水生无脊椎动物中的免疫球蛋白超家族

适应性免疫一直被认为是脊椎动物特有的免疫机制,然而近年来许多研究表明 ,无脊椎动物体内也存在许多在结构或功能上与脊椎动物适应性免疫分子类似的免 疫成分. 免疫球蛋白超家族是适应性免疫的重要组成部分,本文主要综述近年来关 于水生无脊椎动物中肌联蛋白、唐氏综合症细胞黏着分子、特异性凝集素、几丁质 结合蛋白和185/133基因家族以及含有V和C结构域的蛋白等免疫球蛋白超家族成员研 究进展,这有助于深入理解无脊椎动物的免疫系统并揭示脊椎动物适应性免疫起源 与进化.     

水生无脊椎动物金属硫蛋白研究进展

金属硫蛋白在水生无脊椎动物中分布广泛、容易被诱导,在水环境生态响应研究中具有重要意义。对水生无脊椎动物金属硫蛋白分类和特性、MT的诱导及影响因素、基因克隆与表达等方面取得的进展进行概述;并对其金属离子调节功能及其在水环境重金属污染监测、重金属污染生物治理和水产养殖等方面的应用潜力进行展望,提出研究中的不足和今后的研究方向。     

MAPK信号途径及其在水生无脊椎动物的研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activatived protein kinase,MAPK)信号转导途径普遍存在于真核生物,广泛参与细胞生长、分化、生殖、凋亡、应激等多种生理过程。它通过保守的三级激酶级联反应将细胞外信号传递到细胞内,磷酸化底物蛋白或转录因子发挥作用。目前,MAPK途径在哺乳动物的作用机制,尤其是该途径与人类疾病的关系已有大量的研究,但对水生无脊椎动物的研究相对较少。该文综述了目前MAPK在水生无脊椎动物的研究进展,并对今后的研究方向提出建议。     

Caspase细胞凋亡通路及其在水生无脊椎动物的研究进展

半胱天冬氨酸酶(caspase)普遍存在于真核生物,在细胞凋亡中具有重要作用,广泛参与胚胎发育、炎症反应、器官发生、变态过程及自稳态维持等多种生理过程。caspase级联反应将细胞外信号传递到细胞内,水解底物蛋白或激活转录因子发挥作用。目前,细胞凋亡通路在哺乳动物的作用机制已有大量的报道,但对水生无脊椎的研究相对较少。综述caspase细胞凋亡通路及其在水生无脊椎动物的研究进展。     

水生无脊椎动物的化学通讯

水生无脊椎动物的化学通讯邱高峰,堵南山,赖伟（华东师范大学生物学系上海２０００６２）关键词水生无脊椎动物,化学通讯,信息素,利己素,利它素陆生无脊椎动物昆虫化学通讯的研究已经取得了蓬勃发展,迄今为止已被分离、纯化和鉴定的昆虫信息物质有百余种,利用昆虫...     

环境污染对几类水生无脊椎动物内分泌功能扰乱的研究现状

近年来,在环境毒理学这门边缘学科中又诞生了一个新的领域,即环境污染对内分泌功能的扰乱。研究发现,许多人工合成的杀虫剂和工业化合物能够扰乱脊椎动物的内分泌功能,这些化合物也存在于水环境中。近年来,这些环境有机污染物是否对水生无脊椎动物的内分泌功能同样具有扰乱作用成了环境内分泌学这个新领域的热点之一。由于近年来的研究侧重于腔肠动物、轮虫、软体动物、甲壳动物及棘皮动物,因此,本文主要介绍有关环境污染物对这几类水生无脊椎动物内分泌功能扰乱的研究进展。另外,对环境污染对水生无脊椎动物内分泌扰乱这个研究热点的现状以及今后的发展方向进行了评述。在从事环境污染对无脊椎动物内分泌功能影响的研究时,研究者必须意识到无脊椎动物和脊椎动物在内分泌机制上的差异,不可随意地在这两大类动物类群之间互相引伸研究结果。     

淡水无脊椎动物实验材料的采集与培养

淡水无脊椎动物不仅是高等学校动物学的实验材料,也常用于中学生物学实验教学和课外科技活动。针对当前高师院校动物学实验往往忽视了淡水无脊椎动物采集与培养的内容的现实,在原生动物、水螅、涡虫、轮虫和枝角类等淡水无脊椎动物采集地的选择及室内培养方法上进行了一定的尝试,发现了一些可行的培养方法。     

日本血吸虫细胞培养方法初探

日本血吸虫细胞培养方法初探董惠芬,蒋明森,李瑛,杨明义,周述龙（湖北医科大学寄生虫学教研室,武汉４３００７１）关键词日本血吸虫,细胞培养,培养方法ＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＣＵＬＴＵＲＡＬＭＥＴＨＯＤＳＯＦＣＥＬＬＳＦＲＯＭＳＣＨ...     

