Pinus nigra Arn. var.gočensis,n. var.

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O transglukosidační činnosti enzymatického preparátu plísněAspergillus niger

Folia Microbiologica - Sledovali jsme tvorbu redukujících oligosacharid? majících 1,6-glukopyranosovou vazbu (isomaltosa a panosa) p?i inkubaci enzymatického...     

Plant resources of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley, Mexico

Information on richness of plant resources, and their forms of use and management in the biosphere reserve Tehuacan-Cuicatlan, Mexico is analyzed. This 10 000 km² region hosts nearly 2700 vascular plant species, and it is acknowledged as one of the arid areas with the highest floristic diversity in North America. The seven indigenous ethnic groups that live in this region have cultural roots that date back almost 10 000 years. Based upon ethnobotanical and floristic studies, as well as bibliographical sources, a total of 808 useful plant species were identified, most of them (90%) being native, and 44 species being endemic to the region. A total of 681 species are wild plants, 109 are weeds and ruderal plants, and 86 are domesticated crops. However, it was noted that considerable overlap exists between the species of these 3 categories. For example, while wild and ruderal plants (706 species) are foraged by both humans and domestic animals, 59 species of this group are also managed in situ. On the other hand, 168 wild, ruderal and domesticated species are cultivated. The Tehuacán-Cuicatlan Valley is one of the richest regions of Mexico in plant resources. Local knowledge on use and management of plants is a valuable source of information for designing conservation and social development strategies for the biosphere reserve.     

Neotropical Monogenoidea. 32. Cacatuocotyle paranaensis n. g., n. sp. (Dactylogyridae,Ancyrocephalinae) from Characidium spp. (Teleostei,Characidae) from the State of Paraná, Brazil

Cacatuocotyle paranaensis n. sp. (Dactylogyridae, Ancyrocephalinae) is described from the gills of the characid fishes Characidium lanei Travassos and C. pterostictum Gomes collected from two streams on the coast of the State of Paraná, Brazil. Cacatuocotyle n. g. is proposed for species possessing a single cephalic lobe (terminal), one pair of head organs, a convex haptor with thickened muscular anterior margins, one anchor-bar complex (ventral), seven pairs of ventral hooks (one pair associated with the anchor shafts; one central pair anterior to the bar; five submarginal bilateral pairs) and a sinistral vaginal aperture.     

Plant Management in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico1

Plant Management in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico. Plant management types currently practiced in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, México, were documented and analyzed based on ethnobotanical studies conducted in 13 villages with six indigenous groups and Mestizo people. The information was organized in a data base, and then detailed and guided to a consensus through six workshops carried out by ethnobotanists working in the area. From a total of 1,608 useful plant species, we identified 610 with at least one management type other than simple gathering. Managed species are mainly used as food, fodder, medicinal, and ornamental, and they belong to 101 plant families. The higher species numbers were recorded in Cactaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Crassulaceae, and Agavaceae. Nearly 60% of the managed species are native to the region and the rest are introduced from other regions of Mexico and the world. In total, 400 species are ex situ managed out of their natural environments through seed sowing and/or planting their vegetative propagules or entire young plants; 373 species are in situ managed in their natural habitats as follows: all these species are deliberately left standing during vegetation clearance, 76 species are also enhanced intentionally favoring their abundance through modifications of their habitat, or directly by planting their propagules, and 51 receive protection through regulations, particular strategies of extraction, and actions against herbivores, competitors, freezing, radiation, and drought. Most management forms involve artificial selection at different intensity levels. The information allows visualizing co-occurrence of incipient and advanced forms of management at different intensity levels within and among species, which helps to postulate testable hypotheses on factors influencing plant management and domestication in an important area for studying the origins of agriculture.     

Traditional Knowledge and Useful Plant Richness in the Tehuacán–Cuicatlán Valley,Mexico

Traditional Knowledge and Useful Plant Richness in the Tehuacán–Cuicatlán Valley, Mexico. This study systematizes ethnobotanical information about the interactions between people and plants, ethnofloristic richness, the relative importance of useful species richness in relation to general species richness, and plant management in the Tehuacán–Cuicatlán Valley of central Mexico. The study recorded a total of 1,605 useful vascular plant species (61.2% of the total species richness of the regional vascular flora), this being the region with the highest absolute richness of useful plant species in Mexico. The null hypothesis that plant families with a higher number of useful species would be those having a higher general species richness was analyzed through residuals method. The plant families richest in useful species were Poaceae, Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Cyperaceae, Mimosaceae, and Solanaceae, most of which also have the highest general floristic richness. However, analyses of use categories did not generally corroborate our hypothesis. About 1,335 of the useful species are wild, more than 500 species are submitted to some type of management (62 species are tolerated, 34 protected, 50 enhanced, and 358 cultivated), but only a few have been studied to document their process of domestication. This information can be useful for developing regional strategies of sustainable management of plant resources.     

Zur systematischen Stellung vonValeriana pancicii Halácsy &Baldacci undV. bertiscea Pančić

Summary Morphological and ecological studies as well as investigations of essential oils reveal thatValeriana pancicii Hal. &Bald., an endemic of southern Montenegro, must be considered a subspecies ofValeriana celtica. ThusV. celtica includes 3 subspecies: subsp.celtica (subsp.pennina Vierh.) endemic in the western, subsp.norica in the eastern Alpes and subsp.pancicii in Montenegro (Abb. 2). While the two alpine subspecies are polyploids, subsp.pancicii proved to be diploid on x=12, and may be supposed to stand closest to the ancestor of theV. celtica-complex. The occurence of subsp.pancicii in Montenegro seems to indicate an East Mediterranean-montane descent of the complex.A comparison ofValeriana montana L. andV. bertiscea Pan., described from Montenegro on the basis of herbarium specimens, and a study of populations on the locus classicus hardly justify taxonomic separation fromV. montana.     

Cofán Indians’ Monitoring of Freshwater Turtles in Zábalo,Ecuador

The Cofán Indians of Aguarico and Zábalo Rivers in Ecuador in 1990 began a turtle recuperation effort by raising turtle hatchlings (Podocnemis expansa and P. unifilis) in small pools. To evaluate the effectiveness of this program, the Cofán developed and tested three methods to document changes in the populations of turtles. The first method consisted of interviews with people from neighbouring communities about their perceptions of changes in turtle abundance. The second method was a direct count of turtles observed along the rivers from canoe. The third method was an indirect count, involving turtle nest censusing along community beaches. Two of the methods yielded numerical, statistically positive turtle population trends. The turtle program has influenced the community's perception of turtle conservation issues so that, instead of hunting the adults and eggs, they now protect them. The training in record-keeping permits them to make a transparent history of the equitability of access to the turtle egg resource. The Cofán monitoring experience strengthened their successful petition to the Ecuadorian government for the rights to manage their territorial lands within the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve, and to receive protected area status and management rights to other ancestral lands. The experience gained by the Zábalo monitors is now serving as a model for the design and implementation of the park monitoring system of the newly-established Cofán Park Ranger Corps, which will be patrolling three Ecuadorian Ecological Reserves which overlap Cofán inhabited areas.     

Dr. Josef Pančić

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