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1.
We agree with Ramírez‐Soto and colleagues that applied nucleation can be an effective approach for tropical forest restoration both in lowland and higher elevation tropical forests. We also contend that it is cheaper than standard plantation‐style plantings and is straightforward to train personnel to implement this approach. 相似文献
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The first few years of tropical forest restoration can be expensive, especially when applied to expansive areas. In light of this, passive restoration has been recommended as a considerably cheaper or even free alternative. There are, however, both direct and indirect costs associated with passive restoration. First, the longer recovery time that is typically required in passive restoration can be perceived as project failure, especially when compared with nearby active restoration efforts. In the worst‐case scenario, this can lead to the premature termination of a project by a landowner who would like to see more rapid or visible results. Second, passive restoration may be viewed as land abandonment, and in developing nations where land tenure is not always strictly enforced this may invite unanticipated uses, such as ranchers who may unintentionally or intentionally allow livestock to take advantage of the “unused” forage grass, thus setting back recovery efforts. Lastly, passive restoration does have direct financial costs, including material costs for establishing fences and repairing them, and labor costs for site vigilance. These upfront investments may need to be made repeatedly in passive restoration efforts, and for a longer time period than for an active restoration project. Both the direct and indirect costs should be considered prior to choosing passive restoration as a strategy in a particular restoration project. 相似文献
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Although we share many of the ideas expressed by Zahawi et al., we believe that they are more skeptical in some aspects of the value of passive restoration than we are. Their comment is based primarily on experience within tropical habitats with idiosyncratic legal and social circumstances that limit extrapolations to other habitats. Passive restoration is not always slower than active restoration, and restoration goals should not always focus on rapid development of mature vegetation structure and function. Even less mature vegetation may provide important benefits. A meta‐analysis to compare passive and active restoration in a variety of habitats and geographical regions is needed. 相似文献
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塔河林业局林火对植被的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对大兴安岭地区塔河林业局不同林型下,不同火烧强度的火烧迹地的森林植被更新及恢复情况进行了调查研究。结果表明：（1）针叶林过火迹地上,落叶松幼苗较少,阔叶树萌条更新强度同火烧程度成正比;火烧前生长有白桦、赤杨的林地上,火烧后阔叶树成为主导树种,林相完全发生变化。（2）重度火烧下有利于天然更新,促使白桦、山杨萌生。中度火烧最初形成以杨桦为优势树种的阔叶林,后逐渐演变为针阔混交林。轻度火烧有利于针叶林的更新。（3）火烧后不同林型下灌木草本植被种类变化不同。从盖度方面来看,杜鹃落叶松林型中林下灌木草本更新最为良好。 相似文献
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通过空间直观景观模型(LAND IS)来探讨大兴安岭北坡1987年特大森林火灾后,在目前这种恢复方案下以及完全依靠天然更新下森林景观的长期动态,通过对比研究来评价目前所采取的恢复措施是否能够有效地恢复森林资源。研究结果表明:1987年大火后所采取的恢复措施可以在很大程度上增加针叶树种在该区所占的比例,而相应地降低阔叶树种的比重。由于在目前的恢复措施下,不仅大面积地种植针叶树种,同时也采伐了大量的成、过熟林,使落叶松和樟子松的蓄积量在开始阶段不仅没有增加,反而有大幅度的下降。但最终,所更新的幼苗逐渐成材,落叶松和樟子松的蓄积量逐渐超过天然更新下的。在演替前期,白桦的蓄积量在这2种模拟方案下相差不大;而在演替后期,白桦在天然更新方案下的蓄积量要高于在目前恢复措施下的蓄积量。另外,物种在不同的区域的变化动态又有较大的差异。在重度火烧区,由于人为种植大量的针叶树种,使它们所占的面积比例明显高于完全依靠天然更新下其在重度火烧区所占的比例;而阔叶树种则相反,在完全依靠天然更新方案下所占的面积百分比明显高于在目前恢复方案下的比例。而在未火烧和轻中度火烧区,由于火后人为采伐大量的落叶松和樟子松,使这2个树种在该区所占的比例在开始100多年里要低于完全依靠天然更新下的比例,随后逐渐高于天然更新下所占的比例,但相差不大;阔叶树种则正好相反。另外,目前恢复方案不仅极大地改变了主要物种在该区所占的比例,而且还明显的影响了它们的空间分布格局。 相似文献
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Assisted natural regeneration (ANR) is a simple, low‐cost forest restoration method that can effectively convert deforested lands of degraded vegetation to more productive forests. The method aims to accelerate, rather than replace, natural successional processes by removing or reducing barriers to natural forest regeneration such as soil degradation, competition with weedy species, and recurring disturbances (e.g., fire, grazing, and wood harvesting). Compared to conventional reforestation methods involving planting of tree seedlings, ANR offers significant cost advantages because it reduces or eliminates the costs associated with propagating, raising, and planting seedlings. It is most effectively utilized at the landscape level in restoring the protective functions of forests such as watershed protection and soil conservation. ANR techniques are flexible and allow for the integration of various values such as timber production, biodiversity recovery, and cultivation of crops, fruit trees, and non‐timber forest products in the restored forest. This paper describes the steps of applying ANR and conditions under which it will be most effective. It also discusses ANR’s comparative advantages as well as some of its constraints. 相似文献
