北京东灵山辽东栎林植物物种多样性的多尺度分析

多尺度分析物种多样性格局能够为有效保护生物多样性提供重要信息.利用物种多样性的加法分配法则分析了样方-坡位-坡面等级尺度系统辽东栎林植物物种多样性(gamma多样性)的alpha多样性和beta多样性在各尺度上的分配关系.结果表明以物种丰富度为指标的区域物种多样性的最大贡献来自坡面尺度,表明坡面尺度是维持辽东栎林物种多样性的有效尺度;而对Simpson多样性和Shannon多样性的最大贡献则来自样方内,这决定于群落物种优势度和稀有度格局;各尺度间beta多样性组分随尺度的增大而增大可能是环境异质性和扩散作用的综合结果.各尺度间Shannon多样性对总体多样性的贡献大于Simpson多样性的贡献是偶见种在各尺度间分配的结果.物种多样性分配的加法法则为物种多样性格局的多尺度分析提供了理论框架,是检验物种多样性格局形成机制的有效方法.     

Inventory, differentiation, and proportional diversity: a consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity

Almost half a century after Whittaker (Ecol Monogr 30:279–338, 1960) proposed his influential diversity concept, it is time for a critical reappraisal. Although the terms alpha, beta and gamma diversity introduced by Whittaker have become general textbook knowledge, the concept suffers from several drawbacks. First, alpha and gamma diversity share the same characteristics and are differentiated only by the scale at which they are applied. However, as scale is relative––depending on the organism(s) or ecosystems investigated––this is not a meaningful ecological criterion. Alpha and gamma diversity can instead be grouped together under the term “inventory diversity.” Out of the three levels proposed by Whittaker, beta diversity is the one which receives the most contradictory comments regarding its usefulness (“key concept” vs. “abstruse concept”). Obviously beta diversity means different things to different people. Apart from the large variety of methods used to investigate it, the main reason for this may be different underlying data characteristics. A literature review reveals that the multitude of measures used to assess beta diversity can be sorted into two conceptually different groups. The first group directly takes species distinction into account and compares the similarity of sites (similarity indices, slope of the distance decay relationship, length of the ordination axis, and sum of squares of a species matrix). The second group relates species richness (or other summary diversity measures) of two (or more) different scales to each other (additive and multiplicative partitioning). Due to that important distinction, we suggest that beta diversity should be split into two levels, “differentiation diversity” (first group) and “proportional diversity” (second group). Thus, we propose to use the terms “inventory diversity” for within-sample diversity, “differentiation diversity” for compositional similarity between samples, and “proportional diversity” for the comparison of inventory diversity across spatial and temporal scales. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Species turnover in lake littorals: spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate diversity and community composition

Aims Despite wide consensus that ecological patterns and processes should be studied at multiple spatial scales, the temporal component of diversity variation has remained poorly examined. Specifically, rare species may exhibit patterns of diversity variation profoundly different from those of dominant taxa. Location Southern Finland. Methods We used multiplicative partitioning of true diversities (species richness, Shannon diversity) to identify the most important scale(s) of variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities across several hierarchical scales, from individual samples to multiple littorals, lakes and years. We also assessed the among‐scale variability of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition by using measures of between‐ and within‐group distances at hierarchical scales. Results On average, a single benthic sample contained 23% of the total regional macroinvertebrate species pool. For both species richness and Shannon diversity, beta‐diversity was clearly the major component of regional diversity, with within‐littoral beta‐diversity (β₁) being the largest component of gamma‐diversity. The interannual component of total diversity was small, being almost negligible for Shannon index. Among‐sample (within‐littoral) diversity was related to variation of substratum heterogeneity at the same scale. By contrast, only a small proportion of rare taxa was found in an average benthic sample. Thus, dominant species among lakes and years were about the same, whereas rare species were mostly detected in a few benthic samples in one lake (or year). For rare species, the temporal component of diversity was more important than spatial turnover at most scales. Main conclusions While individual species occurrences and abundances, particularly those of rare taxa, may vary strongly through space and time, patterns of dominance in lake littoral benthic communities are highly predictable. Consequently, many rare species will be missed in temporally restricted samples of lake littorals. In comprehensive biodiversity surveys, interannual sampling of littoral macroinvertebrate communities is therefore needed.     

