硬膜外麻醉分娩镇痛临床分析

目的:观察硬膜外麻醉用于分娩镇痛的效果及对产程、母婴的影响.方法:选择300例足月单胎、产前检查无阴道分娩禁忌、无椎管内硬膜穿刺禁忌的初产妇.ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,随机分为硬膜外麻醉作为观察组,自然分娩组作为对照组,每组150例.观察产妇的生命体征,镇痛效果、产程时间、产后出血量、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分.结果:观察组产妇镇痛有效率为95.33%,活跃期与对照组相比明显缩短(p＜0.01),第二产程时间及产后出血量与对照组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05),剖宫产率明显低于对照组的剖宫产率(P＜0.05);两组新生儿Apgar评分均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:硬膜外麻醉镇痛效果确切,相对安全,是目前分娩镇痛的理想方法.     

Intravenous Remifentanil versus Epidural Ropivacaine with Sufentanil for Labour Analgesia: A Retrospective Study

Remifentanil with appropriate pharmacological properties seems to be an ideal alternative to epidural analgesia during labour. A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and safety of remifentanil intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IVPCA) compared with epidural analgesia. Medical records of 370 primiparas who received remifentanil IVPCA or epidural analgesia were reviewed. Pain and sedation scores, overall satisfaction, the extent of pain control, maternal side effects and neonatal outcome as primary observational indicators were collected. There was a significant decline of pain scores in both groups. Pain reduction was greater in the epidural group throughout the whole study period (0∼180 min) (P<0.0001), and pain scores in the remifentanil group showed an increasing trend one hour later. The remifentanil group had a lower SpO₂ (P<0.0001) and a higher sedation score (P<0.0001) within 30 min after treatment. The epidural group had a higher overall satisfaction score (3.8±0.4 vs. 3.7±0.6, P = 0.007) and pain relief score (2.9±0.3 vs. 2.8±0.4, P<0.0001) compared with the remifentanil group. There was no significant difference on side effects between the two groups, except that a higher rate of dizziness (1% vs. 21.8%, P<0.0001) was observed during remifentanil analgesia. And logistic regression analysis demonstrated that nausea, vomiting were associated with oxytocin usage and instrumental delivery, and dizziness was associated to the type and duration of analgesia. Neonatal outcomes such as Apgar scores and umbilical-cord blood gas analysis were within the normal range, but umbilical pH and base excess of neonatus in the remifentanil group were significantly lower. Remifentanil IVPCA provides poorer efficacy on labor analgesia than epidural analgesia, with more sedation on parturients and a trend of newborn acidosis. Despite these adverse effects, remifentanil IVPCA can still be an alternative option for labor analgesia under the condition of one-to-one bedside care, continuous monitoring, oxygen supply and preparation for neonatal resuscitation.     

Comparison of Transversus Abdominis Plane Infiltration with Liposomal Bupivacaine versus Continuous Epidural Analgesia versus Intravenous Opioid Analgesia

Epidural analgesia is considered the standard of care but cannot be provided to all patients Liposomal bupivacaine has been approved for field blocks such as transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks but has not been clinically compared against other modalities. In this retrospective propensity matched cohort study we thus tested the primary hypothesis that TAP infiltration are noninferior (not worse) to continuous epidural analgesia and superior (better) to intravenous opioid analgesia in patients recovering from major lower abdominal surgery. 318 patients were propensity matched on 18 potential factors among three groups (106 per group): 1) TAP infiltration with bupivacaine liposome; 2) continuous Epidural analgesia with plain bupivacaine; and; 3) intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA). We claimed TAP noninferior (not worse) over Epidural if TAP was noninferior (not worse) on total morphine-equivalent opioid and time-weighted average pain score (10-point scale) within first 72 hours after surgery with noninferiority deltas of 1 (10-point scale) for pain and an increase less of 20% in the mean morphine equivalent opioid consumption. We claimed TAP or Epidural groups superior (better) over IV PCA if TAP or Epidural was superior on opioid consumption and at least noninferior on pain outcome. Multivariable linear regressions within the propensity-matched cohorts were used to model total morphine-equivalent opioid dose and time-weighted average pain score within first 72 hours after surgery; joint hypothesis framework was used for formal testing. TAP infiltration were noninferior to Epidural on both primary outcomes (p<0.001). TAP infiltration were noninferior to IV PCA on pain scores (p = 0.001) but we did not find superiority on opioid consumption (p = 0.37). We did not find noninferiority of Epidural over IV PCA on pain scores (P = 0.13) and nor did we find superiority on opioid consumption (P = 0.98). TAP infiltration with liposomal bupivacaine and continuous epidural analgesia were similar in terms of pain and opioid consumption, and not worse in pain compared with IV PCA. TAP infiltrations might be a reasonable alternative to epidural analgesia in abdominal surgical patients. A large randomized trial comparing these techniques is justified.     

