江淮地区小麦涝渍灾害风险评估与区划

基于灾害风险分析理论,根据历年气候资料,小麦生长发育、种植面积和产量资料,对江淮地区各县小麦涝渍脆弱性、自然气候风险、灾损风险和抗灾能力等方面进行分析评估,建立了包括涝渍脆弱度、气候风险指数、灾损风险指数、涝渍综合风险评估系数等不同的涝渍风险表征模型,并构建了涝渍综合风险评估系数作为区划指标,对江淮地区小麦涝渍灾害风险进行了空间区域划分。结果表明:涝渍脆弱度、气候风险指数、灾损风险指数和抗灾力系数4个因子的组合,可以较好地反映江淮地区小麦涝渍风险特征;按照高、较高、中和低4个等级对小麦涝渍综合风险进行了区划;安徽省江淮南部为高风险区;沿淮中部以及江淮中部南部、沿洪泽湖区域为涝渍较高风险区;河南省33°N以南区域、以及安徽、江苏省淮北中部区域为涝渍中风险区;33°N以北地区为涝渍低风险区。     

安徽省沿淮地区生态安全评价模型和指标体系

运用压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型,以安徽省沿淮地区为例进行了生态安全评价研究.根据安徽省沿淮地区的经济、社会和环境特点,提出社会经济作为模型组成部分的区域生态安全综合评价模型及指标体系.采用德尔菲法、层次分析法确定了17项评价指标及其权重,分类建立评价指标数学函数,计算该地区生态安全指数,并与PSR模型的评价结果进行了比较分析.结果表明,PSR模型评价结果为0.41,增加社会经济部分后的PSR模型的评价结果为0.34,两种评价结果同属较不安全等级,但相差为20.6%.区域生态安全评价模型和指标体系的建立应当结合区域特点,采用多模型进行评价,分析差异原因,以确定影响生态安全的主要要素.     

温带半干旱地区不同管理水平下草坪杂草发生特征的比较研究

2000～2002年对呼和浩特地区不同草坪的杂草种类组成及其危害进行了调查,发现在3个不同管理水平的草坪中共出现80种杂草植物,其中管理水平较差、中等、较好的草坪分别有67种、37种和36种杂草,以菊科、豆科、禾本科植物占优势,不同草坪杂草群落的生活型谱有明显差异.根据危害度指数把草坪杂草分为极度、重度、中度、轻度、弱度危害5个等级,极度和重度危害杂草在管理水平较差、中等、较好的草坪中的种类比例分别为11.95%、21.63%和22.22%;在管理水平较差草坪中,极度危害杂草是早开堇菜和止血马唐,春季和秋季以早开堇菜的危害为主,夏季以止血马唐为主;在管理水平中等草坪中,极度危害杂草是赖草和止血马唐,赖草的高危害期在春秋季节,夏季以止血马唐为主要危害杂草;在管理水平较好的草坪中,极度危害杂草是鼠掌老鹳草、鹅绒委陵菜、赖草、欧亚旋复花,其中鼠掌老鹳草的危害度在整个生长季中占绝对优势.     

沟叶结缕草草坪杂草群落的时空动态

杂草群落结构的异质性是群落动态的主要属性.基于物种频度和幂函数法则,对沟叶结缕草草坪杂草群落在时间维度上的物种结构和空间异质性的变化进行了研究.结果表明： 从2007到2009年,沟叶结缕草草坪3年共发生杂草43种,隶属19科,其中,禾本科、菊科、莎草科和茜草科杂草在草坪杂草中占据优势,多年生杂草占杂草比例最大,并呈逐年上升趋势;杂草群落具有比随机分布更高的空间异质性;杂草优势种年内随季节变化明显,表现出“双子叶杂草－单子叶杂草－双子叶杂草”、“多年生杂草－一年生杂草－多年生杂草”交替出现的规律;杂草群落的空间异质性在夏季大于冬季,多样性和均匀性在夏秋季大于冬春季,在夏季表现出高异质性的杂草种类比其他季节多;杂草群落空间异质性、多样性年际间变化不显著,均匀性呈逐年降低趋势.
     