9.
Robson Dos Santos Vanilde Citadini‐Zanette Laurindo S. Leal‐Filho Wildor T. Hennies 《Restoration Ecology》2008,16(3):444-452
The objective of this work was to select indigenous vegetal species for restoration programs aiming at the regeneration of ombrophilous dense forest. Thirty‐five spoil piles located in the county of Sideropolis, Santa Catarina, that received overburden disposal for 39 years (1950–1989) were selected for study because they exhibited remarkable spontaneous regrowth of trees compared to surrounding spoil piles. Floristic inventory covered the whole area of the 35 piles, whereas survey on phytosociology and natural regeneration studies were conducted in 70 plots distributed along the 35 piles. Floristic inventory recorded 83 species from 28 botanical families. Herbaceous terricolous plants constituted the predominant species (47.0%), followed by shrubs (26.5%), trees (19.3%), and vines (7.2%). Results from surveys on phytosociology and natural regeneration, focused on shrubs and trees, recorded incipient ecological succession. In addition, the most adapted species recorded on the overburden piles, as ranked by index of natural regeneration (RNT) plus importance value index (IVI), were as follows: Clethra scabra (RNT = 23.93%; IVI = 17.28%), Myrsine coriacea (RNT = 20.93%, IVI = 11.26%), Eupatorium intermedium (RNT = 7.56%, IVI = 0.40%), Miconia ligustroides (RNT = 5.84%, IVI = 2.37%), Ossaea amygdaloides (RNT = 3.84%, IVI = 1.30%), Tibouchina sellowiana (RNT = 3.29%, IVI = 1.94%), Eup. inulaefolium (RNT = 2.65%, IVI = 0.80%), and Baccharis dracunculifolia (RNT = 2.28%; IVI = 0.56%). High values of IVI and RNT exhibited by the exotic species Eucalyptus saligna (IVI = 21.73%, RNT = 51.41%) indicated strong competition between exotic and indigenous species. Severe chemical (acidic pH and lack of nutrients) and physical (coarse substrate and slope angle of 40–50°) characteristics displayed by the overburden piles constituted limitations to floristic diversity and size of indigenous trees, indicating the need for substrate reclamation prior to forest restoration. 相似文献
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Pedro H. S. Brancalion Daniella Schweizer Ulysse Gaudare Julia R. Mangueira Fernando Lamonato Fabiano T. Farah André G. Nave Ricardo R. Rodrigues 《Biotropica》2016,48(6):856-867
Forest restoration requires strategies such as passive restoration to balance financial investments and ecological outcomes. However, the ecological outcomes of passive restoration are traditionally regarded as uncertain. We evaluated technical and legal strategies for balancing economic costs and ecological outcomes of passive versus active restoration in agricultural landscapes. We focused in the case of Brazil, where we assessed the factors driving the proportion of land allocated to passive and active restoration in 42 programs covering 698,398 hectares of farms in the Atlantic Forest, Atlantic Forest/cerrado ecotone and Amazon; the ecological outcomes of passive and active restoration in 2955 monitoring plots placed in six restoration programs; and the legal framework developed by some Brazilian states to balance the different restoration approaches and comply with legal commitments. Active restoration had the highest proportion of land allocated to it (78.4%), followed by passive (14.2%) and mixed restoration (7.4%). Passive restoration was higher in the Amazon, in silviculture, and when remaining forest cover was over 50 percent. Overall, both restoration approaches showed high levels of variation in the ecological outcomes; nevertheless, passively restored areas had a smaller percentage canopy cover, lower species density, and less shrubs and trees (dbh > 5 cm). The studied legal frameworks considered land abandonment for up to 4 years before deciding on a restoration approach, to favor the use of passive restoration. A better understanding of the biophysical and socioeconomic features of areas targeted for restoration is needed to take a better advantage of their natural regeneration potential. 相似文献
