黄花蒿野生群落的种间关系及其对水淹干扰响应

为探明野生黄花蒿伴生植物种间关系对水淹的响应,于2006～2007年在野生黄花蒿抚育基地,设置水淹样带,并通过种间关联分析及种间协变的秩相关分析对样带上的植物种间关系进行比较分析。结果表明:水淹对大多数植物种对的关联影响不显著,而对种间协变的秩相关系数却有一定的影响,且不同种对之间的协变关系对水淹影响有较大差异,说明植物种间协变关系既受环境波动和干扰因子影响,也取决于组成种对的植物种的生态学特性,其中主要是对水分状况反应的差异。以组成群落物种的数量特征为基础的种间协变系数比只依据物种出现与否的二元数据为基础的种间关联指数对于外界干扰反应更为敏感。     

松嫩草地水淹干扰后的土壤种子库特征及其与植被关系

研究了松嫩平原羊草草地不同强度水淹干扰对土壤种子库种类组成、物种多样性及其与植被物种组成的相似性关系等的影响。结果表明：（1）随着水淹强度的加重或水淹持续时间的延长,相应地段的土壤种子库物种数目和种子存量都呈减小趋势;（2）土壤种子库的种类成分在干扰样带和对照样带间差异明显,而受水淹干扰的样带之间种子库的种类组成差异不大,表明洪水漂移行使了繁殖体传播和散布的功能;（3）随水淹干扰强度增加,种子库物种多样性指数减小;（4）种子库与地上植被物种组成相似性普遍较低,其原因是主要靠营养繁殖以更新种群的多年生根茎植物经常在植被中出现而不在种子库中出现;（5）种子库与地上植被物种组成相似性随水淹干扰强度增加而下降,表明了水淹干扰对种子库与地上植被物种组成相似性有一定程度的影响。     

松嫩平原羊草草地植物功能群组成及多样性特征对水淹干扰的响应

为研究草地植被对水淹干扰的响应 ,在松嫩平原羊草 (Aneurolepidiumchinense)草地 1998年部分遭受水淹的吉林省大安市三家甸子草场内设置了经历不同水淹强度的样带 ,并对这些样带的植被组成及物种多样性特征进行了比较研究。结果表明 :1)在植被的水分生态类型功能群组成中 ,随水淹干扰强度的增加 ,湿生、湿中生类植物功能群的优势度比例基本上是逐渐增加的 ,中生、中旱生类植物功能群的优势度比例则逐渐减小 ;2 )在植被的生活型功能群组成中 ,随水淹干扰强度的增加 ,一年生植物的优势度比例呈单峰型变化 ,地下芽植物比例增加 ,地面芽植物比例减小。某些单个物种优势度比例的不规则变化和功能群组成的规则变化表明 ,生态补偿作用不仅仅存在于植物群落的各个功能群之间 ,而且存在于同一功能群内部的不同物种之间 ;3)群落的物种丰富度、多样性在经历中等强度水淹干扰的样带上较高 ,而在未受干扰的对照样带和受干扰较为严重的样带都较低 ,这有力地支持了中度干扰假说。     

水淹干扰对羊草草地地上生物量影响的初步研究

为在一定程度上揭示水淹干扰后草地净初级生产力变化的机制,对松嫩平原羊草草地水淹干扰梯度上的地上生物量进行了测定和比较,并对经历水淹干扰后土壤水分及主要养分(N、P)的变化以及植被物种组成的变化作了比较分析。结果表明,轻度和重度水淹干扰样带的地上生物量显著高于未受水淹干扰的对照样带,分别高出对照样带89．54％和113.45％,表明水淹干扰消除了对草地生产力起限制作用的因素,使草地净初级生产力有了大幅度提高,水淹干扰首先改变了土壤的水分状况,而水分状况是限制草地生产力的最主要的因素,尤其是在干旱年份,消除了干旱对草地生产力的限制;土壤水分的增加导致土壤养分(N、P等)的有效性显著增加,消除了原来土壤养分匮乏对草地生产力造成的限制;在水淹干扰作用下,群落的物种组成由相对低矮的物种组合趋向于向形态高大的、具有更高生产力潜力的物种组合转变。     

