THE CELL POPULATION KINETICS OF NEUTROPHILIC CELLS

Autoradiographic data for the entry of tritiated thymidine labelled cells into the post-proliferative neutrophilic cell compartments following a single injection of isotope have been analysed in terms of two cell kinetic models which differ in the assumed relationships between cell maturation and division. Comparisons with the experimental data were made in an attempt to assess the validities of the models, and kinetic parameters for the compartments of recognizable neutrophilic cells were estimated. Control mechanisms which have been proposed for the granulocyte system are discussed in terms of the kinetic models which were chosen in their determination. Although it was not possible to make a clear choice between the proposed models, preference was established for a random model which did not involve cell loss.     

急、慢性缺氧对大鼠凝血机能的影响

本文讨论了实验性缺氧对大鼠凝血机能产生的影响。实验结果表明,大鼠在模拟8000米高度两小时后,血小板凝聚性、血小板因子3活性明显增加,纤溶活性下降,同时,纤维蛋白原含量和因子X也明显下降。大鼠在模拟7000米经36天间歇性慢性缺氧,血小板计数、血小板凝聚性,血小板因子3活性、纤维蛋白原含量、因子X活性均显著增加,部分凝血活酶时间缩短、纤溶活性下降,明显地出现凝血增强的趋势。本文还讨论了抗缺氧药物复方党参、异叶青兰对人鼠急性缺氧时凝血机能的影响。     

CELL KINETICS OF GROWTH CARTILAGE IN THE RAT TIBIA I. MEASUREMENTS IN YOUNG MALE RATS

Cell kinetic parameters for the proximal growth plate of the tibia have been measured in young rats. Analysis of a pulse labelled mitosis study gave values of 55 ± 40 hr for the cycle time and 6.5 ± 0.3 hr for the synthesis time in 6-week-old rats. The results of a simulated continuous labelling experiment agreed with this data and provided further information on the size and proliferation rate of the stem cell zone. Diurnal variations in mitotic index and labelling index in the tissue have been investigated.     

PROLIFERATION KINETICS IN EPITHELIUM OF GUINEA-PIG COLON III. DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD CAPILLARIES ALONG THE CRYPT

The colonic blood vessels of the guinea-pig were infused with carmine-gelatine and the occurrence along the crypt of mucosal capillaries containing the dye was examined. The pattern of capillary distribution along the crypt is inhomogeneous but is similar for short, medium and long crypts. Capillaries occur least frequently at the bottoms of crypts, that is within the lowest 0.05% of the crypt length. The frequency rises significantly between 0.05 and 0.40 of the crypt length; this rise is accompanied by an increase in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells. A significant fall in capillary frequency along the crypt between 0.35 and 0.45 of crypt length coincides with the beginning of a decrease in the number of DNA-synthesizing cells. The highest frequency of capillaries occurs in the upper 0.20 of the crypt length and beneath the lining epithelium.     

饥饿和糖尿病大鼠在不同血循环段中的酮体消长

Blood ketone body level and ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/β hydroxybutyrate) are commonly used as clinical diagnostic indices.But there is no systematic study on the variability of these indices in the blood circulation.We investigated the concentration of ketone bodies within different segments of the circulation in fed ad libitum rats, starved rats and alloxan induced diabetic rats.Blood samples were drawn from femoral artery, suprarenal inferior vena cava and hepatic vein of each rat, respectively.The concentrations of acetoacetate and β hydroxybutyrate were measured by enzymatic method.To avoid mixing of the blood streams, appropriate strangulation of the vessels was taken when sampling.The total ketone body level was always the highest in the hepatic vein, secondary in the femoral artery and the lowest in the suprarenal vena cava in rats in different states.But surprisingly, the concentration of acetoacetate was the lowest in the hepatic vein and the highest in the femoral artery.The ketone body levels elevated in both starvation and diabetes, and the ketone body ratios were changed in the circulation.While blood flows through extra hepatic tissues, the total concentration of ketone body is undergoing degression, but the concentration of acetoacetate could be elevated due to the conversion of ketone body in extra hepatic tissues.Therefore, ketone body ratio is changeable in different segments of the blood circulation, including that between hepatic vein and artery.The correlation of ketone body ratio between arterial and hepatic venous blood could be effected by different pathophysiological states, such as starvation and diabetes.The “Redox theory” deserves a further discussion.     