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Miriam Paul Carla P. Catterall John Kanowski Peter C. Pollard 《Ecological Management & Restoration》2012,13(2):144-152
Summary Seed availability is a major factor limiting the recruitment of rain forest to cleared land, but little is known about the composition of the soil seed bank under different reforestation pathways. We quantified changes in the viable soil seed bank following rain forest clearing and pasture establishment and subsequent reforestation in subtropical eastern Australia. Major reforestation pathways in the region include planting of a diverse suite of native trees for ecological restoration purposes, autogenic regrowth dominated by the non‐native tree Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) and management of this regrowth to accelerate the development of a native tree community. These pathways differ considerably in cost: restoration plantings are expensive, autogenic regrowth is free, whilst managing regrowth generally costs much less than restoration plantings. We surveyed five sites within each of three reforestation pathways as well as reference sites in remnant rain forest and pasture. The composition of the seed bank was determined by germinating plants from soil samples collected from each site. Germinants were classified into several functional groups according to life form, origin, dispersal mode and successional stage. The majority of functional groups varied significantly in abundance or richness between rain forest and pasture sites. Most of the functional groups that varied between rain forest and pasture were restored to values similar to rain forest by at least one of the three reforestation pathways examined. The species richness of native woody plants in the soil seed bank was slightly higher in restoration plantings than in autogenic or managed regrowth; nevertheless, the species richness and abundance of native woody plants and vines were higher in the seed bank of autogenic regrowth than pasture, and both attributes were enhanced by the management of regrowth sites. The results of this study show that autogenic regrowth can make an important contribution to rain forest restoration at a landscape scale. The optimal reforestation approach or mix of approaches will depend on the desired rate of recovery and the resources available for restoration. 相似文献
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Aníbal Ramírez‐Soto César R. Lucio‐Palacio Rafael Rodríguez‐Mesa Ixchel Sheseña‐Hernández Fadi N. Farhat Bernardino Villa‐Bonilla Laura Landa Libreros Gabriela Gutiérrez Sosa Omar Trujillo Santos Israel Gómez Sánchez Ernesto Ruelas Inzunza 《Restoration Ecology》2018,26(4):620-621
Holl and Zahawi (2018) agree on a number of approaches that we describe in a local case study of tropical montane cloud forest restoration in Mexico. However, they contend our argument that most applied nucleation projects have taken place in tropical lowlands as a mistake. They also provide data on the per‐hectare cost of restoration projects in Costa Rica and compare it to a higher cost figure of plantation‐style reforestation, a view contrary to ours. Last, Holl and Zahawi recognize that applied nucleation requires specialized personnel, but imply that the amount of training needed for this endeavor is not very different than what is required to implement other forest recovery projects. In this counter‐response, we provide some refinements to our original opinion and offer further information in support to our perspective. 相似文献
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Tony Parkes Mike Delaney Mark Dunphy Ralph Woodford Hank Bower Sue Bower Darren Bailey Rosemary Joseph John Nagle Tim Roberts Stephanie Lymburner Tein McDonald 《Ecological Management & Restoration》2012,13(3):212-223
Restoring the rainforests of the Big Scrub is a powerful restoration symbol for the regional communities of far north coast New South Wales, but it is only a partly realized aspiration. What progress has been made in 35 years and to what extent is the aspiration achievable? 相似文献