乌兰巴托-锡林浩特样带草地植被特征与水热因子的关系

2012年夏季,研究人员对蒙古高原长约1100km的乌兰巴托—锡林浩特草地样带开展考察,获取了46个样地的物种数量、地上生物量等数据;基于全球GHCN(全球历史气象网络)数据集,提取了样带夏季(6—8月)月均温度和降水总量;继而根据自然地理和行政区边界,将草地样带大致分成北部(蒙古国乌兰巴托—蒙古国艾日格)、中部(蒙古国艾日格—中国苏尼特左旗)和南部(中国苏尼特左旗—中国锡林浩特),开展了分析。研究表明:(1)样带夏季平均温度的空间分布形态呈现明显的倒"U"型分布,南北两端温度较低,中部温度较高;夏季降水量在空间上的分布形态则与之相反,呈现南北两端降水量较高,中部降水量较低的正"U"型分布;(2)样带上植物物种数量、地上生物量的空间分布形态均呈现正"U"型分布,即在生态景观类型为典型温性草原的样带南部和北部地区,其生物多样性、地上生物量明显好于呈现为温性荒漠草原、温性荒漠景观的样带中部地区。(3)相关分析体现了大尺度(高原样带尺度)上植被特征与水热环境因子间的关系:植物物种数量、地上生物量与夏季月均温度均呈现负相关,而与夏季降水总量则呈现正相关关系。(4)偏相关分析反映了局地小尺度上植被特征与水热环境因子间的关系:温度和降水要素对于植物物种数量、地上生物量均呈现正相关。     

马尼拉草草坪杂草的防除

马尼拉草(Zoysia matralla)又名半细叶结缕草,是一种较好的草坪用禾本科植物,近年来在黄河流域以南地区广泛栽植。但杂草的侵蔓一直是严重影响马尼拉草坪正常养护管理的一个突出问题,对整个草坪造成威胁。据初步调查,马尼拉草坪在不同的小环境条件下,杂草发生有不同的群落类型,杂草种类多达18科30多种,其中优势种类有如阔叶杂草小藜、黄花蒿、苋菜、马齿苋、打碗花、萹蓄、车前、朝天委陵菜等,禾本科杂草有狗尾草、蟋蟀草、马唐等;莎草     

利用RAPD-PCR方法鉴定我国烟粉虱的生物型

收集了国内北京、山东、广东和海南等14个省市23个地区的蔬菜、园林花卉和杂草上的23个烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)种群,根据报道合成了一个随机引物H₁₆,运用RAPD-PCR技术对所收集的烟粉虱种群进行了生物型鉴定。结果表明在23个烟粉虱种群中,有17个种群同属于危害严重的“B生物型”,这些种群主要分布在交通便利的城市或沿海地区,而非B生物型则主要分布在交通不便的山区或内陆。对烟粉虱B生物型的分布与寄主植物和环境条件进行了初步的探讨。     

浑善达克沙地中部典型固定沙丘植物群落分析

运用常规取样方法,2003年夏季对位于浑善达克沙地中部典型固定沙丘的植物群落进行了实地调查分析。结果表明,固定沙丘植物群落由阳坡、阴坡、沙脊、腰地、落沙坡、丘顶和风蚀坑植物群落组成,阴坡植物种类复杂,主要为耐阴乔木半乔木 灌木 柳灌丛类,群落较为稳定;阳坡主要以褐沙蒿、雾冰藜和虫实为主,种类组成较为简单,退化严重;沙脊为沙蒿 半旱生杂草类;腰地形成木岩黄芪 半灌木半旱生杂草类;落沙地形成虫实 狗尾草优势群落;风蚀坑形成狗尾草 虫实 褐沙蒿优势群落;顶部则形成虫实(63%)单优势群落。固定沙丘植物群落退化严重,需要加强保护,控制放牧强度,防止沙丘活化。     

栽培盾叶薯蓣的病虫草害研究初报

病、虫、草严重危害盾叶薯蓣的产量和品质。通过对宜昌和恩施地区危害盾叶薯蓣的病、虫、草两年多的调查分析 ,初步掌握了主要杂草、病、虫害的种类、发生特点 ,并提出了有效的防治措施。     

福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物初步名录

本记录了福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物的初步名录。发现该地区美洲斑潜蝇可取食20科85种植物,南美斑潜蝇可取食20科73种。最后讨论了这两种斑潜蝇的主要寄主作物和杂草,并提出套种和清除田间杂草的农防措施;斑潜蝇的适应性很强,寄主范围正逐步扩大,应密切关注其动态。     

深圳市草坪杂草发生季节变化及杂草群落聚类分析

用样线法调查了深圳市区不同管理类型草坪的杂草周年发生及分布情况,并用系统聚类法分析了各草坪杂草群落的发生规律。共观察到25科83种草坪杂草,其中春季发生的杂草种类67种,夏季68种,秋季70种,冬季49种,四季共有的种类40种,占总数的48.2%;香附子、光鳞水蜈蚣、狗牙根、千根草等9种杂草为优势种,也是重要的防除对象;深圳市草坪杂草全年共分为15类群落,其中春季3类,夏、秋、冬季各4类,管理水平是影响杂草群落发生特征的最直接因素。     

