三种犬科动物春季洞穴特征

2004年4月-2005年6月在内蒙古达赉湖国家级自然保护区对20个狼穴、27个赤狐洞穴、33个沙狐洞穴进行测量调查,结果如下：3种犬科动物洞穴的洞口朝向无显著差异,赤狐和沙狐洞穴在洞口倾角、洞口直径、第一洞道长度3个特征上无显著差异,洞口直径可作为判别狼穴与其它两者洞穴的依据。影响狼春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是隐蔽、人为干扰和水源。影响赤狐春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是地形、水源、和人为干扰。影响沙狐春季洞穴选择的前3位主要因子是微气候、人为干扰和食物。通过对3种犬科动物春季洞穴生境选择的比较发现：3种动物洞穴都有远离人为干扰,提高隐蔽性的趋势;不同的是赤狐和狼的洞址都靠近水源,沙狐洞址则远离水源;3种动物在地形及坡位选择上也存在差异,赤狐和狼的洞穴多位于平地。而沙狐洞穴多位于坡地的坡顶,且洞穴周围啮齿类数量显著大于赤狐洞穴和狼穴。柳灌丛、干旱苇塘、高草坡地分别是赤狐、狼、沙狐偏爱的生境类型。3种犬科动物中洞穴生态位宽度最大的是狼（0．5051）,其次为赤狐（0．4292）,最小为沙狐（0．2591）。其中狼与赤狐洞穴空间生态位重叠指数较高,达到了0．4692,沙狐与赤狐洞穴空间生态位重叠指数最低,只有0．2356。     

Molecules and beyond: assessing the distinctness of the Great Lakes wolf

The dog family, Canidae, is a widely distributed group of species that have evolved and radiated relatively recently into 16 genera and 36 recognized species ( Nowak 1999 ). Specific taxonomic designations for some canid taxa can be unclear due to frequent interspecific hybridization among species in both historical and contemporary times, and our imperfect molecular genetic approaches for determining among a series of hypotheses regarding hybridization and evolution. In this issue of Molecular Ecology , Koblmüller et al . tackle the difficult topic of Great Lakes wolf taxonomy and present data that suggest this taxon is currently genetically distinct despite a long history of human persecution and hybridization with related taxa.     

中国东北小兴安岭阔叶红松林更新及其恢复研究

研究了中国东北小兴安岭地区阔叶红松林的更新和红松的生长及其影响因素。研究结果表明由于成树树冠的遮蔽作用所导致的光照减少是制约幼树生长和存活的关键因素。阔叶红松林是该区最典型和稳定的植被类型,但是在过去的50a中,由于皆伐和更新不良导致了它的分布面积和蓄积量的减少。阔叶红松林是地带性“顶极”植被,并通过具有连续性年龄结构的树种有规律的替代和演替过程中不同阔叶树种组成而处于优势地位。这种林型无疑应作为一种重要的基因库加以保护。次生阔叶林是在阔叶红松林受干扰后出现的,但它的种类组成简单,而且结构也很不稳定。因此,必须对现有的林分结构加以调整以利于林分的长期稳定和高产。同时,提出了红松阔叶林的恢复和重建的经营方式。     

Can current native tree seedling production and infrastructure meet an increasing forest restoration demand in Brazil?

Recent global commitments have placed forest and landscape restoration at the forefront of countries' efforts to recover ecosystem services, conserve biodiversity, and mitigate the effects of climate change. However, it needs to be asked if current native tree seedling supply meets an increase in demand for forest restoration? This study assessed the current configuration, distribution, and production capacity of forest nurseries producing native trees in Brazil. Brazil provides an interesting example of how global agreements aligned with national policies can lead to the proliferation of native seedling nurseries, and the challenges faced to restore species‐rich native forest ecosystems. We found that the nurseries in the Atlantic Forest region can still meet an increase in demand—both in terms of seedling quantity and diversity—because most of their production capacity is not currently used. However, not all Brazilian biomes have sufficient nurseries to meet restoration demands, thus there is a risk of using native species from a few biogeographical regions in a much spatially wider and ecologically diverse area. In addition, lack of seed supply and qualified labor can hamper the growth of the market. Barriers to seed supply may also lead to low levels of genetic variability and floristic representation in the populations and ecosystems to be restored. We conclude that restoration of high‐diversity forest ecosystems requires policies and supportive programs, with emphasis on private nurseries, to guarantee adequate supply of native tree seedlings and provide the necessary incentives to develop the emergent economy of forest restoration.     

INDIVIDUALITY IN THE WHISTLE CALL OF THE ASIATIC WILD DOG CUON ALPINUS

ABSTRACT

The Asiatic wild dog or dhole Cuon alpinus is a threatened social canid that uses a repetitive whistle call to maintain group contact in dense habitats. Spectrographic analysis revealed significant differences between the whistles of captive dholes, allowing callers to be reliably identified. The most important discriminatory characteristics were the period from the start of one syllable to the next, the fundamental frequency, and the maximum frequency. The individual distinctiveness of the whistle is discussed in terms of its functional significance and possible survey applications.     

Historical and ecological determinants of genetic structure in arctic canids

Wolves (Canis lupus) and arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) are the only canid species found throughout the mainland tundra and arctic islands of North America. Contrasting evolutionary histories, and the contemporary ecology of each species, have combined to produce their divergent population genetic characteristics. Arctic foxes are more variable than wolves, and both island and mainland fox populations possess similarly high microsatellite variation. These differences result from larger effective population sizes in arctic foxes, and the fact that, unlike wolves, foxes were not isolated in discrete refugia during the Pleistocene. Despite the large physical distances and distinct ecotypes represented, a single, panmictic population of arctic foxes was found which spans the Svalbard Archipelago and the North American range of the species. This pattern likely reflects both the absence of historical population bottlenecks and current, high levels of gene flow following frequent long-distance foraging movements. In contrast, genetic structure in wolves correlates strongly to transitions in habitat type, and is probably determined by natal habitat-biased dispersal. Nonrandom dispersal may be cued by relative levels of vegetation cover between tundra and forest habitats, but especially by wolf prey specialization on ungulate species of familiar type and behaviour (sedentary or migratory). Results presented here suggest that, through its influence on sea ice, vegetation, prey dynamics and distribution, continued arctic climate change may have effects as dramatic as those of the Pleistocene on the genetic structure of arctic canid species.     