硬膜外阻滞全程分娩镇痛的可行性研究

目的:评价全程硬膜外阻滞镇痛用于产妇分娩的效果及安全性。方法:随机分配40例无产科及硬膜外阻滞禁忌症的单胎初产妇,在正规宫缩开始后,分别按产妇需要行分娩镇痛,并根据镇痛实施的时机分成宫口≥3cm常规分娩镇痛组(I组)及宫口开1cm全程分娩镇痛组(Ⅱ组),对两组产妇行硬膜外阻滞,分别观察镇痛效果,总产程,分娩方式,新生儿血气分析,体重及新生儿阿氏评分。结果:两组共5例需行剖宫产,催产素使用情况两组相若。两组的第二、三产程、分娩方式、新生儿阿氏评分、体重、脐静脉血气分析、新生儿转归及产妇产后出血等比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:分娩全程硬膜外镇痛可提供产妇产时和产后良好的镇痛效果,无延长第二、三产程时间,不增加产后出血,对新生儿阿氏评分无影响。     

持续镇痛分娩对产妇分娩结局和新生儿评分的影响

目的:研究持续镇痛分娩对产妇分娩结局和新生儿评分的影响。方法:选择2018年7月～2019年7月中国医科大学航空总医院(本院)采取硬膜外分娩镇痛的101例产妇,将其随机分为两组。当产生确切的镇痛效果,进入第二产程后,观察组的51例产妇采用0.4μg/m L舒芬太尼以及0.08%罗哌卡因进行持续镇痛分娩;对照组的50例产妇则在宫口开全后,使用生理盐水替代泵内的局麻药物,直到分娩结束。比较两组产妇催产素的使用率,宫口扩张度和第一、第二产程按压硬膜外自控镇痛泵的次数,分娩方式,新生儿的体质量,脐动脉血pH值,出生后1 min和5 min Apgar评分,产妇修复会阴部时的视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)评分及产妇对于第二产程镇痛的满意度评分。结果:两组产妇催产素的使用率、宫口扩张度和第一、第二产程按压硬膜外自控镇痛泵的次数、分娩方式(剖宫产率、器械助产率、自然分娩率)、第一产程镇痛时间、第一以及第二产程时间相比均无显著差异(P0.05);两组新生儿的体质量,脐动脉血pH值,出生后1 min和5 min Apgar评分小于8分的新生儿所占的比例相比没有明显的差异(P0.05);观察组产妇修复会阴部时的VAS评分明显低于对照组(P0.05),产妇对于第二产程镇痛的满意度评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:持续镇痛分娩对产妇分娩结局和新生儿评分无明显的影响,但可显著提高产妇对第二产程镇痛和修复会阴部时镇痛的满意度。     

Differential Effects of Epidural Analgesia on Modes of Delivery and Perinatal Outcomes between Nulliparous and Multiparous Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background

Epidural analgesia is considered one of the most effective methods for pain relief during labor. However, it is not clear whether similar effects of epidural analgesia on the progression of labor, modes of delivery, and perinatal outcomes exist between nulliparous and multiparous women.