本刊顾问、中国科学院水生生物研究所研究员沈韫芬院士逝世

本刊院士顾问组成员、中国科学院水生生物研究所研究员沈韫芬院士,因病于2006年10月31日逝世．享年74岁。沈韫芬院士是著名原生动物学家。她师从中国原生动物学研究的奠基人王家楫院士,毕生致力于原生动物的分类学和生态学研究工作。她带领助手调查了我国22个省、自治区的原生动物区系与分布．鉴定近2千种,新种35种。她在《西藏水生无脊椎动物》中,描述原生动物458种,包括新种、新亚种12种,80％为新记录,首次探讨地理分布,得出了优势种随水平地带气候变迁而有更迭特点的结论,被国内外同行评为“原生动物领域的经典”;     

无脊椎动物化学通讯浅谈

化学通讯在无脊椎动物中具有复杂的方式和极端的重要性。无脊椎动物化学通讯的研究已成为生物学领域内重大的理论问题。     

Marine Invertebrate Cell Cultures: New Millennium Trends

This review analyzes activities in the field of marine invertebrate cell culture during the years 1999 to 2004 and compares the outcomes with those of the preceding decade (1988 to 1998). During the last 5 years, 90 reports of primary cell culture studies of marine organisms belonging to only 6 taxa (Porifera, Cnidaria, Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Urochordata) have been published. This figure represents a 2-fold increase in the annual number of publications over the decade 1988 to 1998. Three other trends distinguish the two reviewed periods. First, in recent years studies attempting to improve cell culture methodologies have decreased, while interest in applications of already existing methodologies has increased. This reflects the effects of short-term cultures in attracting new researchers and scientific disciplines to the field. Second, only 17.8% of the recent publications used long-term cultures, compared with 30.0% of the publications in the previous decade. Third, during recent years research in cell cultures has studied fewer model species more extensively (mainly, Botryllus schlosseri, Crassostrea, Mytilus, Penaeus, and Suberites domuncula), signifying a shift from previous investigations that had studied a more diverse range of organisms. From 1988 to 1998 the phylum Mollusca was the most studied taxon (34.4%), but recent years have seen more studies of Porifera and Crustacea (30.0% and 32.2% of publications) than of Mollusca (21.1%). Still, not even a single established cell line from any marine invertebrate has yet been made available. However, the use of new cellular, genomic, and proteomic tools may fundamentally change our strategy for the development of cell cultures from marine invertebrates.     

新生大鼠雪旺细胞原代培养方法改良

对常用的阿糖胞苷处理及差速贴壁法进行大鼠雪旺细胞原代培养及纯化的方法进行改进。先用阿糖胞苷处理杀死大部分的成纤维细胞,再用抗-Thy-1.1抗体和兔补体处理去除残余成纤维细胞,获得纯化的雪旺细胞。此外,我们对抗-Thy-1.1抗体和兔补体的浓度、处理时间等都进行了改进,避免了由于雪旺细胞状态不好而引起的大量雪旺细胞死亡。此方法能够将雪旺细胞的纯度由90%提高到99%。     

Settlement Behaviour of Marine Invertebrate Larvae Measured by EthoVision 3.0

Submerged marine surfaces are rapidly colonized by fouling organisms. Current research is aimed at finding new, non-toxic, or at least environmentally benign, solutions to this problem. Barnacles are a major target organism for such control as they constitute a key component of the hard fouling community. A range of standard settlement assays is available for screening test compounds against barnacle cypris larvae, but they generally provide little information on mechanism(s) of action. Towards this end, a quick and reliable video-tracking protocol has been developed to study the behaviour of the cypris larvae of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite, at settlement. EthoVision 3.0 was used to track individual cyprids in 30-mm Petri dishes. Experiments were run to determine the optimal conditions vis-à-vis acclimation time, tracking duration, number of replicates, temperature and lighting. A protocol was arrived at involving a two Petri dish system with backlighting, and tracking over a 5-min period after first acclimating the cyprids to test conditions for 2 min. A minimum of twenty replicates was required to account for individual variability in cyprid behaviour from the same batch of larvae. This methodology should be widely applicable to both fundamental and applied studies of larval settlement and with further refinements, to that of smaller fouling organisms such as microalgae and bacteria.     