Impact of mowing and weed control on broadleaf weed population dynamics in turf

Abstract

Various turf management activities may influence weed population dynamics and interfere with weed control. The effects of a biocontrol agent, Sclerotinia minor, a chemical herbicide, Killex?, and mowing height on broadleaf weed dynamics were examined in two turfgrass stands for two consecutive years. Mowing did not reduce the population densities of dandelion or the ground cover of broadleaf weeds. In the second year, mowing significantly reduced white clover density, but significantly increased broadleaf plantain density, particularly at the closest mowing height (3–5 cm). Apart from the close height, the S. minor and Killex? treatments were equally effective in suppression of dandelion, white clover, broadleaf plantain, and prostrate knotweed in the second year. Common mallow increased in the herbicide treated plots and other species including yellow woodsorrel, yellow toadflax and lambsquarters increased in abundance in plots mowed at the 3–5 cm height and in plots treated with Killex?. Significant differences between the Killex? and S. minor treatments on dandelion population dynamics were rarely present and did not favour either treatment. S. minor did not damage the turfgrass, but Killex? reduced turf quality in 25% of the plots. The application of S. minor with a regular, medium height (～7 cm) mowing regime was highly effective in controlling broadleaf weeds in temperate Kentucky bluegrass turf.     

Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) phenology, diversity, and response to weed cover in a turfgrass ecosystem

Despite being fragmented and highly disturbed habitats, urban turfgrass ecosystems harbor a surprising diversity of arthropods. The suitability of turf as arthropod habitat, however, likely depends on the extent and types of pesticides and fertilizers used. For example, moderate levels of weed cover in low-input lawns may provide alternative food resources. We conducted a 2-yr field study to: 1) characterize the ground beetle (Carabidae) species assemblage in turfgrass, and 2) assess the direct and indirect effects of lawn management on carabid communities. Weed cover and beetle activity were compared among four lawn management programs: 1) consumer/garden center, 2) integrated pest management (IPM), 3) natural organic, and 4) no-input control. Nearly 5,000 carabid beetles across 17 species were collected with the predator Cyclotrachelus sodalis LeConte numerically dominating the trap catch (87% and 45% of individuals in 2005 and 2006, respectively). Populations of C. sodalis underwent a distinct peak in activity during the third week of June, whereas omnivorous and granivorous species tended to occur at far lower levels and were less variable over the season. We found no evidence for direct effects of lawn management on carabid species diversity; however, we detected an indirect effect mediated by variation in weed cover. Seed-feeding species were positively correlated with turf weeds early in 2006, whereas strictly predaceous species were not. Thus, turf management programs that lead to changes in plant species composition (i.e., herbicide regimes) may indirectly shape epigeal arthropod communities more strongly than the direct effects of insecticide use.     

Phenological observations on shrubs to predict weed emergence in turf

Phenology is the study of periodic biological events. If we can find easily recognizable events in common plants that precede or coincide with weed emergences, these plants could be used as indicators. Weed seedlings are usually difficult to detect in turf, so the use of phenological indicators may provide an alternative approach to predict the time when a weed appears and consequently guide management decisions. A study was undertaken to determine whether the phenological phases of some plants could serve as reliable indicators of time of weed emergence in turf. The phenology of six shrubs (Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Forsythia viridissima Lindl., Sambucus nigra L., Syringa vulgaris L., Rosa multiflora Thunb., Ziziphus jujuba Miller) and a perennial herbaceous plant [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] was observed and the emergence dynamics of four annual weed species [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv., Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] were studied from 1999 to 2004 in northern Italy. A correlation between certain events and weed emergence was verified. S. vulgaris and F. viridissima appear to be the best indicators: there is a quite close correspondence between the appearance of D. sanguinalis and lilac flowering and between the beginning of emergence of E. indica and the end of lilac flowering; emergences of S. glauca and S. viridis were predicted well in relation to the end of forsythia flowering. Base temperatures and starting dates required to calculate the heat unit sums to reach and complete the flowering phase of the indicators were calculated using two different methods and the resultant cumulative growing degree days were compared.     

