Synergistic effects of TGIF and interferonγ (IFN-γ) on tumor cell growthTGIF and IFN-γ

Interferon- (IFN-) and tumor growth inhibitory factor (TGIF) were inducedin vitro in the supernatant from mixed culture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and OK-432. TGIF activity was determined by growth inhibition of a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line, MK-1 cells, and IFN- activity was measured by radioimmunoassay. The production of TGIF and IFN- was time-dependent, reaching its maximum around 48 hrs. Although there was no significant correlation between TGIF production and IFN- production, combination of a subthreshold concentration of recombinant IFN- (rIFN-) and TGIF induced significant growth inhibition of MK-1 cells. This fact indicates that the effects of rIFN- and TGIF are synergistic. The antiproliferative effect of these cytokines are highly species-specific, and their synergistic effects were also species-specific. rIFN--sensitive and -resistant clones were successfully established from the original MK-1 cell line; those clones are both sensitive to TGIF. Synergistic antiproliferative effects were found when the rIFN--sensitive clone, but not the resistant clone, was used as a target, suggesting that the synergistic effects require the target cells' sensitivity to IFN-. These results indicate that the synergistic effects of TGIF and IFN- may produce a clinical antitumor action in cancer patients receiving OK-432 administration.     

Identification of IFN-γ-producing innate B cells

Although B cells play important roles in the humoral immune response and the regulation of adaptive immunity, B cell subpopulations with unique phenotypes, particularly those with non-classical immune functions, should be further investigated. By challenging mice with Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, vesicular stomatitis virus and Toll-like receptor ligands, we identified an inducible CD11a^hiFcγRIII^hi B cell subpopulation that is significantly expanded and produces high levels of IFN-γ during the early stage of the immune response. This subpopulation of B cells can promote macrophage activation via generating IFN-γ, thereby facilitating the innate immune response against intracellular bacterial infection. As this new subpopulation is of B cell origin and exhibits the phenotypic characteristics of B cells, we designated these cells as IFN-γ-producing innate B cells. Dendritic cells were essential for the inducible generation of these innate B cells from the follicular B cells via CD40L-CD40 ligation. Increased Bruton''s tyrosine kinase activation was found to be responsible for the increased activation of non-canonical NF-κB pathway in these innate B cells after CD40 ligation, with the consequent induction of additional IFN-γ production. The identification of this new population of innate B cells may contribute to a better understanding of B cell functions in anti-infection immune responses and immune regulation.     

IFN-γ-mediated neuronal defense mechanism targets Toxoplasma

Toxoplasma gondii encysts preferentially within neurons in the central nervous system, establishing lifelong persistence. Despite recent discoveries, this neuronal preference was thought, in part, to be secondary to a lack of neuronal cell-autonomous immunity. By showing that neurons can mount interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated cell-autonomous anti-T. gondii defenses, Chandrasekaran et al. have challenged long held assumptions.     

鸡IFN-γcDNA的克隆及测序

应用逆转录-多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术,参照图外报道的鸡γ干扰素（CHIFN-γ）cDNA全基因序列,利用自行设计合成的一对引物,从ConA诱导培养的SPF鸡外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出CHIFN-γcDNA基因,并与PMD18-T载体连接,构建了CHIFN-γ基因重组体,经DNA序列测定,确认为CHIFN-γ基因,为进一步表达CHIFN-γ奠定了基础。     

IFN-γ鼻黏膜免疫耐受治疗EAMG的实验研究

探讨鼻黏膜给予少量IFN-γ对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力(EAMG)鼻黏膜免疫耐受的逆转作用。在用自身抗原乙酰胆碱受体(AChR)和完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)免疫Lewis大鼠之前,通过鼻黏膜分别给予重组大鼠IFN-γ(5 000 U/只);AChR IFN-γ或单独给予AChR,另外给予等量AChR的同时,腹膜注射IFN-γ(5 000 U/只)。评估不同组对EAMG发病的影响。可见,鼻黏膜单独给予AChR有效诱导EAMG免疫耐受,而同时给予AChR和IFN-γ与对照组(只给予PBS)相比扩大了T、B细胞对AChR的免疫应答,出现了与对照组相似的临床症状。相反,AChR IFN-γi.p.不影响对EAMG的耐受,鼻黏膜单独给予IFN-γ对EAMG的临床症状没有影响。经不同途径给予IFN-γ对免疫耐受有不同的影响:鼻黏膜给予少量IFN-γ可以打破免疫耐受;而经腹腔给予IFN-γ不会影响免疫耐受。     

