诱集植物的研究进展及在紫花苜蓿害虫治理中的应用前景

诱集植物作为害虫综合治理的措施之一,在害虫生态调控中发挥重要作用。诱集植物主要类型包括陷阱植物、天敌诱集植物和害虫忌避植物,发挥诱杀、吸引或忌避的作用,从而达到保护主栽作物的目的。紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa因其优良特性,种植面积不断扩大,逐渐发展为牧草领域中的支柱产业,但目前诱集植物在紫花苜蓿害虫防治中鲜有应用。为此,本文综述了诱集植物的应用研究进展及当前紫花苜蓿重要害虫及综合防治方法,并整理了已报道的紫花苜蓿害虫取食嗜好植物、忌避植物及害虫天敌取食嗜好植物,进一步从中筛选出可作为保护紫花苜蓿的备选诱集植物,为今后应用诱集植物防控提供了依据。     

诱集植物在农业中的应用研究进展与展望

全世界每年因病虫害导致严重的农业经济损失, 为了减少病虫害的发生, 实际生产中通常使用大量化学农药, 然而农药的大量施用, 不仅造成环境污染和农产品安全问题, 还会使病虫害产生抗药性, 天敌种群受损, 从而导致病虫害爆发日益严重。种植诱集植物是一种环境友好型病虫害防控方法, 该方法主要是通过诱集植物吸引虫害和降低病害, 从而减少病虫害对主栽作物的危害, 达到保护主栽作物的目的, 最终减少农业上化学农药的使用。根据诱集植物自身特性, 将其分为五种主导作用类型: 传统诱集植物、致死型诱集植物、基因工程型诱集植物、生物辅助控制型诱集植物、化学信息素辅助作用型诱集植物等, 根据种植和利用方式, 将其分为: 围种诱集、间种诱集、连作诱集、与其它方式结合等。尽管关于诱集植物的研究已有近160年历史, 但有关高效诱集植物的筛选、诱集植物与主栽作物的优化配置模式与配套种植技术、诱集植物对靶标病虫害的作用机理、诱集植物在农业生产中的生态风险评估等仍不清楚, 且诱集植物仍具有较大开发潜力和应用价值, 如(1)开发应用诱集植物的环境污染修复功能及相关技术; (2)开发应用诱集植物的景观生态与休闲旅游功能及相关技术; (3)开发利用诱集植物对土壤的养分转化与固持提升功能(如固氮、固碳、固土功能等)、生物质能源功能、节能减排功能及相关技术; (4)开发应用诱集植物及其废弃物的经济产品功能及其可持续生产技术。论文综述了近年来国内外有关诱集植物的相关研究与实践应用, 旨在为诱集植物在农业生产中进行病虫害防治研究和应用提供相关参考。     

利用稻田养萍诱集控制福寿螺危害的效应研究

利用自制的“T 形槽”进行实验室试验, 研究了福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)对浮萍(Lemna minor)和不同日龄水稻(Oryza sativa)的偏好选择, 结果发现, 无论水稻日龄是15 d, 还是23 d 和30 d, 均有60%以上的福寿螺选择取食浮萍, 且与福寿螺个体大小和选择取食的时间没有明显关联。在模拟稻田生境中, 引入浮萍3 d 后, 水稻受福寿螺的啃食危害明显减少, 水稻存活率高出对照组10%以上, 且30 日龄水稻秧苗的存活率明显高于15 日龄处理。在此基础上, 分析了不同大小福寿螺与浮萍摄入量的关系。这一结果可为浮萍的合理投放提供参考。研究表明, 利用稻田放养浮萍诱集福寿螺取食, 可以减少福寿螺对水稻的危害。     

诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量的关系研究

为了明确诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量之间的关系,确定最佳的诱饵放置时间,本研究采用火腿肠诱饵诱集法,观察不同季节、不同时间段红火蚁诱集的个体数量,利用房室模型分析诱饵诱集时间与红火蚁工蚁诱集量之间的关系。结果表明,随着诱饵放置时间的增加,红火蚁工蚁的诱集数量会出现一个高峰,春季诱集高峰出现在诱饵放置后38-44 min,秋季出现在诱饵放置后24-29 min,并建立了不同季节、不同时间段红火蚁诱集量与时间的关系模型,分别为Y=12764.8807×e(-0.029102 X)\"12820.4625×e(-0.030064 X)(春季上午)、Y=16166.6800×e(-0.023994 X)\"16217.0808×e(-0.024866 X)(春季下午)、Y=12211.9095×e(-0.040576 X)\"12275.2496×e(-0.041620 X)(秋季上午)、Y=12306.4111×e(-0.049724 X)\"12383.6907×e(-0.051217 X)(秋季下午)。因此,在利用火腿肠诱饵监测红火蚁时,春季诱饵放置的最适时间约为40 min,秋季的最适时间约为30 min。     

害虫天敌的植物支持系统

保护天敌,使天敌长期有效地控制害虫是保护性生物防治的核心内容。其中,植物在维持和促进天敌控制害虫中的重要性和作用越来越受到关注。本文概述了各种支持天敌发挥效能的植物类群,论述了蜜源植物、储蓄植物、栖境植物、诱集植物、指示植物、护卫植物等在支持天敌生存和繁殖方面的生物功能,评述了研究和应用这些植物时需注意的问题,提出了科学利用这些植物以维持和增强农业生态系统中天敌发挥控害作用的植物支持系统,并指出了由于对这些植物类别的界定和定义模糊所带来的不便,给出了相应的建议。     

不同诱饵对搬运舞草种子蚂蚁诱集作用比较

在云南西双版纳和思茅地区有12种蚂蚁帮助舞草(Codariocalyx motorius)种子扩散。科学有效地监测蚂蚁种群的数量变化,对分析蚂蚁种群动态与舞草种群扩散的相互关系有重要的意义。作者采用陷阱诱捕法,用糖、鱼、肉、舞草种子做诱饵,并与不含诱饵的水(对照)及含3%甲醛的水溶液进行诱集蚂蚁的效果比较。结果显示搬运舞草种子的蚂蚁对不同诱饵的趋性及反应强度有明显差异。用糖、鱼、肉做诱饵与其它3种诱集方法相比,所诱集到的样地搬运和不搬运舞草种子的蚂蚁种类和数量要多。邻巨首蚁Pheidologeton affinisJerdon对糖和鱼有极强趋性,并影响诱集其他搬运舞草种子的。除邻巨首蚁外,通用的含3%甲醛溶液的诱集方法不影响诱集其他搬运舞草种子的蚂蚁,同时还能防止蚂蚁腐烂。搬运舞草种子的主要蚂蚁——伊大头蚁Pheidole yeensisForel对糖、鱼和肉均有趋性,对舞草种子也有一定的趋性。搬运舞草种子的蚂蚁在雨天的随机觅食活动很少,只有在食物的引诱下才出巢采食。试验结果表明,选择糖、鱼做诱饵不能完全反映搬运舞草种子的蚂蚁数量,而通用的含3%甲醛的水溶液是一种较好的监测方法,但诱集试验应避开雨天进行。     

苘麻对甘蓝田烟粉虱诱集效果及药剂防治评价

本文针对烟粉虱在不同寄主苘麻和甘蓝上的嗜好性,就室内趋性、田间种群动态进行了研究,并设计苘麻不同种植方式和配套施药评价苘麻对烟粉虱的诱集防治效果.室内趋性试验结果表明,苘麻对烟粉虱具极显著的诱集作用,接虫60h后苘麻上的成虫数是甘蓝上的5.5倍,若虫数为4.7倍.在大田甘蓝生育期内,苘麻对烟粉虱成、若虫的诱集效果分别可...     

苘麻对甘蓝田烟粉虱诱集效果及药剂防治评价

本文针对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci在不同寄主苘麻Abutilon theophrasti Medic和甘蓝Brassinca oleracea上的嗜好性、趋性、田间种群动态进行了研究,并设计苘麻不同种植方式和配套施药评价苘麻对烟粉虱的诱集防治效果.室内趋性试验结果表明,接虫60h后苘麻上的成虫数是甘蓝上的5.5...     