水淹干扰对水库水滨带植物群落稳定性与种间关系的影响

受城市化与人类活动等因素影响而退化的水滨带植被的恢复与重建是近年来生态环境的热点问题。植物群落的种间关系直接影响植被的演替与恢复。以南水北调中线一期工程通水前的丹江口水库原有水滨带植被为研究对象,对年均多于9个月（海拔142 m以下）、6-9个月（海拔142-147 m）、3-6个月（海拔147-151 m）和少于3个月（海拔151-157 m）的4种不同强度水淹干扰的水滨带植物群落的稳定性和种间关系进行分析,探讨不同水淹干扰强度对水库水滨带植物群落稳定性及种间关系的影响。采用M.Godron稳定性测定法对植物群落稳定性进行分析,通过方差比率（VR）、χ²检验、联结系数（AC）以及Spearman秩相关检验对不同水淹干扰强度下的植物群落优势种进行种间关联分析。结果表明：（1）水库水滨带植物群落稳定性从高到低依次为水淹时长3-6个月、水淹时长6-9个月、水淹时长少于3个月和水淹时长多于9个月。中度水淹干扰下的植物群落稳定性要好于重度和轻度水淹干扰的植物群落;（2）不同水淹干扰强度下水滨带植物群落总体性关联表现为显著正相关。随着水淹时间增加,群落中正联结种对占总对数的比例呈下降趋势,负联结种对比例呈增加趋势,正负联结比值降低,群落内种间联结强度逐渐降低,说明水淹干扰强度增加会导致水滨带植物群落种群间相互依存关系减弱或竞争关系加剧。在此基础上,探讨不同水淹干扰强度下物种的空间分布和生态习性,并提出针对不同水淹干扰强度的水滨带植被恢复的物种选择建议。     

四川茂县土地岭大熊猫走廊带植被恢复格局及其与干扰的关系

通过样带调查和TWINSPAN、DCCA分析,从植物种、植物群落及其多样性与环境关系方面,研究了岷江上游土地岭大熊猫走廊带恢复植被的干扰状况。结果表明：应用TWINSPAN分类,并结合优势种组成、干扰状况分析及DCCA排序,可将植被划分为6个群落类型,同时划分出响应型、迟钝型、中度干扰忍耐型和重度干扰忍耐型4类干扰响应的植物类型。以样方物种和以样方多样性指数的DCCA分析结果基本一致,物种及群落的空间分布呈明显的聚集格局,反映其与环境因子间的密切关系。DCCA排序图上,海拔差、坡形、与公路距离、坡度及道路条数对群落和物种分布有明显的影响,与干扰相关性最大的坡度、样地道路数目、与公路间的距离3个因子反映了植被的干扰梯度。干扰对土地岭恢复植被影响显著,干扰降低了群落的物种多样性,同时阻碍了演替进程。     

秦岭太白红杉群落种间关系的数量分析

应用2×2列联表的Fisher精确检验,研究了太白红杉群落中44种植物 共946个种对 的种间关系.结果有33个种对正关联,12个种对负关联 P<0.05或P<0.01 .另外,用Pearson积矩相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验刻划了种对间的数量变化关系.Pearson相关系数显示有31个种对呈显著正协变,5个种对呈显著负协变;Spearman秩相关系数显示有30个种对呈显著正协变,5个种对呈显著负协变,并分别计算出了其相关系数.研究结果表明,太白红杉群落种间关系较为简单,但草本层物种间连接相对较为复杂,灌木层次之.乔木层中,太白红杉和巴山冷杉呈显著的负协变效应.     

中国特有植物——华南五针松群落的种间关系

采用连续样带取样法,在分析广东南岭华南五针松群落结构的基础上,测定了优势种群的种间协变系数,并将典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）和聚类分析（Cluster Analysis）相结合,探讨了华南五针松与群落中其它种群的种间相互关系.结果表明：（1）广东南岭华南五针松群落以A级频度占绝对优势,华南五针松在主林层占据显著地位,但在演替层和更新层中的优势远不及其他优势种群;（2）Spearman秩相关分析和相关分析的计算结果基本一致,华南五针松群落优势种群正协变种对数显著多于负协变的种对数,且Spearman秩相关比相关分析具有更高的灵敏度.华南五针松与长叶木姜存在显著负协变,与其它优势种群种对间协变关系不明显;（3）海拔高度、坡度、坡位、坡形、腐殖质层厚度以及枯枝落叶层厚度与3个排序轴都有较强的相关性,环境因子在第一和第二排序轴的位置明显反映其生态特点.105 个乔木种类沿第一排序轴的分类完全与物种的性状特征相符.海拔高度是影响华南五针松分布的主导因素;（4）华南五针松群落种间关系揭示了群落内不同乔木种类因受小生境因子影响而体现在空间分布上的差异.典范对应分析和聚类分析结果共同揭示环境因子影响物种的分布,并通过生态习性表达出来.     

