小麦雪霉叶枯病菌侵染过程中的细胞学研究

采用电镜技术研究了小麦雪霉叶枯病（Ｇｅｒｌａｃｈｉａｎｉｖａｌｉｓ）侵染过程的细胞学特征,电镜观察发现,分子孢子萌发产生的芽管由孢子细胞壁内层延伸而成,病菌侵入寄主体内后,胞间菌丝先在寄主细胞间扩展,随后胞间菌丝侵入坏死的寄主细胞,形成细胞内菌丝;胞间菌丝和胞内菌丝在形态结构上无明显差异,在病菌扩展过程中,寄生细胞发生了一系列的病理变化,并最终坏死消解,寄主细胞的变化可能与病菌分泌的毒素有关。     

中国小麦雪霉叶枯病菌种的鉴定

系统研究和鉴定了产自中国陕西、青海、宁夏、四川、贵州、西藏、湖北、新疆等8个省区的31个小麦雪霉叶枯病菌菌系和1个产自捷克的菌系。结果表明,各菌系的培养性状和形态特征、尤其是环痕状的产孢细胞和具淀粉质顶环的子囊等均符合 Gerlachia nivalis (Ces.Ex Sate．)W．Gares & E．Mdll．[有性态：Monographella nivalis (Schaffn·)E·Mfill·]的鉴别特征。小麦雪霉叶桔病菌对三唑酮等8种药物比镰刀菌敏感,各菌系人工接种小麦幼苗均引起相同症状,人工接种可侵染22属55种禾本科植物。确认了该菌与欧洲、北美发生的红色雪霉病病菌为同种。因此,将中国小麦雪霉叶枯病菌定名为雪腐格氏霉[Gerlaehia nivalis(Ces．Ex Saee．)W．Gams ＆ E. Miill.]。     

雪腐格氏霉选择性培养基研究

以尿素作氮源,甘油作碳源,对雪腐格氏霉(Gerlachia nivalis)有较强的选择加富作用,Fe-Na-EDTA和生物素对其分生孢子萌发和菌落生长有促进作用,五氯硝基苯、敌克松、瑞毒霉是较好的选择抑制剂。据此,提出了雪腐格氏霉选择性培养基配方:KH_2PO_4 1.0g,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.5g,Fe-Na-EDTA 0.01g,尿素0.5g,甘油2.0g,生物素0.005mg,五氯硝基苯20ppm,敌克松14PPm瑞毒霉5PPm,硫酸链霉素100单位/ml,氨苄青霉素50μg/ml,琼脂18g,蒸馏水1000ml。该培养基可促进雪腐格氏霉孢子萌发和菌落生长,可抑制多种常见土壤真菌生长。     

小麦叶锈菌侵染过程的显微和超微结构

采用光学显微技术和电子显微技术对小麦叶锈菌的侵染过程进行了研究。发现叶锈菌从气孔侵入后在气孔腔内形成气孔下泡囊,然后分化出圆形的膨大体,由膨大体产生1—2初生菌丝,初生菌丝在寄主细胞间隙延伸扩展,与叶肉细胞壁接触后分化形成吸器母细胞,吸器母细胞进入寄主细胞后形成吸器。初生菌丝在吸器母细胞处产生分枝,形成次生菌丝在叶肉细胞间蔓延。在病原菌侵染早期(接种后8—24h),寄主细胞的超微结构变化并不明显。侵染中、后期(接种48—72h),被侵染叶肉细胞发生严重质壁分离,叶绿体膨胀变形,基粒片层排列疏松。线粒体嵴突退化。     

指状青霉Penicillium digitatum侵染柑橘果实的细胞学研究

采用电子显微镜技术系统研究了指状青霉Penicillium digitatum对柑橘果实的侵染过程及超微结构特征。结果表明室温条件下,接种12h后,伤口附近的分生孢子开始萌发产生芽管;然后从伤口处直接侵入果实表皮细胞内;接种24h后,受侵染果实细胞中的菌丝向相邻细胞扩展蔓延,寄主细胞壁开始消解,质壁分离,细胞内含物及各类细胞器凝集,颜色加深,最后完全消解,伤口部位的果皮开始变软,伤口处的菌丝向外生长;84h后伤口处病斑软化,部分长出白色的霉层;96h后病斑软化面积直径达3cm,白色霉层面积逐渐扩大;120h后白色霉层中间伤口处霉层颜色加深变为灰绿色;144h后整个果实变软腐烂。果胶质标记结果表明,菌丝侵入果实后产生果胶酶并降解柑橘细胞壁中的果胶,使得细胞壁松弛,软化腐烂。     

葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea侵染及其对苹果果实影响的组织细胞学研究

利用光镜和电镜技术系统研究了苹果轮纹病菌葡萄座腔菌在成熟果实上的侵染扩展过程及其细胞学特征。扫描电镜观察发现,接种后3h位于皮孔处的分生孢子开始萌发,萌发后的孢子从一端或两端产生芽管直接侵入皮孔细胞,接种后9h完成侵入。30d后果面接种部位表现症状,45d后产生子实体。对接种部位取样进行光镜和透射电镜观察发现,病菌菌丝主要存在于寄主细胞壁、细胞内、细胞间隙及细胞壁与细胞膜之间。菌丝呈丝状,分枝,具隔膜。菌丝细胞内含有细胞核、线粒体、液泡等细胞器;菌丝外散发出一些高电子密度的颗粒物质,这些物质以菌丝为中心,呈放射状分布。病菌在果肉细胞生长扩展过程中,果肉细胞发生一系列变化。果肉细胞壁膨胀、变形,胞间层分离、破裂。与菌丝接触或相邻的果肉细胞细胞壁电子致密度降低,被降解成为如散发状的胞壁纤维束丝。果肉细胞的液泡破裂,质壁分离,细胞质凝结坏死并沉积于细胞壁周围,或通过受损的细胞壁胞间连丝从一个细胞转移到另一个细胞。后期菌丝在表皮下聚集生长、发育成分生孢子器。分生孢子器内壁细胞排列紧密,细胞中含有由数条丝状物平行排列而成的细胞器。该细胞器形状多样,周围总是分布着丰富的脂肪粒,推测可能与营养的运输与积累有关。     

广东省侵染摇蚊的库蚊虫霉研究

在中国首次报道了侵染摇蚊的库蚊虫霉(Entomophtora culichs)的形态特征、侵染症状以及发生动态等。库蚊虫霉初生分生孢子,钟罩形,顶部有一明显小尖突,(14.6±1.5)μm×(10.8±1.2)μm。次生分生孢子形似初生分生孢子,但略小,(11.0±1.1)μm×(8.0±0.5)μm。休眠孢子,球形至亚球形,直径(29.3±1.9)μm。被侵染摇蚊尸体以假根附着于基物上,通体覆盖着绿色的真菌子实层。库蚊虫霉侵染率在不同植物上明显不同。库蚊虫霉侵染率随季节不同波动很大,春季最高达90.2%,其次为秋季和冬季,夏季最低为0。2006—2009年库蚊虫霉侵染率为93.5%～95.7%,年际之间变动不大。     

柑桔叶点霉侵染琯溪蜜柚的超微结构观察及致病机理分析

为探明黑斑病对琯溪蜜柚(Citrus grandis‘Guanximiyou’)果皮细胞的侵染破坏特点及作用机理,人工接种柑橘叶点霉亚洲种(Phyllosticta citriasiana)后,在扫描电镜与透射电镜下观察蜜柚真皮细胞的变化。结果表明,受到侵染后,真皮细胞的液泡膜首先发生褶皱、断裂,最终消失;叶绿体的淀粉粒消失、膜出现褶皱;质膜内陷、局部断裂;类囊体发生膨胀并解体;线粒体数量明显增加,基粒清晰可见,之后线粒体形态改变,双层膜消失,内部空胞化。未观察到细胞间隙及细胞内有菌丝分布,且细胞壁结构始终稳定。P.citriasiana危害蜜柚果皮细胞与毒素作用有关,侵染位点可能是细胞膜,信息通过胞间连丝穿过细胞壁,进入细胞内部。     

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)外周血细胞显微和亚显微结构的观察

本文记载了用光镜和电镜观察鲫鱼外周血细胞所得的结果。 用光镜观察以Wright氏染液染色的血涂片,可区分出下列各种类型的血细胞:红血细胞,淋巴细胞,血栓细胞,单核细胞,中性、嗜酸和嗜碱粒细胞。此外,在外周血液中还可以看到少量未成熟的红血细胞。 在外周血液中,嗜酸和嗜碱粒细胞的数量极少。但在头肾和脾等造血组织中这类细胞的数量较多。 鲫鱼外周血液中各种血细胞的超微结构,基本上和人类以及其他鱼类相应血细胞的超微结构相似。     

A microculture chamber and improved method for combined light and electron microscopy of filamentous fungi

A microculture chamber has been developed which enables specific fungal hyphae to be followed in their living state before being processed and longitudinally sectioned for electron microscopy. Photomicrographs and their corresponding electron micrographs are presented which illustrate the effectiveness of this approach. Examples of the application of the method are presented.     