美洲森林群落beta多样性的纬度梯度性

Beta多样性度量不同时空尺度物种组成的变化,是生物多样性的重要组成部分;理解其地理格局和形成机制已成为当前生物多样性研究的热点问题。基于Alwyn H. Gentry在美洲收集的131个森林样方数据,采用倍性和加性分配方法度量群落beta多样性,检验beta多样性随纬度的变化趋势,并分析其形成机制。研究表明:(1) 美洲森林群落beta多样性随纬度增加显著下降,热带和亚热带地区beta多样性高于温带地区;此格局可由物种分布范围的纬度梯度性和不同粒度(grain)下物种丰富度与纬度回归斜率的差异推论得出;(2) 加性分配方法表明beta多样性对各个温度带森林群落gamma多样性的相对贡献率平均为78.2%,并且随纬度升高而降低;(3) 美洲南半球森林群落beta多样性高于其北半球,这可能反映了区域间物种进化和环境变迁历史的差异。此外,还探讨了不同beta多样性计算方法的适用情景,首次证实了森林生态系统群落水平beta多样性的纬度梯度性,这对研究生物多样性的形成机制和生物多样性保护都具有重要的意义。     

Computing parametric beta diversity with unequal plot weights: a solution based on resampling methods

Jost (Ecology, 88:2427–2439, 2007) recently showed that the Shannon diversity is the only standard diversity measure that can be partitioned into meaningful independent alpha and beta components when plot weights are unequal. This conclusion is very disappointing if one wants to calculate the beta diversity of unequal weighted plots using a parametric measure with varying sensitivities to the occurrence of rare and abundant species. To overcome this impasse, at least partially, in this paper, I propose a parametric measure of beta diversity that is based on the combination of Shannon’s entropy with Hurlbert’s ‘expected species diversity’. Unlike most parametric measures of diversity, the proposed index has a clear probabilistic interpretation, allowing at the same time a multiplicative partition of diversity into independent alpha and beta components for unequally weighted plots.     

Diversity partitioning of Rao’s quadratic entropy

Many applications of diversity indices are only valid if they are first transformed into their equivalent number of species. These equivalent numbers of species can be multiplicatively partitioned into independent alpha, beta and gamma components, and can be formed into mathematically consistent similarity measures. The utility of beta diversity and similarity measures that incorporate information about the degree of ecological dissimilarity between species is becoming increasingly recognized. The concept of equivalent number of species is here extended to Rao’s quadratic entropy, opening the way to methods of diversity partitioning that take into account taxonomic or ecological differences between species.     

The partitioning of macroinvertebrate diversity across multiple spatial scales in the upper Modder River System,South Africa

A method for assessing the alpha and beta diversity components of a macroinvertebrate community across numerous spatial scales is presented. Findings were not empirically linked to ecological questions as the purpose of this study was primarily the demonstration of a diversity partitioning method. Sampling was carried out at three sites on the upper Modder River in the Free State Province, South Africa between April 2008 and January 2009. Communities were analysed by investigating the relative frequency of species in specific biotopes, a Similarity Profile (SIMPROF) and cluster analyses of the Bray‐Curtis similarities between samples, and the partitioning of species richness and Shannon diversity across multiple spatial scales. Findings revealed that sites showed significant clustering (SIMPROF P < 0.05; <20% Bray‐Curtis similarity), and the species frequencies indicated preference to selected microhabitats. Species richness and Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates differed significantly (5% confidence levels) from randomly simulated values for sampling sites, biotopes and seasons indicating that diversity is clustered and not homogeneously distributed. The diversity partitioning could have potential in diversity assessment for conservation biology, land management and environmental impact assessments.     

Partitioning the diversity of riverine fish: the roles of habitat types and non-native species