Do the antipredator strategies of shared prey mediate intraguild predation and mesopredator suppression?

Understanding the conditions that facilitate top predator effects upon mesopredators and prey is critical for predicting where these effects will be significant. Intraguild predation (IGP) and the ecology of fear are hypotheses used to describe the effects of top predators upon mesopredators and prey species, but make different assumptions about organismal space use. The IGP hypothesis predicts that mesopredator resource acquisition and risk are positively correlated, creating a fitness deficit. But if shared prey also avoid a top predator, then mesopredators may not have to choose between risk and reward. Prey life history may be a critical predictor of how shared prey respond to predation and may mediate mesopredator suppression. We used hierarchical models of species distribution and abundance to test expectations of IGP using two separate triangular relationships between a large carnivore, smaller intraguild carnivore, and shared mammalian prey with different life histories. Following IGP, we expected that a larger carnivore would suppress a smaller carnivore if the shared prey species did not spatially avoid the large carnivore at broad scales. If prey were fearful over broad scales, we expected less evidence of mesopredator suppression. We tested these theoretical hypotheses using remote camera detections across a large spatial extent. Lagomorphs did not appear to avoid coyotes, and fox detection probability was lower as coyote abundance increased. In contrast, white‐tailed deer appeared to avoid areas of increased wolf use, and coyote detection probability was not reduced at sites where wolves occurred. These findings suggest that mesopredator suppression by larger carnivores may depend upon the behavior of shared prey, specifically the spatial scale at which they perceive risk. We further discuss how extrinsic environmental factors may contribute to mesopredator suppression.     

\"生态修复、城市修补\"政策对城市碳排放的影响

城市扩张所导致的绿地减少、生态环境退化等问题,影响碳达峰、碳中和(简称\"双碳\")目标的实现。\"城市双修\"通过对被破坏的城市自然生态系统的恢复与重建,有效发挥森林、草原、湿地和土壤的固碳作用,以及优化城市及社区更新方式,改变居民出行和生活方式,有助于城市碳汇能力提升和碳排放的降低。基于2005-2021年我国287个地级市的非平衡面板数据,运用交错双重差分模型 评估\"生态修复、城市修补\"(简称\"城市双修\")政策的碳减排效应。研究发现:(1)\"城市双修\"政策使城市碳排放显著降低了5.6%,但该效应有3年的滞后期;(2)机制分析揭示了城市绿地的增加是\"城市双修\"政策实现\"双碳\"目标的重要途径,绿地面积每增加1000hm²,城市碳排放降低1.5%;(3)异质性分析表明\"城市双修\"政策会扩大碳排放最高和最低城市之间的碳排放差距,城市的生态基础、财政基础以及政策执行力度会影响\"城市双修\"政策的碳减排效力,并对位于经济发达的东部地区的城市的碳减排助推作用更强。研究据此提出了充分总结推广试点经验、系统推进城市低碳转型、因地制宜开展\"城市双修\"工作等对策建议。     

Restoration goals: Why are fauna still overlooked in the process of recovering functioning ecosystems and what can be done about it?

Despite the evidence that fauna play complex and critical roles in ecosystems (e.g. pollination and nutrient cycling) and the knowledge that they need to be considered in restoration, fauna often remain poorly represented in restoration goal setting, monitoring and assessments of restoration success. Fauna clearly are integral to the aspirations of achieving full ecosystem recovery. However, over‐reaching assumptions about the unassisted return of fauna to restored sites, low investment in fauna monitoring, and minimal consideration of the requirements for fauna monitoring in regulatory guidance and standards appear to have led to the historically vegetation‐centric approaches to rehabilitation and ecological restoration. We argue that ecological complexities render assumptions of unassisted fauna return inappropriate in many situations and may represent a missed opportunity to enhance ecological outcomes and improve restoration trajectories. We advocate for greater consideration of fauna as facilitators of ecological restoration and, particularly for well‐funded projects, for monitoring to place greater emphasis on examining the behaviour and resilience of restored fauna communities. There is a clear need for both industry and regulators to recognise that fauna can be crucial facilitators of restoration and appreciate that the return and monitoring of functional faunal communities can be costly, challenging and may require detailed study across a wide range of taxonomic groups. Failure to advance from business as usual models may risk leaving a legacy of ostensibly functional, but biodiversity‐depauperate, restored ecosystems.     

北极狐SRAP分子标记的多态性初步研究

相关序列多态性（SRAP）是近年来发展起来的一种新型分子标记技术,具有稳定、简便、中等产率、高共显性等优点。实验利用北极狐的基因组为模版,首次把SRAP方法引入到哺乳动物中进行分析,对北极狐SRAP反应条件进行了优化,确立了北极狐SRAP-PCR的反应条件是：94℃预变性5min,94℃1min,350C1min,72℃2min,5个循环;940C变性1min,94℃1min,55℃1min（根据不同的引物设定）,72℃1min,35个循环,72℃延伸10min,最后产物用6％的非变性的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离,得到的结果清晰、稳定、多态性高,条带可以用在后续对北极狐的遗传多样的分析和品种鉴定上。