小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌原代细胞的分离培养及鉴定

目的:血管平滑肌细胞在人类心血管疾病中具有重要的作用,而作为重要的遗传学研究模式生物的小鼠血管平滑肌材料有限,因此建立一种简单高效的小鼠血管平滑肌原代细胞分离培养方法很重要。方法:分离小鼠主动脉中膜层,胶原酶消化法获得原代平滑肌细胞,免疫荧光方法检测细胞的纯度和分化状态;分离平滑肌细胞特异的报告小鼠的平滑肌细胞,LacZ染色鉴定。结果:用该方法分离的原代平滑肌细胞生长迅速,3d后即可达5×106个。免疫荧光显示,细胞传至第3代后纯度在98%以上,细胞传至8代分化状态没有改变。LacZ染色鉴定报告小鼠分离的3代平滑肌细胞98%以上显示特异的蓝染。两种实验证明,应用此方法分离原代平滑肌细胞可以满足平滑肌体外功能实验的需求。结论:与传统的组织块培养法相比,该方法操作简便、经济,可以获得更多高纯度的血管平滑肌细胞。     

成年大鼠嗅鞘细胞与嗅觉神经成纤维细胞的原代培养及鉴定

目的 建立一种原代提取嗅鞘细胞与嗅觉神经成纤维细胞混合培养的方法.方法 自2.5月龄SD大鼠嗅球最外两层分离嗅鞘细胞和嗅觉神经成纤维细胞进行混合培养,并不进行纯化,分别于7 d、10 d、14 d行免疫细胞化学鉴定,并计算各个时间点嗅鞘细胞的纯度.结果 体外培养的嗅鞘细胞主要呈两极或多极状,而嗅觉神经成纤维细胞则成扁平的像成纤维细胞的形态,免疫细胞化学结果显示嗅鞘细胞呈p75 NGFR阳性,嗅觉神经成纤维细胞呈fibronectin阳性,两种细胞都呈vimentin阳性,在7 d、10 d、14 d各个时间点嗅鞘细胞分别占混合培养的34.1%、25.6%、8.6%.结论 从成年大鼠嗅球最外两层分离的培养中主要包含嗅鞘细胞和嗅觉神经成纤维细胞,嗅鞘细胞在混合培养中所占的比例随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低.     

大规模动物细胞培养的问题及对策

大规模动物细胞培养在生物技术产业化进程中显示出强大的潜力。本文综述了大规模动物细胞培养过程中出现的问题及其解决办法,包括细胞培养环境、基因工程途径改建细胞系及过程监控等。对于这些进展的充分了解对优化细胞培养工艺、提高产品质量具有重要意义     

除虫菊细胞的悬浮培养

除虫菊悬浮细胞从培养后第8天开始迅速生长,14 d达到最大生长量,其最适培养基为:MS 4mg·L-12,4-D 0.1mg·L-1NAA 0.3 mg·L-16-BA 30 g·L-1蔗糖,最适接种量为15 g·L-1,摇瓶装液的体积分数为40%,初始培养的最适pH值为5.8,收获时pH下降为4.6±1,最适培养温度为25℃.     

Development of a tissue cell culture bioassay for identifying mechanisms of inhibition of settlement of barnacle and tunicate larvae by surface‐colonizing marine bacteria

A marine bacterium D2 (CCUG 26757) isolated from a tunicate Ciona intestinalis specimen produced a low molecular weight component which inhibits barnacle and tunicate larvae and prevents their settlement on solid surfaces (Holmström et al., 1992). In order to perform chemical and structural analyses of the component independent of season, a bioassay, complementary to tests with invertebrate larvae was developed. This bioassay is based on tissue cell culture techniques and growth of the AGS cell line. It was previously shown that the toxic component is a stationary phase released product, which is heat stable and less than 500 Dalton in size (Holmström et al., 1992). Furthermore, it is not a peptide or a protein and metaperiodate treatment increases its toxicity to larvae indicating that it binds to or contains carbohydrate moieties. In this study, these results were confirmed by using the anchorage dependent human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line as a bioassay. Fractionation of the D2 supernatant on a Sephadex G‐200 column and addition of different size fractions to the AGS tissue culture cells, showed that both a low and a high molecular weight fraction inhibited cell growth. Exposure of Balanus amphitrite and C. intestinalis larvae to the same fractions, showed that the low molecular weight fraction that inhibited growth of the cells corresponds to the component that inhibited larvae of both organisms. The high molecular weight fraction was found to inhibit larvae of B. amphitrite.