1. Quantifying how biological diversity is distributed in the landscape is one of the central themes of conservation ecology. For this purpose, landscape classifications are being intensively used in conservation planning and biodiversity management, although there is still little information about their efficacy. 2. I used data from 158 running water sites in Hungary to examine the contribution of six a priori established habitat types to regional level diversity of fish assemblages. Three community measures [species richness, diversity (Shannon, Simpson indices), assemblage composition] were examined at two assemblage levels (entire assemblage, the native assemblage). The relative role of non‐native species was quantified to examine their contribution to patterns in diversity in this strongly human influenced landscape. 3. Additive diversity partitioning revealed the primary importance of beta diversity (i.e. among‐site factors) to patterns in species richness. Landscape‐scale patterns in species richness were best explained by between‐habitat type (beta₂: 41.2%), followed by within‐habitat type (beta₁: 37.7%) and finally within‐site (alpha: 21.1%) diversity. Diversity indices showed patterns different from species richness, indicating the importance of relative abundance distributions on the results. Exclusion of non‐natives from the analysis gave similar results to the entire‐assemblage level analysis. 4. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates, complemented with indicator species analysis justified the separation of fish assemblages among the habitat types, although classification error was high. Multivariate dispersion, a measure of compositional beta diversity, showed significant differences among the habitat types. Contrary to species diversity (i.e. richness, diversity indices), patterns in compositional diversity were strongly influenced by the exclusion of non‐natives from the analyses. 5. This study is the first to quantify how running water habitat types contribute to fish diversity at the landscape scale and how non‐native species influence this pattern. These results on riverine fish assemblages support the hypothesis that environmental variability (i.e. the diversity of habitat types) is an indication of biodiversity and can be used in large‐scale conservation designs. The study emphasises the joint application of additive diversity partitioning and multivariate statistics when exploring the contribution of landscape components to the overall biodiversity of the landscape mosaic.     

Additive diversity partitioning as a guide to regional montane reserve design in Asia: an example from Yunnan Province,China

Aim Data on spatial and temporal turnover in species composition within a region is essential to design regional protected areas. Montane systems are often recognized as biodiversity hotspots. The primary objective of this study is to identify patterns of montane bird diversity across multiple spatial and temporal scales using an additive diversity partitioning framework. Location The Ailao Mountains, central Yunnan Province, China. Methods We used point counts to sample bird communities in four elevational zones, on eastern and western slopes, during both the breeding and the non‐breeding seasons. Diversity (richness and Shannon) was partitioned across space (points, elevational zones and slopes) and time (seasons). We used permutation tests to compare observed values to values expected by random chance. A complementary cluster analysis was also used to evaluate beta diversity. Results Overall, the gamma diversity was attributed to significantly higher beta diversity (relative to that of randomization tests) among elevational zones and, to a lesser extent, between slopes. For Shannon–Wiener Index, beta diversity between seasons was significantly higher than expected and had a similar contribution to the gamma diversity as with beta diversity between slopes. Hierarchical cluster analysis supported the findings for Shannon–Wiener Index. The contribution of beta diversity among points to gamma diversity within each elevational zone generally lessened with increasing elevation. Main conclusions Our results show significantly high levels of beta diversity among elevational zones and between slopes, as well as between seasons for Shannon diversity, in a small area of the Ailao Mountain range. Thus, a regional montane reserve system should cover the entire elevational gradient and multiple slopes, rather than only the montane crest. Furthermore, higher pattern diversity in lower elevational zones suggests that larger areas should be preserved at lower elevational zones. Finally, the design of regional reserve systems require more studies conducted at multiple seasons at a regional scale.     

Entropy and diversity

Entropies such as the Shannon–Wiener and Gini–Simpson indices are not themselves diversities. Conversion of these to effective number of species is the key to a unified and intuitive interpretation of diversity. Effective numbers of species derived from standard diversity indices share a common set of intuitive mathematical properties and behave as one would expect of a diversity, while raw indices do not. Contrary to Keylock, the lack of concavity of effective numbers of species is irrelevant as long as they are used as transformations of concave alpha, beta, and gamma entropies. The practical importance of this transformation is demonstrated by applying it to a popular community similarity measure based on raw diversity indices or entropies. The standard similarity measure based on untransformed indices is shown to give misleading results, but transforming the indices or entropies to effective numbers of species produces a stable, easily interpreted, sensitive general similarity measure. General overlap measures derived from this transformed similarity measure yield the Jaccard index, Sørensen index, Horn index of overlap, and the Morisita–Horn index as special cases.     

