Effects of water stress on lipid metabolism in cotton leaves

After 2, 10 and 24 hr labelling with [1-¹⁴C] acetate, radioactivity incorporated into the lipids of cotton leaves is mainly found in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and neutral lipids. Galactolipids are slowly synthesized and after 24 hr, account for only 10% of the total radioactivity. Under water stress, a marked decrease of precursor incorporation into leaf lipids occurs, particularly in phosphatidylcholine and galactolipids. Relative incorporation into neutral lipids, on the contrary, increases. Water deficits provoke an inhibition of the fatty acid desaturation, resulting in a sharp decrease of linoleic and linolenic acid biosynthesis. The decrease in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in all lipid classes, but is most pronounced in the galactolipid fractions. In the drought-resistant cotton variety (Mocosinho), the variations in lipid and fatty acid metabolism under water stress are less pronounced than in the drought-sensitive variety (Reba), and this attests a greater stability of the membrane system.     

A rapid leaf-disc sampler for psychrometric water potential measurements

An instrument was designed which facilitates faster and more accurate sampling of leaf discs for psychrometric water potential measurements. The instrument consists of an aluminum housing, a spring-loaded plunger, and a modified brass-plated cork borer. The leaf-disc sampler was compared with the conventional method of sampling discs for measurement of leaf water potential with thermocouple psychrometers on a range of plant material including Gossypium hirsutum L., Zea mays L., and Begonia rex-cultorum L. The new sampler permitted a leaf disc to be excised and inserted into the psychrometer sample chamber in less than 7 seconds, which was more than twice as fast as the conventional method. This resulted in more accurate determinations of leaf water potential due to reduced evaporative water losses. The leaf-disc sampler also significantly reduced sample variability between individual measurements. This instrument can be used for many other laboratory and field measurements that necessitate leaf disc sampling.     

不同生育期土壤基质势调控对棉花生长和土壤水盐分布的影响

针对南疆地区水资源短缺和棉田土壤盐碱化问题,研究不同生育期土壤基质势调控对棉花生长和土壤水盐的影响,为棉田节水控盐和高效生产提供理论依据。通过大田膜下滴灌试验,以棉花灌水时期滴头下方20 cm处土壤基质势下限控制水平-50 kPa为对照(CK),在棉花的苗期(A)、苗期+蕾期(B)、苗期+蕾期+花铃期(C)设置3个基于土壤基质势下限的灌溉水平:W₁(-20 kPa)、W₂(-30 kPa)和W₃(-40 kPa),测定棉花生长、地上干物质量、产量和土壤水盐分布等指标。结果表明:不同生育期土壤基质势调控时,株高、叶面积指数和地上干物质量均表现为:WC>WB>WA>CK;不同土壤基质势水平调控时,随着土壤基质势下限的提高,株高、叶面积指数和地上干物质量也随之增加,其中,W₁C和W₂C处理显著高于其他处理。有效铃数、单铃重和衣分等产量构成要素均随着土壤基质势下限的升高而增加。W₁C和W₂C处理棉花的产量基本一致且显著高于其他处理,W₂C的水分利用效率显著高于W₁C处理。不同生育期土壤基质势均控制在-20或-30 kPa可以改善棉花主根区水分状况。各处理在收获期均表现为浅层积盐(0～40 cm),且膜外大于膜内;土壤基质势越高,膜内主根区(0～40 cm)积盐越少,其中W₁C和W₂C较其他处理减少24%。综合考虑高效生产和节水控盐,建议将当地休作期未淋洗棉田灌水时期土壤基质势控制在-30 kPa为宜。     

水分胁迫条件下枇杷若干生理指标的变化

随着水分胁迫程度的加强,枇杷叶片脯氨酸含量增加,可溶性蛋白质含量下降。轻度及中度水分胁迫均使枇杷叶片各细胞器H⁺-ATPase活性增强;严重水分胁迫时,细胞胞质H⁺-ATPase活性急剧下降到对照以下水平,而线粒体及叶绿体的H⁺-ATPase活性仍保持高于对照的水平。同一程度的水分胁迫条件下,长红3号叶片可溶性蛋白质含量降幅小于解放钟,而线粒体和叶绿体H⁺-ATPase活性增幅则大于解放钟,说明长红3号抵御干旱的能力比解放钟强。     