Ontogenetic changes in the micro-habitat preferences of Decticus verrucivorus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) at the edge of its range

The large ground-dwelling bush cricket Decucus verrucivorus is widespread in continental Europe, but declining at the northern edge of its range This paper defines the species' habitat requirements in northern Europe by describing the distribution of each of the seven nymphal instars and adults in relation to vegetation structure within a chalk grassland in southern England First instars were strongly associated with short, sparse turf, reflecting the oviposition behaviour of females Subsequent early instars were also found in short, open turf, but at the fifth moult a distinct shift in distribution to dense grass tussocks occurred Late instars and adults were strongly associated with these structures, probably to avoid vertebrate predators Mean temperatures within tussocks were lower than in short turf, but these highly mobile stages actively thermoregulate by basking on the sides of tussocks In contrast, areas of short turf may be crucial for the development of the smaller and less mobile early instars and eggs It is concluded that a fine mosaic of closely-grazed turf, dense tussocks and intermediate structures must be created and/or maintained at the species northern-most sites, if its present distribution is not to contract     

草坪杂草生态位研究

调查研究草坪杂草的重要值、生态位宽度、以及不同种类杂草之间的生态位重叠值 ,能够揭示杂草种间生态相似关系 ,能够预测杂草之间相互影响的趋势。利用杂草种间的相互制约关系 ,可以指导合理地使用除草剂 ,从而达到降低草坪养护成本 ,保护环境的双重效果。以武汉市区多种不同种类草坪为研究对象 ,对该地区草坪主要杂草进行了系统调查 ,通过七级目测法 ,计算了草坪 2 0种主要杂草的重要值 ,并计测了它们的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值。结果表明 ,看麦娘 (Alopecurusaequalis) ,牛蘩缕(Stellaria media) ,野燕麦 (Avena fatua) ,猪殃殃 (Galium aparine) ,一年蓬 (Erigeron annuus) ,鼠麴草 (Gnaphalium multiceps) ,毛茛 (Ranunculus arevensis) ,通泉草 (Mazus japonicus)等杂草的实际生态位比较宽 ,它们是本地区草坪的主要杂草。而猪殃殃(Galium aparine) ,婆婆纳 (Veronica persica) ,野燕麦 (Avena fatua)等杂草间的生态位重叠值大。杂草生态位宽度大小反映了杂草利用资源的多样化水平或特化水平 ,通常生态位宽度大的杂草以牺牲对局域范围内资源的利用效率来换取对大范围内资源的利用能力     

Tree guards and weed mats in a dry shrubland restoration in New Zealand

Associated with restoration of 150 ha of native plant communities within a highly exposed low rainfall landscape, we evaluated whether the benefits of tree guards and weed mats justified a doubling of planting costs. One‐year‐old nursery‐grown specimens of Kānuka (Kunzea serotina) and Pomaderris (Pomaderris amoena) were planted with and without polythene and rigid plastic tree guards, and weed mats, then monitored for 12 months. Herbivory was reduced with both types of tree guard by 10–35%, but mortality was largely caused by desiccation. Polythene tree guards provided the best protection, buffering extremes of ambient and soil temperature in summer but with no effect on soil temperature in winter. Weed mat addition reduced soil temperature fluctuation further in winter; a moss turf mat was best. Both mulch and moss weed mats reduced soil temperature in summer and raised soil moisture in winter. We showed that tree guards could save at least NZ$ 70 k/ha, but this is likely to vary with plant species traits and site conditions.     

江苏省棉区棉田杂草群落发生分布规律的数量分析

在对江苏省四大主产棉区８２个样点７２７块田地共５７．５ｈｍ＾２棉田杂草群落及草害进行７级目测法调查采集数据后,对其进行主成分分析（ＰＣＡ）,并赋以生态学意义的解释。研究表明,江苏省棉田杂草的发生和分布与轮作种植制度和地理区域性密切相关,其中轮作制度导致的田间水分的巨大差异是决定杂草群落结构特征的最深刻的原因,导致全省水旱轮作棉田的杂草群落有趋向性。而地理区域构成的土壤、气候等生态因子的显著影响表现     

江苏省棉区棉田杂草群落发生分布规律的数量分析

在对江苏省四大主产棉区８２个样点７２７块田地共５７．５ｈｍ＾２棉田杂草群落及草害进行了７级目测法调查采集数据后,对其进行主成分分析,并赋以生态学意义的解释,研究表明,江苏省棉田杂草的发生和分布与轮作种植制度和区域性化作制度导致的田间水分的巨大差异是决定杂草群落结构特征的最深刻的原因,导致全省水旱轮作棉 杂草群落有趋同性。