The generalized replication principle and the partitioning of functional diversity into independent alpha and beta components

The replication principle was first proposed by Hill (1973, Ecology 54: 247– 432) as an advantageous property of his family of diversity indices. Later Jost (2007, Ecology 88: 2427– 2439) discovered that diversity measures satisfying this principle allow partitioning of gamma diversity into independent alpha and beta components by simple multiplicative partitioning. Despite the emerging agreement on measuring taxonomic beta‐diversity by multiplicative partitioning of Hill diversity, there is no consensus on how to measure functional beta diversity. Two different generalizations of Hill numbers for measuring functional diversity were proposed by Leinster and Cobbold (2011, Ecology 93: 477– 489) and Chiu and Chao (2014, PLoS One 9: e1000014). Both generalizations attempted to satisfy the generalized replication principle, but they formulate it in different ways. The aims of this paper are 1) to review approaches for measuring functional diversity in units of equivalent numbers without explicit reference to replication principle; 2) to compare the two proposed replication principle and to point out some important differences in the behavior of diversity families derived from the two principles; 3) to explore the conditions necessary for partitioning functional diversity of Leinster and Cobbold into meaningful alpha and beta components; 4) and, finally, to explore how transformation of among‐species distances into similarities influences the sensitivity of functional diversity to the scale parameter.     

Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity

Aim  Beta diversity (variation of the species composition of assemblages) may reflect two different phenomena, spatial species turnover and nestedness of assemblages, which result from two antithetic processes, namely species replacement and species loss, respectively. The aim of this paper is to provide a unified framework for the assessment of beta diversity, disentangling the contribution of spatial turnover and nestedness to beta-diversity patterns.
Innovation  I derive an additive partitioning of beta diversity that provides the two separate components of spatial turnover and nestedness underlying the total amount of beta diversity. I propose two families of measures of beta diversity for pairwise and multiple-site situations. Each family comprises one measure accounting for all aspects of beta diversity, which is additively decomposed into two measures accounting for the pure spatial turnover and nestedness components, respectively. Finally, I provide a case study using European longhorn beetles to exemplify the relevance of disentangling spatial turnover and nestedness patterns.
Main conclusion  Assigning the different beta-diversity patterns to their respective biological phenomena is essential for analysing the causality of the processes underlying biodiversity. Thus, the differentiation of the spatial turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity is crucial for our understanding of central biogeographic, ecological and conservation issues.     

Biodiversity assessment in incomplete inventories: leaf litter ant communities in several types of Bornean rain forest

Biodiversity assessment of tropical taxa is hampered by their tremendous richness, which leads to large numbers of singletons and incomplete inventories in survey studies. Species estimators can be used for assessment of alpha diversity, but calculation of beta diversity is hampered by pseudo-turnover of species in undersampled plots. To assess the impact of unseen species, we investigated different methods, including an unbiased estimator of Shannon beta diversity that was compared to biased calculations. We studied alpha and beta diversity of a diverse ground ant assemblage from the Southeast Asian island of Borneo in different types of tropical forest: diperocarp forest, alluvial forest, limestone forest and heath forests. Forests varied in plant composition, geology, flooding regimes and other environmental parameters. We tested whether forest types differed in species composition and if species turnover was a function of the distance between plots at different spatial scales. As pseudo-turnover may bias beta diversity we hypothesized a large effect of unseen species reducing beta diversity. We sampled 206 ant species (25% singletons) from ten subfamilies and 55 genera. Diversity partitioning among the four forest types revealed that whereas alpha species richness and alpha Shannon diversity were significantly smaller than expected, beta-diversity for both measurements was significantly higher than expected by chance. This result was confirmed when we used the unbiased estimation of Shannon diversity: while alpha diversity was much higher, beta diversity differed only slightly from biased calculations. Beta diversity as measured with the Chao-Sørensen or Morisita-Horn Index correlated with distance between transects and between sample points, indicating a distance decay of similarity between communities. We conclude that habitat heterogeneity has a high influence on ant diversity and species turnover in tropical sites and that unseen species may have only little impact on calculation of Shannon beta diversity when sampling effort has been high.     

松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列植物多样性的空间格局

物种多样性格局是国际生物多样性科学前沿领域热点问题.本文以松嫩平原破碎化羊草草甸退化演替系列(6种植物群落、144个斑块)为研究对象,系统地探讨了其α、β和γ多样性空间格局及其机理.结果表明:在羊草草甸退化演替系列中共发现87种植物,但没有一种能分布于所有斑块;羊草+鸡儿肠群落或羊草群落的α、β和γ多样性较高,多稀有种和特有种;碱地肤群落最低,少稀有种,无特有种;γ多样性与α多样性显著正相关,但与β多样性无相关性.各植物群落的α多样性与单个斑块面积呈显著幂函数关系,β多样性(相似性指数Sjk)仅羊草+鸡儿肠群落呈显著幂函数关系;斑块平均面积和总面积与α、γ多样性呈显著正相关,与β多样性无相关性.群落的物种丰富度越高,稀有种和特有种就越多,物种在局域斑块上灭绝的可能性越大;β多样性在物种多样性格局中的重要性与生境破碎化程度有关.     