IFN-γ对PCV-2增殖效果的影响

在病毒培养物中添加IFN-γ,研究提高PCV-2病毒滴度的最佳培养方法。以不同活性单位的IFN-γ和不同浓度的NH₄Cl配合使用分别添加至培养基,用免疫过氧化物酶细胞单层试验（IPMA）对病毒毒价（TCID₅₀）进行测定;于72 h后分别测定添加与不添加IFN-γ接毒细胞的细胞周期。结果显示,500 U/mL IFN-γ和75 mmol/L NH₄Cl处理PK-15后病毒的TCID₅₀达到最大值5.9;且无论在病毒接种细胞前还是接种后添加IFN-γ均大幅提高病毒增殖力,而且两者提高幅度相同;细胞周期测定显示,最适量的IFN-γ和NH₄Cl配合使用后,细胞增殖活性增加。说明,重组IFN-γ可以提高PCV-2在PK-15中的病毒增殖滴度。     

IFN-γ Mediates the Rejection of Haematopoietic Stem Cells in IFN-γR1-Deficient Hosts

Background

Interferon-γ receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) deficiency is a life-threatening inherited disorder, conferring predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment available, but is hampered by a very high rate of graft rejection, even with intra-familial HLA-identical transplants. This high rejection rate is not seen in any other congenital disorders and remains unexplained. We studied the underlying mechanism in a mouse model of HSCT for IFN-γR1 deficiency.

Methods and Findings

We demonstrated that HSCT with cells from a syngenic C57BL/6 Ifngr1 ^+/+ donor engrafted well and restored anti-mycobacterial immunity in naive, non-infected C57BL/6 Ifngr1 ^−/− recipients. However, Ifngr1 ^−/− mice previously infected with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) rejected HSCT. Like infected IFN-γR1-deficient humans, infected Ifngr1 ^−/− mice displayed very high serum IFN-γ levels before HSCT. The administration of a recombinant IFN-γ-expressing AAV vector to Ifngr1 ^−/− naive recipients also resulted in HSCT graft rejection. Transplantation was successful in Ifngr1 ^−/− × Ifng ^−/− double-mutant mice, even after BCG infection. Finally, efficient antibody-mediated IFN-γ depletion in infected Ifngr1 ^−/− mice in vivo allowed subsequent engraftment.

Conclusions

High serum IFN-γ concentration is both necessary and sufficient for graft rejection in IFN-γR1-deficient mice, inhibiting the development of heterologous, IFN-γR1-expressing, haematopoietic cell lineages. These results confirm that IFN-γ is an anti-haematopoietic cytokine in vivo. They also pave the way for HSCT management in IFN-γR1-deficient patients through IFN-γ depletion from the blood. They further raise the possibility that depleting IFN-γ may improve engraftment in other settings, such as HSCT from a haplo-identical or unrelated donor.     

IFN-γ介导的信号转导及其在抗感染中的作用

综述干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)在信号传递及其抗微生物感染及免疫调节作用。     

IFN-γ在沙眼衣原体感染的细胞培养中的影响

为了探讨IFN-γ在沙眼衣原体（chlamydia trachomatis,ct)感染细胞培养中的影响,本实验采用不同浓度γ-干扰素作用于ct感染的HeLa细胞,用透射电镜观察HeLa细胞内原体（elementary bodies,EBs)和网状体（reticulate bodies,RBs)。同时用反相高效液相色谱法（reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定细胞内色氨酸的浓度。结果显示不同浓度γ-干扰素作用下细胞内ct的EBs和RBs形态及数量不同,中高浓度的IFN-γ作用下胞内EBs和RBs明显减少或轻度减少,et生长受到抑制,细胞内色氨酸含量与γ-干扰素量呈负相关,说明IFN-γ通过诱导产生2,3-吲哚-双加氧酶（indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)降解色氨酸而抑制ct生长,提示γ-干扰素是抑制细胞内感染ct生长的一个重要因素。     

大鼠延髓内脏带IFN-γ分布免疫组织化学法研究

The distribution of Interferon-γ-immunoreactive(IFN-γ-IR)in neurons and fibers in the medullary visceral zone(MVZ)of the rat were studied by using the streptavidin-perosidase(SP) immunohistochemical method.The results show that IFN-γ-IR positive neurons and fibers were densely distributed in the rat MVZ.Some INF-γ-IR positive neurons and fibers were densely stained,and some were sparsely stained.Some were large,and some small.Morphological variation also existed among them.IFN-γ-IR positive neurons and fibers mainly occurred in the ambiguous nucleus(nA),ventrolateral reticular nucleus(nVL).dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve(dmnX),nucleus tractus solitarus(NTS) and intermediate(IRT) parts.IFN-γ-IR positive fibers could be divided into 3 kinds:net shaped.thin-long and dot fibers.     