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Marco Marchetti Matteo Vizzarri Lorenzo Sallustio Marco di Cristofaro Bruno Lasserre Fabio Lombardi 《Plant biosystems》2018,152(3):524-535
In recent years, depopulation and abandonment of traditional practices in the mountainous areas have affected the land use and land cover inducing the modification of the landscape mosaic. These processes have consequently facilitated the forest expansion, sometimes altering the floristic composition of the original vegetation in forests and other wooded lands. Forest expansion processes modified the structure, the stand density and the regeneration capacity of forests, thus altering the ecosystems’ functionality and resilience. These processes can be considered as a form of landscape degradation, which represents an emerging and common issue in the Mediterranean mountainous ecosystems. This study presents an overview of the main landscape dynamics occurring in the last two decades in the “Collemeluccio-Montedimezzo Alto Molise” Man and Biosphere Reserve, located in Central Italy. The results here obtained deeply describe the main effects induced by forest cover changes, such as those related to the crown coverage dynamics-biodiversity linkages, offering a valuable contribution to improve the management and planning in these situations widely replicable to similar contexts. 相似文献
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Davi F. C. Dias Milton C. Ribeiro Yan T. Felber Ana L. P. Cintra Natália S. de Souza Érica Hasui 《Restoration Ecology》2016,24(2):259-270
Effective ecological restoration actions should be able to recover ecosystem processes that influence community development in the long term. However, there is scarce information on how landscape factors promote or accelerate fauna recovery. We used a landscape framework to evaluate how functional groups respond to natural regeneration in a highly fragmented region of Atlantic Forest. Using bird functional groups sampled in 15 regenerating forest fragments, we built and ranked models using a model selection approach to test the relative effect of landscape variables on each group. Our results showed that bird community recovery is not determined by the duration of the regeneration process (i.e. forest age), but by how the species responds to the landscape context. Functional diversity and the abundance of the functional groups were mainly related to composition metrics, whereas the functional metric affected only specific groups. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the landscape level to ensure both the colonization of fauna and the restoration of ecological functions. 相似文献
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枯枝落叶层对森林天然更新的障碍 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
探讨枯枝落叶层对树种天然更新的障碍机制,对于实现天然次生林的科学管理以及采取适当营林措施促进目的树种天然更新具有重要的理论和实践意义.从枯枝落叶层的物理阻断影响 (物理因子)、枯枝落叶层的化感作用(化学因子)、动物侵害和微生物致病(生物因子)等方面,论述了枯枝落叶层对天然更新方面的障碍作用,揭示枯枝落叶层物理阻断对天然更新影响规律,以及主要林型的化感作用与天然更新关系的作用机制.建议今后应加强对不同林型枯枝落叶层的结构、枯枝落叶层下光量子流密度的变化规律以及红光与远红光比值的变化规律等方面研究. 相似文献
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Carolina Giudice Badari Luis Eduardo Bernardini Danilo R. A. de Almeida Pedro H. S. Brancalion Ricardo G. Csar Victoria Gutierrez Robin L. Chazdon Haroldo B. Gomes Ricardo A. G. Viani 《Restoration Ecology》2020,28(5):1135-1144
Large‐scale forest restoration relies on approaches that are cost‐effective and economically attractive to farmers, and in this context agroforestry systems may be a valuable option. Here, we compared ecological outcomes among (1) 12–15‐year‐old coffee agroforests established with several native shade trees, (2) 12–15‐year‐old high‐diversity restoration plantations, and (3) reference old‐growth forests, within a landscape restoration project in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We compared the aboveground biomass, canopy cover, and abundance, richness, and composition of trees, and the regenerating saplings in the three forest types. In addition, we investigated the landscape drivers of natural regeneration in the restoration plantations and coffee agroforests. Reference forests had a higher abundance of trees and regenerating saplings, but had similar levels of species richness compared to coffee agroforests. High‐diversity agroforests and restoration plantations