断面颗石球丰度高值区集中于25-80 m之间.结合历史环境资料,分析得出东海调查期水体混合、泥沙再悬浮以及硝酸盐浓度是控制今生颗石藻物种丰富度与物种特异分布的主要因子;今生颗石藻在不同环境中具有不同的生活策略,其空间分布特征随取样季节和海区不同有较大变化.     

长江三角洲DY03孔颗石藻及沉积环境浅析

本文研究了上海奉贤DY03孔的颗石藻化石。钻孔60.8-2m深度产颗石藻化石,涵盖上更新统的川沙组、南汇组,全新统的娄塘组、上海组和青浦组。颗石藻化石赋存于灰色泥、泥质粉砂或粉细砂中,但化石种类贫乏。群落面貌以Gephyrocapsa oceanica占绝对数量,Braarudosphaera bigelowii,Helicosphaera hyalina和Heli-cosphaera wallichii等偶现,属典型的单种类组合。研究依据颗石藻定量统计,划分出两个海相层:第一海相层,孔深61-40m,属上更新统川沙组和南汇组,颗石藻丰度低,属种单一,代表了海侵过程中的潮上带环境;第二海相层,孔深24.8-2.0m,属全新统娄塘组、上海组和青浦组,颗石藻化石丰度较高,并有数个属种共生,反映当时的滨岸潮上带-河口滨海-浅海近岸海湾的环境演化过程。综合前人的研究成果,认为长江三角洲全新世海侵之强度和范围都超过晚更新世发生的海侵。此外,本文仔细讨论了Gephyrocapsa oceanica的生态特征,显示其为一个盐度适应能力较强、分布广泛的暖水种。     

颗石藻自动鉴定系统及其古海洋学应用——以南海MD05-2901柱状样研究为例

颗石藻自动鉴定系统SYRACO(Système de Reconnaissance Automatique de Coccolithes)是一种通过人工智能神经网络自动识别颗石藻种类并统计数量的工具软件。该软件能够快速可靠识别观察视域中的所有颗石个体,大幅度提高工作效率并弥补了在颗石藻属种鉴定过程中的人为误差。经过训练的SYRACO系统可以鉴定第四纪以来14个主要颗石藻属种,适用于第四纪以来的古环境研究。作者使用SYRACO自动鉴定系统对南海MD05-2901柱状样进行颗石藻属种鉴定,同时获得了Florisphaera profunda,Emiliania huxleyi,Gephyrocapsa oceani-ca等主要属种含量信息。将结果与先前人工统计数据对比表明二者具有很好的一致性,证明其在古海洋学研究中的应用价值。     

颗石球缓解紫外辐射对颗石藻光合作用的胁迫

正颗石藻(Coccolithophore)是一类胞外具有数层钙质颗石粒(Coccolith)的海洋钙化金藻,在绝大部分海域均有分布。颗石藻通过光合固碳向深海沉降有机碳颗粒,同时其钙化作用形成的颗石粒是海底的重要沉积物。它们与钙化浮游动物翼足类(Petropod)钙化量可占海洋生物钙化量的80%,对于海洋碳、钙循环有重要意义~([1,2])。颗石藻在条件合适时,可形成大面积藻华(全球每年可达上百万平方公里)~([3])。促进藻华形成的环境因素很     

胶州湾叶绿素a浓度及浮游植物的粒级组成

2008年2、5、8和11月对胶州湾及邻近水域中表层叶绿素a浓度和浮游植物粒级组成进行了调查.结果表明:胶州湾内和湾外表层叶绿素a年平均浓度分别为4.90和2.03 mg·m^-3;叶绿素a浓度的平面分布呈现自东北部及近岸向中部、南部及湾外递减的趋势;叶绿素a浓度季节变化明显,冬季和夏季浓度较高,春季次之,呈现温带海域双峰型的变化趋势.胶州湾浮游植物粒级组成以微型浮游植物为主,平均占叶绿素a总量的60.9%,其次是小型浮游植物,超微型浮游植物所占比例最低,与我国近海浮游植物粒级组成基本一致.与历史资料相比,微型浮游植物所占比例有所增加,超微型浮游植物所占比例降低.     