Comments on the psychrometric determination of leaf water potentialsin situ

Summary Leaf diffusion resistances may lower the values of leaf water potentials found byin situ measurements with silver-foil psychrometers. With the instrumentation used, the bias ranges from zero to increasing negative deviations as leaf diffusion resistances become larger than 3.5 cm^-1 sec.Water potentials determined with the dewpoint technique are unaffected by diffusion resistances.In situ measurements by this method may also be carried out with the silver-foil sensor.Hence, one and the same sensor may serve to trace both leaf water potentials and leaf diffusion resistance through dewpoint and psychrometric measurements. re]19760720     

Effects of drought on primary photosynthetic processes of cotton leaves

The localization of enzymes involved in the flow of carbon into and out of starch was determined in guard cells of Commelina communis. The guard cell chloroplasts were separated from the rest of the cellular components by a modification of published microfuge methods. The enzymes of interest were then assayed in the supernatant and chloroplast fractions. The chloroplast yield averaged 75% with 10% cytoplasmic contamination. The enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase, and branching enzyme, are located exclusively in the chloroplast fraction. The enzymes involved in starch degradation show a more complex distribution. Phosphorylase is located in both the supernatant and chloroplast fraction, 50% in each fraction. Most of the amylase and debranching enzyme activity is present in the supernatant (70%) fraction. The majority of the rest of the enzymes involved in the degradation of starch to malate and synthesis of starch from a hexose precursor were also investigated. All of the enzymes were present in the chloroplast except for hexokinase and phosphofructokinase. The inability to assay these enzymes could possibly have been due to the lack of or low activity of the enzymes or to nonoptimal assay conditions.     

Thermocouple psychrometer for in situ leaf water potential determinations

Summary An in situ thermocouple psychrometer was tested to determine its capability for tracking the changing leaf water potentials of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) under controlled conditions and in the field. The results agreed with theoretical expectations — a sharp decline in leaf water potential during the photoperiods and recovery during the dark periods, each to progressively lower levels during a soil drying cycle. In the field, a mid-day pause in the declining leaf water potentials was noted and attributed to transient stomatal closure. Details of the construction and use of the assembly are given.The authors are plant physiologists, USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah 84401, stationed in Logan, Utah, at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory.     

Environmental effects on oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf water in cotton leaves

The oxygen isotope enrichment of bulk leaf water (Delta(b)) was measured in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) leaves to test the Craig-Gordon and Farquhar-Gan models under different environmental conditions. Delta(b) increased with increasing leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (VPd) as an overall result of the responses to the ratio of ambient to intercellular vapor pressures (e(a)/e(i)) and to stomatal conductance (g(s)). The oxygen isotope enrichment of lamina water relative to source water (Delta(1)), which increased with increasing VPd, was estimated by mass balance between less enriched water in primary veins and enriched water in the leaf. The Craig-Gordon model overestimated Delta(b) (and Delta(1)), as expected. Such discrepancies increased with increase in transpiration rate (E), supporting the Farquhar-Gan model, which gave reasonable predictions of Delta(b) and Delta(1) with an L of 7.9 mm, much less than the total radial effective length L(r) of 43 mm. The fitted values of L for Delta(1) of individual leaves showed little dependence on VPd and temperature, supporting the assumption that the Farquhar-Gan formulation is relevant and useful in describing leaf water isotopic enrichment.     

艾比湖流域盐碱尘沉降对棉花叶片的危害

通过野外定位监测实验,研究了艾比湖流域盐碱尘对棉花叶片光合特性、盐分含量以及叶片细胞生理功能的影响。结果表明:盐碱尘沉降对棉花叶片的盐分离子含量造成影响,导致叶片Na+、Cl-和SO42-等有害离子含量增多,K+等营养元素含量减少,影响棉花叶片营养吸收,造成叶片遭受盐分离子毒害;盐碱尘沉降显著阻塞棉花叶片气孔,影响叶片净光合速率、呼吸速率、光能利用率、水分利用率、蒸腾作用和叶片温度;盐碱尘沉降造成棉花叶片细胞丙二醛含量增加,叶绿素、类胡萝卜含量减少;棉花叶片通过增加可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量来调节细胞溶剂的损失,通过增强抗氧化系统酶的活性来清除活性氧等有害物质,减少损伤,维持正常的生理功能。     