芋对斜纹夜蛾的诱集作用

用 4个芋头品种在菜田进行斜纹夜蛾 (SpodopteralituraFabricius.)诱集试验 ,结果表明 ,香梗芋和槟榔芋诱集虫卵、幼虫效果最好 ,其它芋品种亦有一定的诱集效果 ;芋头与其它蔬菜种植面积比例为 1∶9、1∶3和 1∶1时 ,以 1∶9的综合防治效果最佳。     

circRNAs在植物中的研究进展

circular RNA(circRNA)是一类具有闭合环状结构的内源性非编码RNA,广泛存在于多种真核生物中,具有结构稳定、序列保守、表达特异性等特征。研究表明circRNAs可作为海绵(sponge)吸附microRNA(miRNA)并参与其表达调控过程,也可通过与蛋白互作调控基因表达等生物过程;发现circRNAs不仅参与植物激素信号转导等生理过程,而且还能在植物响应逆境胁迫中起到重要作用。该文主要对近年来国内外有关circRNAs的类型、形成机制、功能及其在植物生长发育过程中的研究进展进行了综述,并讨论了circRNAs的研究意义及存在的问题,为进一步研究circRNAs在植物中的作用机制及其基因调控网络提供参考。     

Biological control of soybean stink bugs by inoculative releases of Trissolcus basalis

Field studies of inoculative releases of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in early-maturing soybean, used as a trap crop, were conducted during four consecutive seasons to evaluate the parasitoid's potential as an IPM tactic for use against stink bug (Pentatomidae) species. Fifteen thousand adults of the parasitoid were released per hectare in the trap crop when the first stink bugs were detected in the experimental area. The stink bug population density was reduced by an average of 54% in the trap crop and by 58% in the main crop. The inoculative releases produced a reduction and delay in the stink bug population peak, mainly represented by Nezara viridula (L.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) and Euschistus heros (Fabr.), which were held below economic threshold levels during the most critical stages of stink bug attack on soybean (pod and seed fill, R3–R6). As a result, seed quality was better in areas where T. basalis was released, demonstrating the efficacy of inoculative releases of this egg-parasitoid which could be an important component of the soybean IPM program in Brazil.     

Effect of the trap crop Solanum sisymbriifolium and two biocontrol fungi on reproduction of the potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida

The potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, is one of the most important pests of potato worldwide. Owing to regulatory considerations and potential environmental impact, control options for this nematode are becoming increasingly limited. Solanum sisymbriifolium and biological control agents offer viable alternative options for controlling G. pallida. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the nematode trap crop S. sisymbriifolium, alone or in combination with the biocontrol agents Trichoderma harzianum or Plectosphaerella cucumerina, on population decline of G. pallida. Experiments were conducted for three different ‘cropping systems’: potato (Solanum tuberosum), S. sisymbriifolium, or soil only (fallow), each followed by a potato crop. Soil was amended with P. cucumerina, T. harzianum or left unamended, and then infested with nematodes at a rate of five eggs g^?1 of soil. After 16 weeks in the greenhouse, plants were removed and the soil containing cysts was refrigerated at 4°C for 8 weeks, and then planted to potato. Cysts of G. pallida were counted after an additional 16‐week period. The P_f/P_i of G. pallida was significantly reduced by 99% in potato following S. sisymbriifolium compared to both the potato‐following‐fallow and the potato‐following‐potato treatments. Amendment of soil with T. harzianum significantly reduced P_f/P_i of G. pallida by 42–47% in the potato‐following‐potato but not in either the potato‐after‐fallow nor in the potato‐after‐S. sisymbriifolium cycles which supports evidence that the plant species may play a role in the biocontrol activity of this fungus. Addition of the fungus P. cucumerina resulted in a 64% decrease in P_f/P_i in the potato‐following‐fallow in one experiment, and an 88% decrease in P_f/P_i in potato‐following‐potato but the decrease in P_f/P_i was not consistent over all experiments. However, both biocontrol fungi resulted in lower numbers of progeny cysts after an initial 16‐week incubation with potato. To look at the effect of varied population density of the nematode on efficacy of S. sisymbriifolium to reduce G. pallida populations, potato, S. sisymbriifolium, or barley were planted into soil infested with G. pallida at rates of 5, 20 or 40 eggs g^?1 soil applied as cysts (20, 80 or 160 cysts pot^?1). After 16 weeks, numbers of cysts produced in each treatment were determined for each infestation rate. No new cysts were recovered from either S. sisymbriifolium or barley treatments, confirming that neither plant is a host for G. pallida. High numbers of cysts were recovered with potato. Soil from each treatment (containing original cysts and newly‐formed cysts when present) were then planted with potato. After an additional 16 weeks, few cysts were found in the potato‐after‐ S. sisymbriifolium treatments regardless of initial infestation rate. When potato followed barley, numbers of cysts were similar to those found after a single cycle of potato, indicating that the barley crop had no effect on the survival of initial inoculum. Overall, these results suggest that S. sisymbriifolium has potential to significantly reduce G. pallida populations, and also that the cropping system (i.e. the sequence of non‐host and host plants) may play a significant role in the efficacy of fungal biological control agents.     