一种颗石藻水华种的特征界定

颗石藻是一类海生或咸水生光自养单细胞鞭毛藻,可通过光合作用利用CO2合成有机物,又可通过生物矿化作用在细胞表面形成典型的以CaCO3为主要成分的颗石层,在全球碳沉降中起到重要作用[1]。颗石藻增殖和形成水华过程中可以释放大量挥发性的二甲基硫(DMS)和丙烯酸,是影响气候、特别是区域性环境效应的重要物质[2—4]。暴发颗石藻水华时大量的CaCO3颗石粒形成强烈的反光层[5],使底部生物的光照受到限制;另一方面,在围塘和内湾环境中易形成恶性水质的种类,则可以通过暴发增殖形成对海域环境、区域性气候、环境生态等方面造成影响。具有毒性的颗石藻同样影响到海水养殖业和人类安全[6],因此,颗石藻成为海洋环境科学研究的重要对象之一[7]。同时,作为一种具有多领域利用价值的资源生物,颗石藻又引起广泛重视,是生物矿化基础研究[8,9]的良好材料,也是作为以人类食用或养殖动物饵料为目标进行研究和应用的对象[10—12]。因此,对区域性原生颗石藻种类的特征界定有重要的意义。虾塘养殖模式下,常出现一种水面浮沫的长期恶性水质,但对其中浮游植物原因种的研究相对缺乏。2004年11月间,浙江省象山港虾塘中出现维持时间很长的浮沫状恶性水质,导...     

颗石藻Pleurochrysis carterae抗捕食特征

颗石藻Pleurochrysis carterae是沿海水域中常见钙化微藻,易形成高密度水华,也是养殖环境致害种之一。抗捕食防御能力可能是其种群增殖优势的一个重要原因。以卤虫作为捕食者,分析了颗石藻P.carterae抗捕食现象,以及在捕食压力下的重要生理生化响应特征,以期为颗石藻P.carterea抗捕食机制研究及其高密度增殖机理提供参考。研究结果显示:(1)当颗石藻P.carterae比例增加时,卤虫对微藻的摄食率显著降低,且存活率显著下降,显示该藻具抗捕食能力。(2)以卤虫饵料微藻球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为对照,比较研究发现,相同的捕食压力下,饵料金藻的叶绿素荧光参数(电子传递速率ETR和最大量子产率Fv/Fm)显著降低,但颗石藻P.carterae的ETR和Fv/Fm没有显著变化,显示颗石藻P.carterae对卤虫抗捕食作用。(3)相对于没有捕食压力的对照组,捕食压力下,饵料金藻I.galbana的脂类组成没有显著差异。但是,颗石藻P.carterae的脂类组成则发生了显著变化,主要表现在对细胞叶绿体有重要作用的单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG),双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG),磷脂酰甘油二酯(PG)含量上升,与促细胞分裂相关的二酰甘油(DAG)和磷脂酰肌醇(PI)也上升。这些脂类代谢物的变化可能在其种群水平上抵抗捕食并实现种群增殖中发挥作用。(4)培养介质中磷的状态对颗石藻P.carterae细胞二甲基巯基丙酸(Dimethyl sulfonio propionate,DMSP)含量有显著影响,且影响颗石藻P.carterae对卤虫的致害效应:缺磷条件下生长的颗石藻P.carterae首先使卤虫受害。当培养液中仅以ATP为磷源时,颗石藻P.carterae的卤虫致害效应则降低。研究证明,颗石藻P.carterae具有抗捕食能力,细胞的脂类代谢物质以及DMSP可能在抗捕食防御中发挥作用。     