did not differ in tree abundance. However, compared to restoration plantations, agroforests showed higher abundance and species richness of regenerating saplings, a higher proportion of animal‐dispersed species, and higher canopy cover. The abundance of regenerating saplings declined with increasing density of coffee plants, thus indicating a potential trade‐off between productivity and ecological benefits. High‐diversity coffee agroforests provide a cost‐effective and ecologically viable alternative to high‐diversity native tree plantations for large‐scale forest restoration within agricultural landscapes managed by local communities, and should be included as part of the portfolio of reforestation options used to promote the global agenda on forest and landscape restoration. 相似文献
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Enock Ssekuubwa Vincent B. Muwanika Josephine Esaete John R. S. Tabuti Mnason Tweheyo 《Restoration Ecology》2019,27(1):148-157
The status of woody seedling colonization gives clues about the self‐sustainability of restored forests, a tenet of restoration success. Little is known about woody seedling colonization in restored afrotropical forests. We evaluated effects of restoration methods (active vs. passive), sampling year, restoration age, and distance from old‐growth forests on seedling colonization in restored afrotropical moist forests. Seedlings were measured in 2011 and 2014 in 71 clusters of 284 permanent sampling plots (12.6 m2 each) in actively (initially 3–16 years old) and 21 clusters of 63 plots in passively restored forests (initially 16 years old) in Kibale National Park, western Uganda. Seedlings were also measured in nearby old‐growth forests in three clusters of five plots in 2014. We determined species diversity, richness, abundance per plot, and species composition as measures of seedling colonization in restored and old‐growth forests. We found that diversity, richness, and abundance of seedlings were significantly higher in passively than actively restored forests. Diversity and richness but not abundance significantly increased between sampling years and with restoration age. Distance from old‐growth forests did not significantly affect diversity, richness, and abundance. Species composition of actively and passively restored forests was different from that of old‐growth forests after 19 years since restoration started. Our results show that passive restoration should be the preferred method for recovering afrotropical forests, and highlight the effect of continued management on biodiversity of restored forests. 相似文献
20.
Alex C. Gilman Susan G. Letcher Rita M. Fincher Ashley I. Perez Tyler W. Madell Alex L. Finkelstein Felix Corrales‐Araya 《Biotropica》2016,48(6):798-808
When compared to planted reforestation, natural unassisted regeneration is often reported to result in slow recovery of biomass and biodiversity, especially early in succession. In some cases, naturally regenerating forests are not comparable to the community structure of primary forests after many decades. However, direct comparison of the outcomes of tropical forest restoration and natural regeneration is hindered by differences in metrics of forest recovery, inconsistency in land use histories, and dissimilarities in experimental design. We present the results of a replicated reforestation experiment comparing natural regeneration and polyculture tree planting at multiple diversity levels (3, 6, 9, or 12 native tree species), with uniform land use history and initial edaphic conditions. We compare the recovery of basal area and floristic diversity in these treatments after 5 yr of succession. Total basal area was higher in planted plots than in naturally regenerating plots, but it but did not vary among the different planted diversity levels. The basal area of woody recruits did not differ among treatments. The diversity of woody recruits increased substantially over time but did not vary among planting treatments. Species composition trajectories showed directional turnover over time, with no consistent differences among treatments. The convergence of restoration trajectories and similarity of floristic community diversity and composition across all treatments, after only 5 yr, provides evidence of the viability of natural regeneration for rapid restoration of forest biodiversity. 相似文献