IFN-γ/STAT通路抑制TGF-β/SMAD信号转导

ＴＧＦ－β和ＩＦＮ－γ对各种细胞功能有相反的作用,但是此拮抗作用的基础不清楚。ＴＧＦ－β信号转导是通过受体丝氨酸激酶磷酸化并激活转录因子Ｓｍａｄ２和Ｓｍａｄ３实现的,而ＩＦＮ－γ受体及其结合的蛋白质酪氨酸激酶Ｊａｋ１能介导Ｓｔａｔ１的磷酸化和活化。最...     

Immuno-gene therapy of melanoma by tumor antigen epitope modified IFN-γ

Cytokine-based vaccines play a major part in tumor immuno-gene therapy. However, down-regulated antigen expression on tumor cells may diminish the immuno-potentiating aspects of cellular vaccines. In this study, we coexpressed a tumor antigen epitope with IFN- in the same gene by replacing the IFN- signal peptide with an antigen epitope-expressing signal peptide. We then investigated the effect of the antigen epitope-incorporated IFN- on the immunotherapy of murine melanoma B16 tumors. Results showed that TRP-2 epitope-expressing IFN- decreased B16 tumorigenicity and enhanced its immunogenicity after gene transfer. Protective immunity against wild type B16 tumors was induced by vaccination with IFN- transiently gene-modified tumor cells. These data suggest that cellular vaccines engineered to express an antigen epitope within an immunostimulatory cytokine could potentiate the immunization effect.     

益生菌对感染小鼠早期IFN-γIL-4的影响

目的研究口服益生菌对鼠伤寒沙门菌（STM）感染小鼠Th细胞因子的影响,以探讨益生菌抗沙门菌感染的免疫学机制。方法将95只Balb／c小鼠分为4组,分别为益生菌组（P）、益生菌对照组（Pc）、正常感染组（I）和对照组（C）。P组口服益生菌,I组口服生理盐水,均予等剂量STM口服感染,Pc组接种益生菌但不感染STM,C组不作任何处理。各组动物在11个不同时点处死,观察小肠、肝脏、脾脏病理改变,ELISA测量血清IFN-γ、IL-4表达。结果益生菌组器官组织的病理改变轻微,IFN-γ较正常感染组明显增加（Xp-1=66．52,P=0．001）,且其表达在感染最初的1h和后期的72h分别出现两个高峰;IL-4明显降低（Xp-1=-29．02,P〈0．001）,且较稳定。IFN-γ／IL4比值扩大（Xp-1=2．64,P〈0．001）。结论口服益生菌使小鼠保持有利于抗STM感染的Th1型反应,减轻了STM对机体的免疫损伤。     

IFN-γ-mediated efficacy of allergen-free immunotherapy using mycobacterial antigens and CpG-ODN

Epidemiological and experimental evidence supports the notion that microbial infections that are known to induce Th1-type immune responses can suppress Th2 immune responses, which are characteristics of allergic disorders. However, live microbial immunization might not be feasible for human immunotherapy. Here, we evaluated whether induction of Th1 immunity by the immunostimulatory sequences of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), with or without culture filtrate proteins (CFP), from Mycobacterium tuberculosis would suppress ongoing allergic lung disease. Presensitized and ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice were treated subcutaneously with CpG, or CpG in combination with CFP (CpG/CFP). After 15 days of treatment, airway inflammation and specific T- and B-cell responses were determined. Cell transfer experiments were also performed. CpG treatment attenuated airway allergic disease; however, the combination CpG/CFP treatment was significantly more effective in decreasing airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia and Th2 response. When an additional intranasal dose of CFP was given, allergy was even more attenuated. The CpG/CFP therapy also reduced allergen-specific IgG1 and IgE antibodies and increased IgG2a. Transfer of spleen cells from mice immunized with CpG/CFP also reduced allergic lung inflammation. CpG/CFP treatment induced CFP-specific production of IFN-γ and IL-10 by spleen cells and increased production of IFN-γ in response to OVA. The essential role of IFN-γ for the therapeutic effect of CpG/CFP was evidenced in IFN-γ knockout mice. These results show that CpG/CFP treatment reverses established Th2 allergic responses by an IFN-γ-dependent mechanism that seems to act both locally in the lung and systemically to decrease allergen-specific Th2 responses.     