斑点热群新疆立克次体对宿主细胞感染过程的形态学研究

对新疆立克次体(精河株,下同)感染体外培养的人胚肾传代细胞(简写MERN)和体内鸡胚卵黄囊膜细胞的标本进行了电镜观察。发现立克次体以宿主细胞膜内翻形式进入宿主细胞,在胞浆和胞核内寄生,以二分裂方式增殖;并能察见多个立克次体的链状结构;胞浆内的菌体以核膜内翻方式进入核内,以密集成丛或散在方式生长;在感染后第5—8天的MERN中,立克次体以出芽方式释放,在第8天后通过宿主细胞解体方式释放。文中讨论了新疆立克次体感染宿主细胞过程中的有关机制。我们还发现在宿主细胞内立克次体的附近有直径为20—23nm的微管结构,其功能待深入研究。     

The wax glands and wax secretion of Matsucoccus matsumurae at different development stages

In this paper, the wax secretions and wax glands of Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana) at different instars were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The first and second instar nymphs were found to secrete wax filaments via the wax glands located in the atrium of the abdominal spiracles, which have a center open and a series of outer ring pores. The wax gland of the abdominal spiracle possesses a large central wax reservoir and several wax-secreting cells. Third-instar male nymphs secreted long and translucent wax filaments from monolocular, biolocular, trilocular and quadrilocular pores to form twine into cocoons. The adult male secreted long and straight wax filaments in bundles from a group of 18–19 wax-secreting tubular ducts on the abdominal segment VII. Each tube duct contained five or six wax pores. The adult female has dorsal cicatrices distributed in rows, many biolocular tubular ducts and multilocular disc pores with 8–12 loculi secreting wax filaments that form the egg sac, and a rare type wax pores with 10 loculi secreting 10 straight, hollow wax filaments. The ultrastructure and cytological characteristics of the wax glands include wax-secreting cells with a large nucleus, multiple mitochondria and several rough endoplasmic reticulum. The functions of the wax glands and wax secretions are discussed.     

Mycoparasitic relationships

The mode of attack and the infection structures of the necrotrophic mycoparasite, Pythium acanthicum, as well as the responses of various fungal hosts to parasitism were studied using both electron and light microscopy. Many taxonomically distinct fungal hosts were used, though Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani and a basidiomycete identified as Corticium sensu lato were studied in greatest detail. Parasitism was by direct penetration of the fungal host without appressorium formation by the parasite. The host's cells responded to contact by P. acanthicum by forming papillae. The morphological features of the papillae varied with the particular host. In P. blakesleeanus they were comprised of vesicles and segments of cytoplasm entrapped in a fibrillo-granular matrix, while in R. solani and the Corticium basidiomycete they contained considerable amounts of electron-opaque and electron-translucent material. Evidence for both mechanical and enzymatic penetration of the host fungi by the parasite are presented. Details of host wall and septum penetration by the parasite are presented using time-lapse light microscopy with in vivo systems. Many of these stages of parasitism were examined ultrastructurally. Some comparisons of these mycoparasitic relationships are discussed in relation to what is known from the literature about phytoparasitic interactions.     

极地雪藻在不同培养基中生长和虾青素累积的研究

在常温（23℃）和低温（10℃）条件下,用BBM、Bold 1NV、TAP和MCM四种培养基对极地雪藻进行培养。通过对生长速率、细胞数、A535值及虾青素累积量的测定,比较不同培养基、不同培养条件对极地雪藻的生长与虾青素累积的影响。结果表明,低温有利于极地雪藻的生长和虾青素的累积,BBM培养基比其它培养基更适合极地雪藻的生长,10℃时条件下其生长速率最高,培养14d细胞数可达到3．53×10^6／mL;在高光强条件下培养15d后用BBM培养基培养的极地雪藻细胞的虾青素累积为其它培养基的2．21-3．59倍。