Partitioning plant spectral diversity into alpha and beta components

Plant spectral diversity – how plants differentially interact with solar radiation – is an integrator of plant chemical, structural, and taxonomic diversity that can be remotely sensed. We propose to measure spectral diversity as spectral variance, which allows the partitioning of the spectral diversity of a region, called spectral gamma (γ) diversity, into additive alpha (α; within communities) and beta (β; among communities) components. Our method calculates the contributions of individual bands or spectral features to spectral γ‐, β‐, and α‐diversity, as well as the contributions of individual plant communities to spectral diversity. We present two case studies illustrating how our approach can identify 'hotspots’ of spectral α‐diversity within a region, and discover spectrally unique areas that contribute strongly to β‐diversity. Partitioning spectral diversity and mapping its spatial components has many applications for conservation since high local diversity and distinctiveness in composition are two key criteria used to determine the ecological value of ecosystems.     

Diversity patterns in upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician trilobite communities of north‐western Argentina

The hierarchical structure of biodiversity from a regional scale analysis has received much attention as an alternative approach to unravelling the principal drivers of biodiversification. To better understand the processes that control the diversification of Cambro‐Ordovician trilobite communities from the Argentine Cordillera Oriental, we explore patterns of occupancy and diversity trajectories at the local and regional scales through seven intervals (Furongian, loTr1, upTr1, loTr2, upTr2, Tr3 and Fl2–3), and across an onshore‐offshore profile. Our results indicate: (1) a decrease in regional diversity from the upper Tr2 onwards, mainly caused by a reduction in the number of rare taxa, coupled with stable beta diversity at regional scale and a constant rise in beta diversity in deep subtidal environments; (2) a higher proportion of regional diversity allocated to the within‐habitat beta component; and (3) that changes in gamma diversity are driven primarily by changes in alpha diversity during the Furongian–Tr3, whereas in the Floian, beta diversity seems to modulate regional diversity. These trends and associated patterns indicate increasing ecological differences among taxa, shifting from metacommunities where most taxa have similar ecological preferences or ‘Hubbell type’ to metacommunities with high niche differentiation or ‘Hutchinson type’. Interestingly, the timing of this shift coincides with the regional‐scale turnover between trilobite evolutionary faunas suggesting that the rise in niche differentiation among these genera may be related to the transition. Superimposed on this general trend, particular diversity structures can be understood in the light of metacommunity dynamics, such as dispersal limitation and mass effect.     

Spatial scale and the diversity of macroinvertebrates in a Neotropical catchment

1. Lotic ecosystems can be studied on several spatial scales, and usually show high heterogeneity at all of them in terms of biological and environmental characteristics. Understanding and predicting the taxonomic composition of biological communities is challenging and compounded by the problem of scale. Additive diversity partitioning is a tool that can show the diversity that occurs at different scales. 2. We evaluated the spatial distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in a tropical headwater catchment (S.E. Brazil) during the dry season and compared alpha and beta diversities at the scales of stream segments, reaches, riffles and microhabitats (substratum types: gravels, stones and leaf litter). We used family richness as our estimate of diversity. Sampling was hierarchical, and included three stream segments, two stream reaches per segment, three riffles per reach, three microhabitats per riffle and three Surber sample units per microhabitat. 3. Classification analysis of the 53 families found revealed groups formed in terms of stream segment and microhabitat, but not in terms of stream reaches and riffles. Separate partition analyses for each microhabitat showed that litter supported lower alpha diversity (28%) than did stones (36%) or gravel (42%). In all cases, alpha diversity at the microhabitat scale was lower than expected under a null model that assumed no aggregation of the fauna. 4. Beta diversity among patches of the microhabitats in riffles depended on substratum type. It was lower than expected in litter, similar in stone and higher in gravel. Beta diversities among riffles and among reaches were as expected under the null model. On the other hand, beta diversity observed was higher than expected at the scale of stream segments for all microhabitat types. 5. We conclude that efficient diversity inventories should concentrate sampling in different microhabitats and stream sites. In the present study, sampling restricted to stream segments and substratum types (i.e. excluding riffles and stream reaches) would produce around 75% of all observed families using 17% of the sampling effort employed. This finding indicates that intensive sampling (many riffles and reaches) in few stream segments does not result in efficient assessment of diversity in a region.     

