外来种入侵与物种多样性

在入侵生态学研究方面 ,物种多样性与生物入侵之间的关系已成为当前研究和争论的焦点。自Elton的经典假说提出以来 ,物种丰富度高的群落比物种贫乏的群落更能抵抗外来种入侵的观点得到广泛接受。一些理论模型和多样性处理实验支持了该假说。但现在越来越多的野外观测和实验研究开始对这一经典假说提出异议 ,甚至反对。同时 ,在入侵生态学广泛受到关注的今天 ,大量的实验研究也提出了一些新的观点。本文对Elton经典假说提出以来全球有关物种多样性与生物入侵关系的主要研究及其观点进行了评述 ,以期为我国有关研究工作的开展提供参考。     

Perennial grassland dynamics on fertile plains: Is coexistence mediated by disturbance?

Abstract The response of grasslands to disturbance varies with the nature of the disturbance and the productivity of the landscape. In highly productive grasslands, competitive exclusion often results in decreased species richness and grazing may allow more species to coexist. Once widespread, grasslands dominated by Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass) and Astrebla spp. (Mitchell grass) occur on fertile plains but have been reduced in extent by cultivation. We tested the effects of exclusion of livestock grazing on these grasslands by comparing the floristic composition of sites in a nature reserve with an adjacent stock reserve. In addition, sites that had been cultivated within the nature reserve were compared with those where grazing but no cultivation had occurred. To partition the effects of temporal variation from spatial variation we sampled sites in three different years (1998, 2002 and 2004). Some 194 taxa were recorded at the nature reserve and surrounding stock routes. Sampling time, the occurrence of past cultivation and livestock grazing all influenced species composition. Species richness varied greatly between sampling periods relating to highly variable rainfall and water availability on heavy clay soils. Native species richness was significantly lower at previously cultivated sites (13–22 years after cultivation), but was not significantly influenced by grazing exclusion. After 8 years it appears that reintroducing disturbance in the form of livestock grazing is not necessary to maintain plant species richness in the reserve. The highly variable climate (e.g. droughts) probably plays an important role in the coexistence of species by negating competitive exclusion and allowing interstitial species to persist.     

青藏高原种子植物区系多样性格局及其影响因素

基于青藏高原6个植物区系种子植物多样性数据,归纳统计得出科属特征、物种组成相似性以及多样性空间分布格局,量化气候、地形和历史因素对植物区系多样性分布格局的影响程度,探究青藏高原不同种子植物区系多样性格局的形成原因。结果表明:(1)青藏高原6个植物区系地区均以草本植物为主(平均68.69%),其中IIIE14横断山脉地区的种子植物种类最为丰富(8786种),而IIIF18西喜马拉雅亚地区的种子植物种类最少(1341种);菊科(12.34%)、杜鹃花属(3.19%)分别是青藏高原植物区系的优势科和优势属。(2)在植物科属水平上,IIIE14地区与IIIE15东喜马拉雅地区相似性系数最高(分别为0.8500、0.7225),IIIE15地区与IIC6喀什噶尔地区相似性系数最低(分别为0.4444、0.2594),而在种水平上,IIIF16唐古特地区与IIC6地区相似性系数最高(0.4673),IIIE14地区与IIIF18地区相似性系数最低(0.0822)。(3)青藏高原植物区系多样性分布格局整体呈现东南多、西北少的局势;气候、地形及历史因素共同决定着青藏高原植物区系多样性格局,其中海拔范围对IIIE14(均值15.49%)、IIIF17(均值25.46%)、IIIF18(均值30.96%)地区、地形异质性对IIIE15地区(均值18.14%)、年均温对IIIF16地区(均值18.04%)、以及年降水量、实际蒸散量对IIC6地区(均值22.94%、24.95%)种子植物物种丰富度和谱系多样性的构建有着重要影响。上述结果表明高原内部不同的环境特点、地质历史和气候变化历史促进了青藏高原植物区系的多样化,形成今日青藏高原差异巨大,但存在一定相似性的独特多样性格局,这为揭示青藏高原不同区域生物多样性的形成和演化提供科学依据。     

Intermediate disturbance in the ecology of phytoplankton and the maintenance of species diversity: a synthesis

This paper concludes a collection of contributions presented at the 8th Workshop of the International Association of Phytoplankton Taxonomy and Ecology. It derives a consensus as to the virtues and strengths of J. H. Connell's Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH), its applicability to phytoplankton ecology and its theoretical and practical weaknesses. The view is expressed that the IDH is too useful a concept to reject and that, as a word model, it provides a powerful link between diversity and disturbance. The more robust investigations that are necessary to consolidate the tenancy of IDH need to concentrate upon the separation and quantification of the stimulus- and response-components of disturbance.     