颗石藻颗石粒形态的原子力显微观测方法: 以赫氏艾密里藻为例

颗石藻(coccolithophore)作为一种模式生物, 在重建古海洋气候和环境以及预测未来全球气候变化中起着很重要的作用, 赫氏艾密里藻(Emiliania huxleyi)是颗石藻最为典型的代表种。钙质颗石粒(coccolith)是颗石藻形态分类的主要依据, 有着非常精细和复杂的结构, 在样品收集过程中很容易遭到破坏, 这是颗石藻鉴定中经常遇到的一个技术问题。国际上还没有统一的颗石藻定量采样和样品分析方法。本文采用原子力显微方法(atomic force microscopy, AFM)对赫氏艾密里藻的颗石粒形态进行了超显微观察研究, 获取不同扫描范围的高度图(height image)和形貌图(deflection image)以观测其形态结构, 并建立了针对颗石藻的原子力显微样品制备方法。通过离心与膜过滤两种方法收集赫氏艾密里藻, 比较后得出了一种简单、快速的适合于观测颗石藻在大气环境成像的样品处理、制备和图像采集方法: 3,000-4,000 rpm, 20℃离心5 min, 收集颗石藻, 去除有机杂质后取白色沉淀, 将沉淀物悬浮于0.05 M NH₄HCO₃溶液中, 悬浮液滴加于盖玻片表面, 20℃晾干后于样品台在AFM接触模式(contact mode)下原子级扫描, 扫描范围50 µm, 频率1 Hz, 可以得到优质的颗石粒形态图像, 有助于颗石藻的分类鉴别。该方法可用于室内不同环境梯度或参数下的颗石粒形态结构及颗石藻藻华的检测与研究。     

High resolution calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecology across the Latest Danian Event (LDE) in central Eastern Desert,Egypt

A detailed study of the calcareous nannofossil assemblages of latest Danian to early Selandian age from Wadi Qena (the Qreiya-1, Qreiya-2, and Araas sections) in the central Eastern Desert and the Gebel Duwi section at the Red Sea Coast has been carried out to understand the local phytoplankton paleocommunities. For the first time in Egypt four calcareous nannofossil zones (NTp6, NTp7, NTp8, NTp9) and five subzones (NTp7A, NTp7B, NTp8A, NTp8B and NTp8C) were distinguished subdividing the standard NP4 and NP5 zones. The calcareous nannofossil zones were correlated with nannofossil zonations from the Tethyan region (e.g. Tunisia and the Zumaia section, the GSSP for the Danian/Selandian boundary). The calcareous nannofossil assemblages are moderately to well preserved. The event beds are characterized by a dark-brown shaley-marl bed rich in organic carbon and coprolites. Three main assemblages are distinguished: a pre-event assemblage, a transitional assemblage and a post-event assemblage. The paleoenvironments vary from cool eutrophic water below and above the event to warm oligotrophic conditions during the event. The result of this study concludes that the “Latest Danian Event” (LDE) may represent an early Paleocene hyperthermal.     

Paleoceanographic interpretations of coccoliths and oxygen-isotopes from the sediment surface of the southwest Indian Ocean

The distribution of forty-four coccolithophore species in one hundred deep-sea core-tops from the southwest Indian Ocean is described. Three coccolith assemblages have been recognised (Maputo, Agulhas Current and deep water) by the relative abundances of four ecologically significant coccolithophore species (Gephyrocapsa oceanica, Emiliania huxleyi, Calcidiscus leptoporus and Umbilicosphaera sibogae). Their biogeographical distribution appears to be related to water temperature, nutrient concentration and dissolution.The degree of preservation of coccoliths and foraminifera indicates that the carbonate lysocline lies somewhere between 3500 and 4000 m, resulting in the concentration of dissolution-resistant microfossils below this depth.Stable oxygen isotope ratios of the planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides sacculifer range between −1.5 to −1.0‰ PDB (equal to 22.8–25.1°C) and occur in a narrow band on the sea floor beneath the “A” route of the Agulhas Current.These values are about 0.5 per mil PDB lighter than samples analyzed on either side of this band and can be explained by the Agulhas Current's elevated temperature at the ocean surface of 2–3°C. Thus an oxygen isotope imprint of the Agulhas Current exists beneath it on the sea floor.The Agulhas Current is probably the major factor influencing sedimentation, sediment-distribution patterns and geological features in the study area. At present it is voluminous and fast flowing, possibly eroding sediments up to 2500 m below the surface.The oxygen-isotope ratios and nannoplankton counts obtained in this study indicate, however, that the majority of samples are most probably recent or at least not older than 85,000 years. This implies that sediments are accumulating on the ocean floor and that the Agulhas Current does not have a pronounced erosional influence, at least in areas from which cores were retrieved for this study.     