三峡水库消落区不同海拔高度的植物群落多样性差异

本文对三峡水库消落区不同海拔间植物多样性和植物群落结构差异进行了研究。从α多样性上来看,上部和中部消落区物种丰富度和均匀度差异不显著,下部消落区丰富度指数明显低于中上部。下部消落区植物种间相遇几率较大,植物种间相互依存性较强。从β多样性上来看,由上部到中部再到下部,随着海拔下降,水库消落区植物物种的替代性减少是均质的;不同地区间β多样性没有显著性差异,但不同海拔间差异显著。从群落结构及稳定性上来看,目前水库消落区植物群落结构稳定性中部<上部<下部,上部消落区水淹胁迫较小,植物物种多为竞争种(C-对策种),竞争力较强的杂草偏向形成优势群落;下部消落区水淹胁迫最强,植物物种多为耐胁迫种(S-对策种),能忍受高强度水淹环境的物种形成了植物群落;中部消落区,处于物种定居和水淹胁迫的双重压力下,竞争种和耐胁迫种间竞争明显,更偏向于形成共优群落,其群落稳定性较差。在目前情况下,消落区下部的植物群落组成比较单一,但是随着水库蓄水高程稳定在175 m,估计消落区上中部群落组成也会逐渐趋于单一化。     

贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地地表甲虫种间关联和群落稳定性

理解生物群落结构和种间关系,对研究群落演替以及群落稳定性具有重要意义。于2019年5—10月在贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地采用陷阱法调查200 m×200 m空间尺度的地表甲虫群落组成,基于2×2联列表,采用方差比率法、χ~2检验、联结系数、Spearman秩相关系数、贡献定律法和主成分分析,研究了贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地小尺度空间地表甲虫的种间关联性以及群落稳定性。结果表明：6次共捕获地表甲虫2324只,隶属于11科36属52种,直角通缘步甲个体数量占总数量的44.28%,是贺兰山冲积扇荒漠草地地表甲虫群落调查期内的优势种,不同月份优势种存在差异。5月个体数和物种数为中等变异,7和8月物种数为中等变异,其他月个体数和物种数为强变异,9月个体数变异系数最大,10月物种数变异系数最大。方差比率和W检验显示,所有月份地表甲虫群落方差总体表现为显著正联结。χ~2检验、种间关联性和Spearman秩相关分析表明,5—8月正负关联种对比大于1,9和10月正负关联种对比小于1。不同月份优势种与其他主要物种间关系基本一致。亲缘关系较近的物种间并未表现较多显著的负关联性。稳定性分析显示,所有月份地表甲虫群落均处于...     

南亚热带鹤山主要人工林生态系统C、N累积及分配格局的模拟研究

 以南亚热带鹤山的马占相思（Acacia mangium）、湿地松（Pinus elliotii）和荷木（Schima uperba）3种代表性人工林生态系统为对象,利用气象、水文、土壤及植物等方面的资料对CENTURY模型进行了参数化,模拟了3种人工林生态系统1985～2100年的C、N累积动态及其分配格局变化,并利用实测资料对模拟结果进行了独立样本的双尾t检验,模拟值与实测值之间没有显著差异（p=0.995）。模拟结果表明,马占相思林的净初级生产力（NPP）呈指数函数形式下降,约在20龄（2005年）时趋于稳定;荷木林的NPP持续缓慢增加;湿地松林的NPP基本维持恒定;20龄以前3种林分的年均NPP分别为12.2 t·hm-2·a-1、6.7 t·hm-2·a-1和2.5 t·hm-2·a-1。马占相思林生物量呈对数函数形式增加,20龄后增加很少;荷木林与湿地松林的生物量呈直线增加,约在2050年时,荷木林的NPP和生物量将超过马占相思林;2100年时马占相思、荷木与湿地松林的生物量将分别达到252.7 t·hm-2、352.4t·hm-2和226.3t·hm-2。荷木林具有更大C累积潜力。3种人工林生态系统的N累积动态与其生物量累积动态相似,但马占相思林生态系统的N累积量远高于荷木林与湿地松林,至2100年时它们的N累积量将分别达到7.2t·hm-2、1.9t·hm-2和2.2t·hm-2。3种林分的C、N随着林分的发育将更多地分配到茎、枝和根部。马占相思林的叶C、N累积量约在2005年后分别下降1.85t·hm-2和0.20t·hm-2,荷木林的叶C、N累积则分别增加0.09t·hm-2和0.05 t·hm-2,湿地松林叶C、N累积分别增加0.57t·hm-2和0.02 t·hm-2,这一模拟结果显示了马占相思林冠层萎缩的内在原因。外来树种组成的马占相思林先锋群落冠层衰退过早,阳生性灌木的大量入侵和定居可能会滞缓地带性森林植被的恢复进程。因此认为我国南亚热带地区进行地带性森林植被恢复时,先锋森林群落的构建应以荷木等本地树种为主。     