Community structure of arboreal caterpillars within and among four tree species of the eastern deciduous forest

Abstract.  1. A seasonally replicated experimental design was used to address the question of how differences within and among host tree species affect arboreal caterpillar communities.
2. Seasonal variation influenced caterpillar community composition most significantly, and the similarity among caterpillar assemblages did not necessarily follow the pattern of phylogenetic relatedness among host trees.
3. Species richness and abundance of caterpillars were higher on oaks and maples than on American beech. Diversity partitioning models revealed that β diversity was only occasionally greater or less than expected by chance alone.
4. When β diversity was significant, values tended to be greater than expected by chance among replicate trees within each species and lower than expected by chance among the four tree species.
5. Differences among trees appeared important for determining patterns of species presence/absence for rare species and influencing patterns of species dominance within caterpillar assemblages. Differences among tree species had a significant effect on overall lepidopteran community composition and mean species diversity (i.e. α diversity).
6. Because β diversity of caterpillars among host trees was lower than expected by chance, host specificity within the Lepidoptera may be less prevalent than thought previously.     

The additive partitioning of species diversity: recent revival of an old idea

Ecologists have traditionally viewed the total species diversity within a set of communities as the product of the average diversity within a community (alpha) and the diversity among the communities (beta). This multiplicative concept of species diversity contrasts with the lesser known idea that α- and β-diversities sum to give the total diversity. This additive partitioning of species diversity is nearly as old as the multiplicative concept, yet ecologists are just now beginning to use additive partitioning to examine patterns of species diversity. In this review we discuss why additive partitioning remained "hidden" until just a few years ago. The rediscovery of additive partitioning has expanded the way in which ecologists define and measure β-diversity. Beta diversity is no longer relegated to describing change only along an environmental gradient. Through additive partitioning, β-diversity is explicitly an average amount of diversity just as is α-diversity. We believe that the additive partitioning of diversity into α and β components will continue to become more widely used because it allows for a direct comparison of α- and β-diversities. It also has particular relevance for testing ecological theory concerned with the determinants of species diversity at multiple spatial scales and potential applications in conservation biology.     

西双版纳热带植物园蝴蝶的多样性及变化

中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园（简称“版纳植物园”）保存着上万种植物,且生境多样,具有较高的蝴蝶多样性。本研究选择三类代表性生境：片段化雨林、次生林和专类园,聚焦于环境指示物种蝴蝶这一类群,通过样线法系统调查一年内蝴蝶多样性及其变化。观测结果显示：蝴蝶在版纳植物园内全年发生,共调查到其成虫5科126属218种6 015头,其中蛱蝶科多样性最高。蝴蝶种类及数量随月动态变化,生境间有差异,7-8月种类和数量达到最高峰;1月种类最少,而5-6月数量最低;每月均出现的种类仅有12种,绝大部分种类分散发生于不同月份。影响蝴蝶群落多样性的气候因子中,月最高温显著影响蝴蝶群落的物种丰富度和数量,月最低温显著影响物种丰富度、香农多样性和辛普森多样性,月平均温仅显著影响香农多样性。在版纳的三个典型季节中蝴蝶多样性存在差异,雨季物种丰富度最高,干热季香农和辛普森指数最高;雨季和雾凉季蝴蝶群落组成差异大,仅雾凉季与干热季的蝴蝶群落呈现中等程度相似。此外,在片段化雨林、次生林和专类园这3种不同生境中,蝴蝶群落组成也存在差异,蝴蝶物种丰富度和香农指数在次生林中最高,而辛普森指数则是片段化雨林最高;仅次生林与片段化雨林的蝴蝶群落呈现出中等程度相似。本研究揭示了版纳植物园蝴蝶群落的种类组成与月动态变化规律,并明确了不同季节和生境中蝴蝶群落的多样性变化,可为区域蝴蝶多样性观测及保护提供参考依据。