Relationship of water potential to growth of leaves

A thermocouple psychrometer that measures water potentials of intact leaves was used to study the water potentials at which leaves grow. Water potentials and water uptake during recovery from water deficits were measured simultaneously with leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), papaya (Carica papaya L.), and Abutilon striatum Dickson. Recovery occurred in 2 phases. The first was associated with elimination of water deficits; the second with cell enlargement. The second phase was characterized by a steady rate of water uptake and a relatively constant leaf water potential. Enlargement was 70% irreversible and could be inhibited by puromycin and actinomycin D. During this time, leaves growing with their petioles in contact with pure water remained at a water potential of —1.5 to —2.5 bars regardless of the length of the experiment. It was not possible to obtain growing leaf tissue with a water potential of zero. It was concluded that leaves are not in equilibrium with the potential of the water which is absorbed during growth. The nonequilibrium is brought about by a resistance to water flow which requires a potential difference of 1.5 to 2.5 bars in order to supply water at the rate necessary for maximum growth.

Leaf growth occurred in sunflower only when leaf water potentials were above —3.5 bars. Sunflower leaves therefore require a minimum turgor for enlargement, in this instance equivalent to a turgor of about 6.5 bars. The high water potentials required for growth favored rapid leaf growth at night and reduced growth during the day.

     

Effects of water stress on internal water relations of apple leaves

The capacity of apple ( Malus pumila Mill. cv. James Grieve and Golden Delicious) pot- and orchard-grown trees to adjust osmotically in response to drought was investigated. Stressed leaves exhibited alterations in the moisture release curves when compared to well hydrated control leaves. Results suggest that osmotic adjustment occurred in both field- and pot-grown trees. Water potential for zero turgor was lowered by 0.5 MPa in leaves of potted trees and by 1.1 MPa in leaves of field-grown trees as a result of stress treatments. A decrease in the osmotic potential was responsible for that adjustment allowing the leaf to maintain turgor at lower water potentials and relative water contents. The extent of adjustment was similar for both potted and orchard trees despite the difference in the rate of stress imposition and its intensity. Changes in the concentration of sugars apparently contributed to this adjustment.     

Effect of apoplastic solutes on water potential in elongating sugarcane leaves

Solute concentration in the apoplast of growing sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) leaves was measured using one direct and several indirect methods. The osmotic potential of apoplast solution collected directly by centrifugation of noninfiltrated tissue segments ranged from −0.25 megapascal in mature tissue to −0.35 megapascal in tissue just outside the elongation zone. The presence of these solutes in the apoplast manifested itself as a tissue water potential equal to the apoplast osmotic potential. Since the tissue was not elongating, the measurements were not influenced by growth-induced water uptake and no significant tension was detected with the pressure chamber. Further evidence for a significant apoplast solute concentration was obtained from pressure exudation experiments and comparison of methods for estimating tissue apoplast water fraction. For elongating leaf tissue the centrifugation method could not be used to obtain direct measurements of apoplast solute concentration. However, several other observations suggested that the apoplast water potential of −0.35 to −0.45 megapascal in elongating tissue had a significant osmotic component and small, but significant tension component. Results of experiments in which exudate was collected from pressurized tissue segments of different ages suggested that a tissue age-dependent dynamic equilibrium existed between intra- and extracellular solutes.     

Effects of bile salt supplementation on biliary secretion in estrogen-treated rats

The aim of the present study was to determine whether bile acid feeding to rats can reverse ethinyl estradiol-induced cholestasis. Animals received ethinyl estradiol (2 mg/kg/day) for 6 days or were coinfused with estrogen plus various bile acids (60 mg/kg/day). Cholestasis could be significantly prevented by tauroursodeoxycholic acid, was partly corrected by ursodeoxycholic acid, and was unchanged by chenodeoxycholic acid. Total bile salt secretion was increased in every group. The secretion of the major primary bile acids (cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid) was restored to a large extent in rats supplemented with tauroursodeoxycholate but not in chenodeoxycholate-fed rats. In the former group, the canalicular transport of taurocholate and the bile salt pool size were identical with those of control rats. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the administered bile salt species appears to be an essential factor in the restoration of bile secretion, the more hydrophilic bile salt having the more hepatoprotective effect.     