Chitosan IFN-γ-pDNA Nanoparticle (CIN) Therapy for Allergic Asthma

Allergic subjects produce relatively low amounts of IFN-γ, a pleiotropic Th-1 cytokine that downregulates Th2-associated airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness (AHR), the hallmarks of allergic asthma. Adenovirus-mediated IFN-γ gene transfer reduces AHR, Th2 cytokine levels and lung inflammation in mice, but its use would be limited by the frequency of gene delivery required; therefore, we tested chitosan/IFN-γ pDNA nanoparticles (CIN) for in situ production of IFN-γ and its in vivo effects. CIN were administered to OVA-sensitized mice to investigate the possibility of using gene transfer to modulate ovalbumin (OVA)-induced inflammation and AHR. Mice treated with CIN exhibit significantly lower AHR to methacholine challenge and less lung histopathology. Production of IFN-γ is increased after CIN treatment while the Th2-cytokines, IL-4 and IL-5, and OVA-specific serum IgE are reduced compared to control mice. AHR and eosinophilia are also significantly reduced by CIN therapy administered therapeutically in mice with established asthma. CIN was found to inhibit epithelial inflammation within 6 hours of delivery by inducing apoptosis of goblet cells. Experiments performed on STAT4-defective mice do not show reduction in AHR with CIN treatment, thus implicating STAT4 signaling in the mechanism of CIN action. These results demonstrate that mucosal CIN therapy can effectively reduce established allergen-induced airway inflammation and AHR.     

Inhibition of IFN-γ-dependent antiviral airway epithelial defense by cigarette smoke

Background

Although individuals exposed to cigarette smoke are more susceptible to respiratory infection, the effects of cigarette smoke on lung defense are incompletely understood. Because airway epithelial cell responses to type II interferon (IFN) are critical in regulation of defense against many respiratory viral infections, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke has inhibitory effects on IFN-γ-dependent antiviral mechanisms in epithelial cells in the airway.

Methods

Primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells were first treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) followed by exposure to both CSE and IFN-γ. Epithelial cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ-induced signaling, gene expression, and antiviral effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were tested without and with CSE exposure.

Results

CSE inhibited IFN-γ-dependent gene expression in airway epithelial cells, and these effects were not due to cell loss or cytotoxicity. CSE markedly inhibited IFN-γ-induced Stat1 phosphorylation, indicating that CSE altered type II interferon signal transduction and providing a mechanism for CSE effects. A period of CSE exposure combined with an interval of epithelial cell exposure to both CSE and IFN-γ was required to inhibit IFN-γ-induced cell signaling. CSE also decreased the inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on RSV mRNA and protein expression, confirming effects on viral infection. CSE effects on IFN-γ-induced Stat1 activation, antiviral protein expression, and inhibition of RSV infection were decreased by glutathione augmentation of epithelial cells using N-acetylcysteine or glutathione monoethyl ester, providing one strategy to alter cigarette smoke effects.

Conclusions

The results indicate that CSE inhibits the antiviral effects of IFN-γ, thereby presenting one explanation for increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infection in individuals exposed to cigarette smoke.     

结核性脑膜炎患者TNF-α和IFN-γ水平变化及临床意义

目的:探讨结核性脑膜炎(TMB)患者血清、脑脊液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平变化及临床意义。方法:2013年4月-2015年4月期间,选择我院收治的TBM患者36例为TBM组,30例无感染症状患者为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定并比较两组对象血清、脑脊液TNF-α和IFN-γ水平,分析其与疾病进展的关系。结果:TBM组患者血清及脑脊液中TNF-α水平和IFN-γ分别为(64.29±6.19)pg/m L、(30.28±3.18)pg/m L、(121.34±21.31)pg/m L与(69.35±8.42)pg/m L均明显高于对照组(4.62±0.83)pg/m L、(3.18±0.64)pg/m L、(8.62±1.34)pg/m L与(8.18±1.29)pg/m L,差异存在统计学意义(P0.05);III期患者TNF-α、IFN-γ水平水平显著高于I期和II期,II期显著高于I期,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);TBM患者血清、脑脊液中TNF-α水平与疾病分期存在正相关(r=0.673,r=0.621,P0.05),IFN-γ水平与疾病分期存在正相关(r=0.726,r=0.692,P0.05)。结论:TNF-α和IFN-γ参与TBM的发病过程,并与患者的病情相关;检测TBM患者血、脑脊液TNF-α和IFN-γ水平,有利于疾病的诊断和对患者预后的判断。     