稻田节肢动物群落物种丰富度及多样性的研究(英文)

本文根据田间调查的资料和群落多样性指数的测定,比较了不同稻田和水稻不同生育期节肢动物群落物种丰富度及多样性。田间调查于1994年在福建省福州市郊区选择3种具有代表性的水稻种植区进行,在此基础上,作者运用Shannon－Wiener（1949）的平均信息（H）、Hurlbert（1971）的种间相遇机率（PIE）和Pielou（1966）的均匀度（E）指数来测定和分析稻田生态系统中节肢动物群落的丰富度及多样性。结果表明,由于受到稻田生境中各种环境因素及水稻不同生育期营养状况的影响,稻田节肢动物群落的丰富度及多样性不仅因田而异,而且随着水稻的生长发育过程有较大的波动。作者认为,稻田节肢动物群落丰富度及多样性的研究结果,可为水稻害虫的预测预报和综合治理提供重要的科学依据。文中还就群落丰富度及多样性的测定方法问题进行了讨论。     

Disturbance–diversity models: what do they really predict and how are they tested?

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) and the dynamic equilibrium model (DEM) are influential theories in ecology. The IDH predicts large species numbers at intermediate levels of disturbance and the DEM predicts that the effect of disturbance depends on the level of productivity. However, various indices of diversity are considered more commonly than the predicted number of species in tests of the hypotheses. This issue reaches beyond the scientific community as the predictions of the IDH and the DEM are used in the management of national parks and reserves. In order to compare responses with disturbance among measures of biodiversity, we used two different approaches of mathematical modelling and conducted an extensive meta-analysis. Two-thirds of the surveyed studies present different results for different diversity measures. Accordingly, the meta-analysis showed a narrow range of negative quadratic regression components for richness, but not evenness. Also, the two models support the IDH and the DEM, respectively, when biodiversity is measured as species richness, but predict evenness to increase with increasing disturbance, for all levels of productivity. Consequently, studies that use compound indices of diversity should present logical arguments, a priori, to why a specific index of diversity should peak in response to disturbance.     

氮添加对内蒙古退化草地植物群落多样性和生物量的影响

人为干扰及气候变化导致内蒙古草地发生了大面积退化, 氮添加是促进退化草地生产力恢复的一项重要措施。该文基于2011年建立的氮肥添加实验平台, 以3个不同退化程度(中度退化、重度退化、极度退化)草地群落为研究对象, 设置对照、10、20、30、40和50 g·m ^-2·a ^-1 6种氮添加处理, 分析氮添加对退化草地恢复过程中群落多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明: (1)氮添加降低了中度、重度退化草地恢复进程中物种丰富度和多样性, 对极度退化草地恢复进程中物种丰富度和多样性无明显影响。(2)氮添加促进了3个不同退化程度草地恢复进程中群落地上生物量的增加。(3)氮添加显著增加了群落中禾草的地上生物量及其在群落地上生物量中所占的比例, 降低了杂类草在群落地上生物量中的比例, 但对杂类草地上生物量无显著影响。研究表明在利用施肥措施治理退化草地的过程中, 需要充分考虑草地退化程度以及由氮添加引起的群落多样性和生产力的改变对草地生态系统功能的影响。     

中国不同地理区域鸟兽物种丰富度的相关性

生物类群之间物种丰富度的相关性研究是当前物种多样性研究中的热点问题之一,目前,中国尚无相关的研究报道。我们收集了中国三种区域类型：动物地理亚区、行政区和保护区的鸟兽名录,分析了行政区与保护区、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性。 结果表明：不同区域、动物地理区和经纬度带中鸟兽物种数都显著相关。保护区尺度鸟兽物种 数的相关系数为0.818和动物地理区中的华北区为0.768,其他所有区域和地理区域的鸟兽物 种数的相关系数都高于0.850。因此,鸟兽物种数的相关关系在一定程度上具有预测价值。我们发现不同区域鸟兽物种数比值无显著性差异;但是,不同区域间鸟兽物种数 比值差异显著。该比值在中国呈中间低四周高的分布趋势,其中东北地区最高。我们还利用历史累积调查数据与非历史累积调查数据进行了鸟兽物种数比值及其相关性分析,发现利用累积数据计算的相关性低于非累积数据计算的相关性,但利用累积数据计算的鸟兽物 种数比值高于非累积数据计算的比值。最后,探讨了为什么鸟类与兽类的物种数目会相关。我们根据物种－面积公式,S=CA^Z,导出了两个生物类群物种丰富度的相关关 系式。利用全国不同区域数据拟合,得到Z₁/Z₂＝0.913,Z₁/Z₂接近于1。于是 ,C₁/C2可视为近似等于R_am。本研究可推广到其他不同生物类群物种。物种数量的相关关系为快速评估区域的物种多样性提供了一条途径。     

Counting Alleles with Rarefaction: Private Alleles and Hierarchical Sampling Designs

The number of alleles (allelic richness) in a population is a fundamental measure of genetic variation, and a useful statistic for identifying populations for conservation. Estimating allelic richness is complicated by the effects of sample size: large samples are expected to have more alleles. Rarefaction solves this problem. This communication extends the rarefaction procedure to count private alleles and to accommodate hierarchical sampling designs.