Methodology/Principal Findings

A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze all deliveries after 37 weeks of gestation, with the exclusion of pregnancies complicated by multiple gestations and fetal anomalies and deliveries without trials of labor; these criteria produced a study population of n=16,852. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to control for confounders. In total, 7260 of 10,175 (71.4%) nulliparous and 2987 of 6677 (44.7%) multiparous parturients were administered epidural analgesia. The independent factors for intrapartum epidural analgesia included a low prepregnancy body mass index, genetic amniocentesis, group B streptococcal colonization of the genito-rectal tract, and augmentation and induction of labor. In the nulliparous women, epidural analgesia was a significant risk factor for operative vaginal delivery (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.80-2.54); however, it was a protective factor against Caesarean delivery (adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.55-0.69). Epidural analgesia remained a significant risk factor for operative vaginal delivery (adjusted OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.58-2.97) but not for Caesarean delivery (adjusted OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.77-1.55) in the multiparous women. Furthermore, the women who were administered epidural analgesia during the trials of labor had similar rates of adverse perinatal outcomes compared with the women who were not administered epidural analgesia, except that a higher rate of 1-minute Apgar scores less than 7 was noted in the nulliparous women who were administered epidural analgesia.

Conclusions/Significance

Intrapartum epidural analgesia has differential effects on the modes of delivery between nulliparous and multiparous women, and it is not associated with adverse perinatal outcomes.     

患者静脉自控镇痛与患者硬膜外自控镇痛的比较

术后自控镇痛方法有：患者静脉自控镇痛（Patient-controlled Intravenous Analgesia, PCIA）、患者硬膜外自控镇痛 (Patient-controlled Epidural Analgesia, PCEA）、患者区域自控镇痛（Patient-controlled Regional Analgesia, PCRA)、患者皮下自控镇痛 (Patient-controlled Subcutaneous Analgesia, PCSA)、患者自控鼻内镇痛（Patient-controlled intranasal analgesia, PCINA)、芬太尼HCI 电离子渗入疗法经皮系统（Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System, ITS)和连续椎旁阻滞（Continuous Paravertebral block, CPVB） 等。目前在临床工作中较常使用的主要是PCIA 和PCEA。有研究报道,与PCIA 比较,PCEA 镇痛效果更确切,恶心、呕吐及嗜睡发 生率低;但也有报道认为,与PCEA 相比,PCIA 实施相对方便,同时也可以提供令患者满意的镇痛效果,适用范围更广。目前对于 这两种镇痛方法的效果优劣尚无确切的定论,在此就PCIA 和PCEA的镇痛药物特点、镇痛效果、副反应及对免疫功能和肿瘤患 者远期生存率的影响作一综述。     

硬膜外阻滞用于多发性痔、瘘手术及术后镇痛观察（附76例报告）

目的 观察硬膜外阻滞用于多发性痔、瘘手术麻醉效果及硬膜外注入布比卡因混合液术后镇痛研究。方法 于L3－4椎间隙进行硬膜外穿刺管,阻滞应用1．6％－2％利用多卡因8－11ml,术中必须时辅助用氟芬合剂,术后经硬膜外导管一次性汪入布比卡因混合液一个单位进行术后镇痛。结果 全组麻醉效果良好,术后镇痛优良率达100％。而且全组术后在无刺激的情况下始终无明显疼痛。结论 硬膜外阻滞用于痔、痔手术效果,而且较安全。硬膜外注入布比卡因混合液达到长时间术后镇痛作用,认为地塞米松能显著延长布比卡因止痛时间,维生素B12也具有局麻药协同作用及镇痛效果。     