Effect of Sesbania rostrata on Hirschmanniella oryzae in Flooded Rice

Microplot experiments on flooded soil infested with Hirschmanniella oryzae were conducted to investigate the influence of the legum Sesbania rostrata as a rotation crop with rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Moroberekan. To avoid a green manure effect from S. rostrata, all aerial parts were removed at harvest. The dry weight of paddy, culms and leaves, and number of culms of rice following Sesbania were 214%, 158%, and 121% greater, respectively, than those following rice. Ripening of the paddy occurred earlier if rice followed Sesbania. The beneficial effect of Sesbania may have been due to the trap-crop action of Sesbania against H. oryzae.     

土著昆虫素毒蛾在本地植物芦苇与入侵植物互花米草上的生活史

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵盐沼生态系统导致了土著广食性昆虫素毒蛾(Laelia coenosa)发生宿主转移。但是, 目前对素毒蛾在互花米草和芦苇(Phragmites australis)上的生活史规律的比较尚未见报道, 而此信息对评价素毒蛾能否持续利用互花米草具有重要的参考价值。为了明确素毒蛾在其原始宿主芦苇和外来新宿主互花米草上的生活史动态, 我们在上海崇明长江口盐沼湿地中, 对素毒蛾在芦苇和互花米草生境中的发生情况进行了系统调查。结果显示, 虽然素毒蛾在芦苇和互花米草上均一年发生3代, 并都以幼虫越冬, 但在互花米草生境中, 越冬代幼虫开始越冬的时间要比芦苇中晚20 d左右, 其他世代中的多个虫态在互花米草上持续出现的时间也比芦苇上延迟了约10 d。这些结果表明, 互花米草入侵后素毒蛾在外来植物上出现的持续时间虽然发生了延长, 但其年世代数未变化。我们推测素毒蛾在互花米草和芦苇上生长发育规律的差异可能受生境的资源可利用性及两种植物的营养与防御水平调控。     

叶菜类蔬菜害虫生态控制系统组建及其效益评价

运用种群系统控制的原理与方法,组建了叶菜类蔬菜主要害虫生态控制体系,用环境经济学方法评价了系统中生态控制技术应用于生产的实际效果,并与化学防治条件下的效益进行了比较。结果表明,采用生态控制的方法,其经济效益、社会效益和环境效益远远高于化学防治。     

Field boundaries of Panicum maximum as a reservoir for predators and a sink for Chilo partellus