Patterns of species associations in woody plants in forest communities of Putuoshan Island,Zhejiang, China

Aims Interspecific associations can reflect how species are assembled into communities. The objectives of this study were to examine the patterns of woody species co-occurrence and to determine how species’ abundance would affect species associations. Methods Data from a total of 23 plots were used to test the interspecific associations of 93 woody plant species in forest communities of Putuoshan Island in Zhejiang Province. We compared the observed species associations with the expected patterns at random, and correlated interspecific association intensities with co-dominance propensity of species pairs. Important findings Species distribution co-varied among plots at the spatial scale of either 10 m × 10 m or 20 m × 20 m, but the majority of the 4 278 species pairs were not significantly associated. Interspecific association intensities were positively correlated with co-dominance propensity of species pairs, indicating that species abundance is a key factor affecting the interspecific co-occurrence. The observed values of variance ratio and the proportion of significantly associated species pairs consistently fell outside of the 2.5th-97.5th percentiles of random expectations (i.e. randomly permuting species across plots), suggesting that deterministic processes also play a role in species associations on the Putuoshan Island. We conclude that the pattern of woody species co-occurrence on Putuoshan Island are structured by both niche and stochastic processes.     

浙江天童枫香树群落不同垂直层次物种间的联结性与相关性

种间关系是植物群落重要的数量和结构特征之一, 分析群落不同垂直层次物种的种间联结和相关性对于理解群落结构、动态和分类等具有重要的生态意义。该研究选取浙江省天童处于演替前期的枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)群落乔木层3个物种、亚乔木层3个物种以及灌木层28个物种为研究对象, 应用基于二元数据的方差比率法、χ²统计量检验和基于数量数据的Spearman秩相关系数检验研究了3个垂直层次间物种的联结性与相关性。结果发现: (1)乔木层与亚乔木层物种总体间存在不显著正联结, 乔木层与亚乔木层主要物种间相互独立的种对较多, 较少种对显著联结或相关; (2)乔木层与灌木层物种总体显著正联结, 显著关联或相关的种对较多, 种对间依赖性较强; (3)亚乔木层与灌木层物种总体同样存在显著正联结, 种对间关系较为紧密。该研究结果表明: 群落垂直层次间物种生态习性和对生境适应的趋同性, 以及在垂直方向上对生境要求的互补性差异是决定演替前期种对关系的主要因素。     

Species association and correlation between vertical layers in the Liquidambar formosana community in Tiantong region,Zhejiang Province

Aims Interspecific relationship is one of the most important properties in plant communities. Analyzing species association and correlation between vertical layers in plant communities is ecologically crucial for understanding community structure, dynamics and classification. The objective of this study was to test how plant species in contrasting vertical layers of plant communities associate and correlate. Methods The study sites are located in Tiantong region in Zhejiang Province. Community structure and species composition were measured in an early successional community of Liquidambar formosana. Interspecific relationships were examined between 3 tree species and 3 sub-tree species, between 3 tree species and 28 shrub species, and between 3 sub-tree species and 28 shrub species. Interspecific relationships were analyzed by using χ²-test for 2 × 2 contingency table, variance ratio (VR) test and spearman rank correlation test.Important findings With respect to tree and sub-tree layers, positive significant association was not observed for overall species. Species were independent with each other for most species pairs. Few species pairs showed significant association or correlation. Regarding tree and shrub layers, there were significant positive associations between overall species. Species between tree and shrub layers were more dependent on each other, with the most species showing significant association or correlation. Similarly, positive significant association existed for overall species between sub-tree and shrub layers, displaying a close interspecific relationship. These results suggest that the convergences of species behavior and habitat acclimatization, and complementary differences in habitat requirement over species between vertical layers might be the main driver affecting patterns of species association and correlation in the early successional community.     