Effects of water stress on respiration in soybean leaves

The effect of water stress on respiration and mitochondrial electron transport has been studied in soybean (Glycine max) leaves, using the oxygen-isotope-fractionation technique. Treatments with three levels of water stress were applied by irrigation to replace 100%, 50%, and 0% of daily water use by transpiration. The levels of water stress were characterized in terms of light-saturated stomatal conductance (g(s)): well irrigated (g(s) > 0.2 mol H(2)O m(-2) s(-1)), mildly water stressed (g(s) between 0.1 and 0.2 mol H(2)O m(-2) s(-1)), and severely water stressed (g(s) < 0.1 mol H(2)O m(-2) s(-1)). Although net photosynthesis decreased by 40% and 70% under mild and severe water stress, respectively, the total respiratory oxygen uptake (V(t)) was not significantly different at any water-stress level. However, severe water stress caused a significant shift of electrons from the cytochrome to the alternative pathway. The electron partitioning through the alternative pathway increased from 10% to 12% under well-watered or mild water-stress conditions to near 40% under severe water stress. Consequently, the calculated rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis decreased by 32% under severe water stress. Unlike many other stresses, water stress did not affect the levels of mitochondrial alternative oxidase protein. This suggests a biochemical regulation (other than protein synthesis) that causes this mitochondrial electron shift.     

Temperature effects on radial propagation of water potential in cotton stem bark

Low temperature affects the lateral movement of water across the xylem-phloem boundary in intact cotton stems. There is a reduction in the effective diffusion coefficient relating free energy flux to water potential gradients with an associated increase in resistance to water flow. Detached phloem and excised leaves do not show this effect of low temperature. Experiments on stem section halves indicate that the effect is probably associated with the cambial region.     

Diurnal water relations of expanding and full-sized cotton fruits and subtending leaves

Water relations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruits have received less attention than those of leaves, although crop water status has an important influence on fruit physiology. This study was conducted to describe diurnal changes in the water relations of cotton fruits and subtending leaves. Young, expanding fruits and full-sized fruits were compared because of previously reported changes in xylem maturity with ontogeny. Diurnal changes in relative water content were greater in leaves than in the capsule walls of fruits. The capsule walls of young fruits had a higher relative water content than subtending leaves, and water content was lower in full-sized (87%) than in expanding (92%) fruits. Water potentials of subtending leaves were always approximately 0-3 MPa lower than those of capsule walls. Water potential gradients favoured passive water flow from young fruits to branches, but water potentials of branches and the capsule walls of full-sized fruits were similar (?0.7 MPa). Water potential gradients were consistent throughout the day. These results indicate that xylem transport to young fruits is unlikely, but may occur in older fruits.     

土壤水分与遮荫水平对棉花叶片光全特性的影响研究

以盆栽棉花（中棉２３号）做为供试材料,通过人工遮荫,设计了３种遮荫水平（不遮光（ＣＫ）,遮光７５％（ＤＮ）,遮光４０％（ＳＮ）和高、中、低３种水分组合处理,其土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的８５％￣１００％（高水分,ＨＷ）、６５％￣８５％（中水分,ＭＷ）和４５％￣６５％（低水分,ＬＷ）。探讨了土壤水分和遮荫水平共同作用对嘿期至蕾期中午的气孔寻度、净江合速率、蒸腾速率和叶水势等的影响。高水分下ＤＮ和ＳＮ     

Condensed tannins of cotton leaves

Some primitive races of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) are almost immune to spider mites. These strains contain condensed tannins of about 20% of dry wt. The tannins accumulate in leaves and their concentration increases in successive leaves until about the 10th true leaf. The upper leaves maintain this quantity until early fall. The condensed tannins give a moderate astringency to the leaf, and are mixed polymers hydrolysing in acidic digests to 1 part cyanidin and 4 parts delphinidin.