Abstract:  The biological-control function of field boundaries of Guinea grass, Panicum maximum Jacq. on the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe was examined as a reservoir for arthropod predators and as a trap plant for the pest. Field border vegetation and predator density were manipulated to determine the effect of the grass border on the abundance of stem borers and their predators in maize fields, and the effect of predators on the stem borer population. The strip of Guinea grass supported an abundance of earwigs and spiders, the potential predators of stem borer eggs and larvae. Density of C. partellus larvae in the Guinea grass strips was low throughout the season and only young larvae were collected, suggesting the inferiority of the grass stand as a habitat for stem borer larvae. These results indicate that Guinea grass is a good agent of habitat management to selectively enhance arthropod predators of stem borers and act as a sink for the pest. Predator removal resulted in a higher density of C. partellus than control in maize-bordered plots. On the other hand, no difference was found in the stem borer density between predator treatments in grass-bordered plots, probably because of insufficient predator reduction in removal plots. These results suggest that the predator assemblage found in the study site has, if sufficiently abundant, potential to limit the C. partellus population in maize fields. Even though the Guinea grass stand harboured an abundant number of predators, the grass boundaries around maize fields did not enhance predator populations within the crop field. Furthermore, field boundaries of Guinea grass had no measurable effect on the within-field density of C. partellus as a trap crop. Creating a polyculture within the crop and early planting of the grass could further enhance the biological-control function of Guinea grass boundaries.     

血小板环状 RNA研究进展

血小板环状RNA (platelet circular RNA, platelet circRNA)是一类在血小板中由RNA反向剪切封闭形成的环形RNA分子,具有结构稳定、丰度高以及细胞、组织特异性.血小板环状RNA可以参与细胞内RNA调控网络,与疾病的发生和发展密切相关,可能成为新型的生物标记物及治疗靶点.近年来,关于血小板环状RNA产生、调控、生物学特性、功能及其与疾病的关系等均取得了初步的研究进展.本文将对血小板环状RNA的研究进展予以综述.     

生态安全研究进展

随着全球变化的不断加速,生态安全研究已成为国内外研究的热点。国外对生态安全的研究始于1970年代末,按照时间顺序和研究内容可以分为安全定义的扩展、环境变化与安全的经验性研究、环境变化与安全的综合性研究及环境变化与安全内在关系研究四个阶段,当前已进入环境变化和安全内在关系的探讨。我国生态安全研究始于1990年代,研究处于起步阶段,理论和实践研究尚待深入。生态安全应是指人与自然这一整体免受不利因素危害的存在状态及其保障条件,并使得系统的脆弱性不断得到改善。生态安全的本质有两个方面,一个是生态风险,另一个是生态脆弱性。生态安全的科学本质是通过脆弱性分析与评价,利用各种手段不断改善脆弱性,降低风险。生态安全与可持续发展是直接相关的,主要表现在以下方面:生态安全是可持续发展的基石,它是可持续发展追求的目标之一;生态安全与可持续发展具有内涵和目标的一致性;生态安全是对可持续发展概念的补充和完善。今后我国的生态安全研究应注意的四个方面是:概念与学科体系研讨、建立和完善;技术与方法;重点研究领域和重点研究区域;生态安全维护与生态环境管理调控     

Herbivore response to habitat manipulation with floral resources: a study of the cabbage root fly

Biological control of pest insects can be improved by providing natural enemies with additional food resources such as floral nectar within the production field. However, herbivores may also benefit from this practice. The aim of this 3‐year field study was to investigate if dill and buckwheat, aimed as food resources for natural enemies, could increase the densities of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), a severe pest on crucifers. Differences in egg density, numbers of pupae and sex ratio were compared between cabbage plots with or without flowers. Habitat manipulation by intercropping flowering plants with cabbage did not increase the overall D. radicum egg density in our 3‐year study, and there were no significant differences in egg numbers between treatments in any year. No effect on the fecundity of D. radicum was observed, most likely because of the high mobility and feeding behaviour of the female flies, combined with high abundance and diversity of other food sources around the fields during this period. Despite equal egg numbers, fewer pupae were found in plots with flowers than without in one of three studied years. This finding suggests that natural enemies attacking larvae and pupae of D. radicum were either more abundant or efficient in cabbage plots with flowers.