Consistent patterns in diatom assemblages and diversity measures across water‐depth gradients from eight Boreal lakes from north‐western Ontario (Canada)

1. Until recently, the distribution of diatom species assemblages and their attributes (e.g. species richness and evenness) in relation to water depth have been identified but not quantified, especially across several lakes in a region. Here, we examined diatom assemblages in the surface sediment across a water‐depth gradient in eight small, boreal lakes in north‐western Ontario, minimally disturbed by human activities. 2. Surface‐sediment diatom assemblages were collected within each lake along a gentle slope from near‐shore to the centre deep basin of the lake, at a resolution of ～1 m water depth. Analysis of sedimentary samples provided an integrated view of assemblages that were living in the lake over several years and enabled a high‐resolution analysis of many lakes. The study lakes ranged in water chemistry, morphology and size and are located along an east–west transect approximately 250 km long in north‐western Ontario (Canada). 3. The majority of diatom species were distributed along a continuum of depth, with those taxa having similar habitat requirements forming distinct, though overlapping, assemblages. Three major zones of diatom assemblages in each lake were consistently identified: (i) a near‐shore assemblage of Achnanthes (sensu lato), Nitzschia, Cymbella (sensu lato) and other benthic species; (ii) a mid‐depth assemblage of small Fragilaria (sensu lato)/small Aulacoseira and various Navicula taxa; and (iii) a deep‐water assemblage of planktonic origin (mainly Discotella spp.). 4. The depth of the transition between assemblage zones varied between the eight lakes. The boundary between the deep‐water planktonic zone and the mid‐depth benthic zone varied according to water chemistry and was probably related to light attenuation. The boundary was deeper in lakes with the lower dissolved organic carbon and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e. less light attenuation) and vice versa. 5. Generally, species richness, species evenness and turnover rate of species as a function of depth were significantly lower in the planktonic assemblage zone in comparison with the two zones nearer the shore. Reproducibility of species and assemblage distributions across the depth gradient of the lakes illustrated that, despite potential for sediment transport, detailed ecological characterisation of diatom species can be gleaned from sedimentary data. Such data are often lacking, particularly for near‐shore benthic species.     

The ecology,behaviour and physiology of fishes on coral reef flats,and the potential impacts of climate change

Reef flats, typically a low‐relief carbonate and sand habitat in shallow water leeward of the reef crest, are one of the most extensive zones on Pacific coral reefs. This shallow zone often supports an abundant and diverse fish assemblage that is exposed to more significant variations in physical factors, such as water depth and movement, temperature and ultraviolet (UV) radiation levels, than most other reef fishes. This review examines the characteristics of reef flat fish assemblages, and then investigates what is known about how they respond to their biophysical environment. Because of the challenges of living in shallow, wave‐exposed water, reef flats typically support a distinct fish assemblage compared to other reef habitats. This assemblage clearly changes across tidal cycles as some larger species migrate to deeper water at low tide and other species modify their behaviour, but quantitative data are generally lacking. At least some reef flat fish species are well‐adapted to high temperatures, low oxygen concentrations and high levels of UV radiation. These behavioural and physiological adaptations suggest that there may be differences in the demographic processes between reef flat assemblages and those in deeper water. Indeed, there is some evidence that reef flats may act as nurseries for some species, but more research is required. Further studies are also required to predict the effects of climate change, which is likely to have multifaceted impacts on reef flats by increasing temperature, water motion and sediment load. Sea‐level rise may also affect reef flat fish assemblages and food webs by increasing the amount of time that larger species are able to forage in this zone. The lack of data on reef flats is surprising given their size and relative ease of access, and a better understanding of their functional role within tropical marine seascapes is urgently required.     