Vegetative reproduction by species with different adaptations to shallow-flooded habitats

In shallow flooded parts of rich fens Mentha aquatica might thrive in deeper water than Epilobium hirsutum but previous experiments have provided no clear indication that the flooding tolerance of these species differs. In this study we investigated, by measuring growth, biomass allocation and vegetative reproduction, whether the impact of water level on vegetative reproduction might produce different lower boundaries on water level gradients. There was a striking contrast between biomass production at high water levels and the field distribution of both species. After 18 wk, the mean biomass of E. hirsutum grown in waterlogged and flooded conditions was 82% and 54%, respectively, of the mean biomass production of drained plants. Biomass of waterlogged and flooded M. aquatica was reduced to 57% and 37% in drained conditions. Waterlogged and flooded E. hirsutum had swollen stem bases and invested a high proportion of biomass in adventitious roots. Stems of M. aquatica did not swell, formed few adventitious roots and maintained an equal proportion of below-ground roots at all water levels. The effect of water level on vegetative reproduction corresponded well with the lower hydrological boundaries of both species. When waterlogged and flooded, most rhizomes of E. hirsutum emerged from above-ground parts of the stem base and were oriented in an upward direction. Plants in flooded soil allocated less biomass to rhizomes and also reduced the number and size of rhizomes. Rhizome formation of M. aquatica on the other hand was not directly affected by water level and only depended on plant size. These differences in vegetative reproduction are discussed in relation to the different abilities of both species to oxygenate their below-ground roots. It was concluded that the mode of adaptation to soil flooding might also affect vegetative reproduction and, therefore, a species' ability for long-term persistence in soil-flooded habitats.     

褐飞虱与灰飞虱间接种内和种间效应的比较研究

为了明确褐飞虱Nilaparva talugens(Stl)与灰飞虱Laodelphgax striatellus(Fallén)经寄主植物而诱导引起的间接种间效应,在人工气候室内以健康植株为对照,研究了2种飞虱在事先分别经一种稻飞虱危害的汕优63和秀水11上的表现,比较由同种或异种诱导的间接种内和种间效应对该2种稻飞虱主要生物学参数的影响,结果表明在每2株稻苗接20头高龄单一种飞虱若虫危害2d的条件下,褐飞虱存在一定的间接种内竞争,主要表现为在事先由同种危害的寄主上若虫存活率显著下降,但未发现灰飞虱对褐飞虱的正面或负面的间接种间效应。但是,在试验条件下灰飞虱并不存在间接种内竞争,而存在着显著的褐飞虱对灰飞虱诱导的间接种间促进作用,主要表现为在事先经褐飞虱取食危害的寄主植物上灰飞虱若虫的历期缩短、存活率提高、雌成虫寿命延长、每雌产卵量增加。同时,褐飞虱对灰飞虱所表现的间接诱导种间促进效应与寄主品种有显著互作关系,在中抗灰飞虱的汕优63品种上,间接诱导种间促进效应较在感灰飞虱品种秀水10上更为明显。本文对稻飞虱间接诱导种内和种间效应的机制和进化意义进行了讨论。     

The effect of flooding on the recruitment of reed marsh and tall forb plant species

Recruitment of plant species in wetlands dominated by Phragmites australis often results in a zonation of two vegetation types. A development of reed marshes takes place in the shallow flooded parts where the dominant P. australis becomes accompanied by interstitial marsh species. The vegetation on higher elevations becomes dominated by tall forbs. We investigated whether this zonation is related to the effects of flooding on the recruitment of component species of both vegetation types. All but one species had maximum germination at field capacity and germination was strongly reduced in drier soils and flooded soils. Nearly all seedlings of reed marsh species, irrespective of whether they initially supported two or six true leaves, survived eight weeks of total inundation. Survival of tall forbs was however significantly decreased by inundation. At both seedling stages a considerable number of Cirsium arvense lost their leaves when submerged, but all plants were able to recover when drained. Eupatorium cannabinum suffered extra mortality when transferred from flooded to drained conditions, whereas only young seedlings of Epilobium hirsutum died. Of all investigated species E. hirsutum was the only one with a significantly increased stem length after one week of submergence. Root porosities did not differ between reed marsh species and tall forbs but stem porosities of the reed marsh species Mentha aquatica and Lycopus europaeus were significantly higher than those of the tall forbs C. arvense and E. cannabinum. It was concluded that both reed marsh species and tall forbs require lowered water levels for germination. Flooding during the seedling stage will assign species to their position on the elevation gradient. Reed marsh species establish at lower elevations because they are best able to survive flooding and because their higher stem porosities allows them to withstand higher levels of partial submergence.