Stromal IFN-γR-signaling modulates goblet cell function during Salmonella Typhimurium infection

Enteropathogenic bacteria are a frequent cause of diarrhea worldwide. The mucosal defenses against infection are not completely understood. We have used the streptomycin mouse model for Salmonella Typhimurium diarrhea to analyze the role of interferon gamma receptor (IFN-γR)-signaling in mucosal defense. IFN-γ is known to contribute to acute S. Typhimurium diarrhea. We have compared the acute mucosal inflammation in IFN-γR(-/-) mice and wild type animals. IFN-γR(-/-) mice harbored increased pathogen loads in the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria. Surprisingly, the epithelium of the IFN-γR(-/-) mice did not show the dramatic "loss" of mucus-filled goblet cell vacuoles, a hallmark of the wild type mucosal infection. Using bone marrow chimeric mice we established that IFN-γR-signaling in stromal cells (e.g. goblet cells, enterocytes) controlled mucus excretion/vacuole loss by goblet cells. In contrast, IFN-γR-signaling in bone marrow-derived cells (e.g. macrophages, DCs, PMNs) was required for restricting pathogen growth in the gut tissue. Thus IFN-γR-signaling influences different mucosal responses to infection, including not only pathogen restriction in the lamina propria, but, as shown here, also goblet cell function.     

Tryptophan Depletion and the Kinase GCN2 Mediate IFN-γ-Induced Autophagy

IFN-γ is a master regulator of the immune responses that occur in the transplanted kidney, acting both on the immune system and on the graft itself. The cellular responses to IFN-γ are complex, and emerging evidence suggests that IFN-γ may regulate autophagic functions. Conversely, autophagy modulates innate and adaptive immune functions in various contexts. In this study, we identify a novel mechanism by which IFN-γ activates autophagy in human kidney epithelial cells and provide new insights into how autophagy regulates immune functions in response to IFN-γ. Our results indicate that IFN-γ promotes tryptophan depletion, activates the eIF2α kinase general control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2), and leads to an increase in the autophagic flux. Further, tryptophan supplementation and RNA interference directed against GCN2 inhibited IFN-γ-induced autophagy. This process is of functional relevance because autophagy regulates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors by human kidney epithelial cells in response to IFN-γ. These findings assign to IFN-γ a novel function in the regulation of autophagy, which, in turn, modulates IFN-γ-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines.     

生物信息学分析IFN-γ诱导银屑病的关键基因及作用机制

通过生物信息学方法分析IFN-γ(Interferon-gamma,干扰素-γ)诱导银屑病皮损的关键基因及可能的作用机制。从GEO(Gene Expression Omnibus)数据库的GPL571平台下载GSE32407 mRNA基因芯片数据集进行基因转录谱分析。设定阈值为|Log2(FC)|(差异表达倍数2倍的绝对值)≥1且P＜0.05,筛选出差异基因。绘制火山图、韦恩图、蛋白质互作网络图、GO(Gene Ontology,基因本体论)/KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,京都基因和基因组百科全书)富集分析图。健康人组和银屑病病人组共筛选出1 321个DEGs(Differentially expressed genes,差异表达基因),PPI(Protein-Protein Interaction,蛋白质互相作用)网络筛选出ISG15、IFIT1、RSAD2、MX1、IFIT3、IFIT2、IRF7、STAT2、MX2、OASL等十个关键作用基因,国内外已有研究对IFIT3、IFIT2、OASL等3个基因与银屑病的关系关注较少,这3个基因可能成为导致银屑病的重要基因,但尚需实验验证。基于本文生信分析的预测结果,推导出IFN-γ可能通过关键基因的表达,促进角质形成细胞增殖、树突状细胞成熟和中性粒细胞浸润,导致局部炎症反应,从而导致银屑病,可为治疗银屑病的靶向药物研究和IFN-γ 诱导银屑病动物模型提供一定的理论依据,但这个推论仅是通过生信分析推导的,因此还需要进一步的实验验证。