Comparative ecological analysis of the ostracod faunas from low- and high-polluted southwestern Spanish estuaries: a multivariate approach

The distribution and abundance of both living and total ostracod populations from the estuaries of the southwestern Spanish coast are discussed. A total of 68 species were obtained from 120 bottom samples collected in the channels, channel margins and salt marshes. Four assemblages were recognized in this area: (a) Urocythereis oblonga assemblage, with marine species well-represented in sandy substrates located near the mouths; (b) Loxoconcha rhomboidea assemblage, mainly developed in the quiet tidal channels conected with the main channels of the marine domains; (c) Loxoconcha elliptica assemblage, enclosing the most cosmopolitan and euryhaline species, very abundant in muddy sediments and low to moderate hydrodynamic conditions; and (d) Leptocythere porcellanea assemblage, only observed in the clayey-silty channel margins of the most protected ebb channels.In these transitional environments, very unfavorable conditions for the ostracod development were found in: (a) the erosional channels and channel margins; (b) most of the salt marsh samples with high subaerial exposure; and (c) sectors with high metallic pollution levels and acidic waters.     

Distribution of calcareous nannoplankton in surface sediments from intertidal and shallow marine regimes of a marginal sea: Jason Bay,South China Sea

The surface sediments collected from the intertidal and shallow marine (0–20 m) regimes of Jason Bay, South China Sea contain calcareous nannoplankton assemblages in whichGephyrocapsa oceanica comprises 99% of the assemblage. The calcareous nannoplankton diversity is very low and the abundance of species tends to increase with both depth and distance offshore and becomes abundant in samples from water depths of 18 m and 20 m.Emiliania huxleyi is absent from all studied samples. The sediments from the intertidal regime contained rare calcareous nannoplankton.     

深圳福田红树林区底栖大型动物群落的空间分带及灌污的可能影响

本文自１９９１年４月至１９９３年１月对深圳福田红树林中底栖大型动物的空间分带及灌污的可能影响进行了研究。结果表明,该红树林湿地中主要出现的底栖动物为拟沼螺科,黑螺科,汇螺科,沙蟹科,方蟹科和弹涂鱼科种类。红树区内底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为３个群落分布带：亮泽拟沼螺带;拟黑螺－褶痕相手蟹带;弧边招潮－印尼拟蟹守螺－刻纹拟沼螺带。群落的分带可能主要由潮位线,食物适应性及底质结构因素决定。林前泥滩底栖动物种类多样性最大,生物量最高。林内动物群落则表现出低种类多样性,高种群个体数的特点。群落总栖息密度的变化基本上由软体动物所主导。生活污水排灌对红树林中底栖大型动物的影响不明显,仅在排污口端引起少数污水动物种类的出现及群落总生物量轻微的升高。     

The influence of flow impoundment and river regulation on the distribution of riverine macroinvertebrates at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, U.S.A.

The effects of impoundment by a low-head dam and hypolimnetic release from a reservoir on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were studied in two lowland rivers. The first river (Green River) was initially divided into three zones (impounded, transitional, erosional) according to hydrological characteristics. The entire reach of the second river (Nolin River) was a regime unit. Only the Green River erosional zone was free-flowing with a linear sequence of riffle-run-pool reaches. A detrended correspondence analysis showed that the Green River impounded and transitional zones were taxonomically indistinguishable while the Green River erosional zone and the Nolin River were each distinct. A canonical correspondence analysis revealed that higher surface velocity, higher summer water temperatures and more turbid conditions, and lower water temperatures were contributing parameters to the separation of the Green River erosional zone, Green River transitional/impounded zones, and the Nolin River, respectively, in ordination space. A series of one-way ANOVA’s testing for differences of macroinvertebrates assemblages between the three Green River zones according to five metrics showed that the Green River erosional zone demonstrated significantly higher values and the transitional and impounded zones were ecologically similar.