腰硬联合麻醉下术中静脉右美托咪啶对术后硬膜外镇痛的影响

目的：观察腰硬联合麻醉下术中静脉持续输注0．5μg·kg-1．h-1的右关托咪啶对腹式全子宫切除术病人术后吗啡硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法：选择ASAI或II级、择期行腹式全子宫切除术病人50例,腰硬联合麻醉成功后,随机分为Ⅰ组（右关托咪啶组）和Ⅱ组（盐水对照组）,每组25例,术后镇痛采用硬膜外镇痛。观察患者术后第一疼痛出现时间,术后24h和术后24--48h吗啡用量、PCEA泵按压次数和有效次数,VAS评分法评估患者术后不同时点的疼痛程度;记录围术期血流动力学的变化和血管活性药物的使用情况;记录镇痛期间恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生情况。结果：患者术后第一疼痛时间Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组延长（P〈0．05）;术后24小时吗啡用量、PCEA泵按压次数及有效按压次数Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组显著减少（P〈0．05）,24---48小时两组病人无差异（P〉0．05）;病人术后0．5小时、6小时静息和运动VAS评分Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组显著减低（P〈0．05）,其余时点无差异（P〉0．05）;麻醉后15min时Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组心率下降（P〈0．05）,其余各时点比较无差异（P〉0．05）,各时点平均动脉压两组无差异（P〉0．05）;阿托品和麻黄碱Ⅰ组使用量较Ⅱ组增多（P〈0．05）;恶心的发生率Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组降低（P〈0．05）。结论：腰硬联合麻醉下行腹式全子宫切除术,术中静脉持续输注0．5μg·kg-1．h-1的右美托咪啶可在术后24小时内减轻患者的疼痛反应,减少硬膜外镇痛吗啡的用量,且无明显不良反应。     

静脉与硬膜外注射地塞米松对吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的影响

目的:比较两种不同途径注射地塞米松磷酸钠对吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的影响。方法:选择200例(ASAⅠ-Ⅱ)在腰硬联合麻醉下行腹式子宫切除术的患者,随机分为A、B、C、D四组(n=50),各组均给以硬膜外注射2.5 mg吗啡作为术后镇痛治疗的同时,A组静脉注射安慰剂(生理盐水),B组静脉注射地塞米松磷酸钠10 mg,C组静脉注射地塞米松磷酸钠5 mg,D组硬膜外注射地塞米松磷酸钠5 mg及静脉注射安慰剂(生理盐水),以上均以5 mL作为注射容积。观察和比较术后24 h内各组恶心和呕吐(PONV)、皮肤瘙痒、补救镇痛、呼吸抑制的发生率、排气时间和补救镇痛时间。结果:B、C、D三组的PONV总发生率显著低于A组(P0.0083),而B、C、D三组之间比较无显著差异(P0.0083);A、B、C、D四组间恶心的发生率无显著差异(P0.05),而D组呕吐的发生率明显低于A组(P0.0083);B组皮肤瘙痒的发生率明显低于A组(P0.0083);四组患者的VAS评分比较无显著差异,均达到满意的镇痛效果(P0.05)。四组患者补救镇痛的发生率、补救镇痛药量和排气时间比较无明显差异(P0.05),而C、D组的补救镇痛时间明显比A组延长(P0.0083),四组患者均未出现呼吸抑制。结论:地塞米松磷酸钠可降低吗啡硬膜外术后恶心和呕吐的发生率,延长补救镇痛时间;硬膜外注射地塞米松磷酸钠对降低呕吐的发生率更有效;静脉注射地塞米松磷酸钠10 mg可降低瘙痒的发生率,且无明显的不良反应。     

椎管内分娩镇痛医护体系协调策略

????? 许多医院产科医师和麻醉科医师合作开展椎管内麻醉分娩镇痛已经多年,但依然未成规模,究其原因,人员紧张和科室协调成为制约我国椎管内分娩镇痛广泛开展的瓶颈之一。这是由于参与分娩镇痛的人员虽然职能明晰,但缺乏协调机制,具体工作中又容易脱节所致。在助产士中建立以护士为基础、以麻醉医师为督导的急性疼痛服务体系有良好的理论和工作基础,有助于优化工作流程,提高工作效率,保证产妇安全,推动这一工作的进一步开展。