THE AGGLUTINATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF BLOOD SERA

1. The addition of blood serum displaces the optimum for agglutination of red blood cells in a salt-free medium to the reaction characteristic of flocculation of the serum euglobulin. 2. This effect is not due merely to a mechanical entanglement of the cells by the precipitating euglobulin, since at reactions at which the latter is soluble it protects the cells from the agglutination which occurs in its absence. 3. A combination of some sort appears therefore to take place between sheep cells and sheep, rabbit, and guinea pig serum euglobulin, and involves a condensation of the serum protein upon the surface of the red cell. 4. At the optimal point for agglutination of persensitized cells both mid- and end-piece of complement combine with the cells. 5. Agglutination is closely related to an optimal H ion concentration in the suspending fluid, and probably of the cell membrane, and not to a definite reaction in the interior of the cell.     

正常大鼠植入高血压大鼠肾脏后 动脉血压的变化

本实验对12周龄的自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)及其对照组Wistar Kyoto (WKY)大鼠进行了肾脏移植的研究, 并观察受肾移植大鼠动脉血压的变化以及免疫抑制剂对动脉血压的影响。 用尾套法对接受同窝另一同胞WKY大鼠肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(A组)及接受SHR肾脏移植且存活5周的6只WKY大鼠(B组)的尾动脉收缩压进行检测, 移植前A、 B两组受肾移植大鼠的尾动脉收缩压分别为18.0±0.93 和18.3±0.68 kPa,无统计学显著差异(P>0.05); 移植后3、 4、 5周时, B组大鼠的尾动脉收缩压显著高于A组大鼠, 移植后5周时, A, B两组大鼠的收缩压分别为19.0±0.71 和23.0±0.69 kPa (P<0.001); 所用剂量的免疫抑制剂CsA对双侧肾脏完整以及右侧肾脏切除的SHR、 WKY大鼠的动脉血压无显著影响。 以上结果表明, SHR的肾脏在高血压的形成中可能起重要作用。     

THE KINETICS OF EXCYSTMENT IN COLPODA DUODENARIA

1. Extensive experimental data have been collected on the time required for the excystment process of the small ciliate Colpoda duodenaria throughout a range of temperatures of 8° through 32°C. and a range of concentrations of yeast extract excystment media of 0.08 through 22.4 gm./liter. 2. The excystment process has been separated into two periods, the first inversely proportional to the concentration of the yeast extract and the second independent of its concentration. 3. The first excystment period has been found to depend on the time for diffusion through the protoplasm of a compound from the yeast extract and on the time for a chemical reaction with the extremely high energy of activation of 220,000 calories/mole. 4. The changes in viscosity with temperature for this Colpoda, inferred from diffusion rate changes, have been found to be almost the same as those found by Heilbrunn for Amoeba dubia by the direct method of centrifuging granules. 5. The second excystment period is shown to be controlled by reactions whose apparent activation energies are 44,000 calories/mole below 15°C. and 18,000 calories/mole above 15°C.; above 25°C. this period is independent of temperature. 6. The distribution of the log excystment times of individual organisms about the mean log excystment time is found to be independent of temperature except in the range where the reaction with highest activation energy takes a significant length of time, and to increase rapidly with decreasing temperatures in this range.     

TEMPORAL CHANGES IN PH WITHIN THE PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLE OF THE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR NEUTROPHILIC LEUKOCYTE

Although previous workers have established that the pH of the phagocytic vacuole of the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte changes from neutral to acid, the time course of conversion has not been investigated. The present experiments were initiated to study pH changes immediately after phagocytosis. Peritoneal exudates were induced in rats; 4 h later, yeast stained with pH indicators was injected intraperitoneally, and the exudate was retrieved at 30-s intervals and examined by light microscopy. Results revealed that (a) within 3 min, pH dropped to ~6.5, as indicated by the change in color of neutral red-stained yeast; (b) within 7–15 min, pH dropped progressively to ~4.0, as indicated by color change in bromcresol green-stained yeast; (c) pH did not fall below 4, since no color change was observed up to 24 h when bromphenol blue-stained yeast was used. The finding that intravacuolar acidity increases rapidly after phagocytosis is undoubtedly important with respect to PMN leukocyte function in killing and digesting microorganisms, for many PMN leukocyte granule enzymes (i.e., peroxidase and lysosomal enzymes) are activated at acid pH (~4.5). It follows that temporal changes in pH and maximal pH depression should be considered in studies of intraleukocytic microbicidal mechanisms, since a defect in these factors could result in impaired PMN leukocyte function.     

凝结芽胞杆菌对大鼠降血脂作用的实验研究

目的 根据血脂检查法,探讨ＴＱ３３对实验性高脂血症大鼠模型降低血清总胆固醇（ＣＨ）、甘油三脂（ＴＧ）和升高高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）的可能性。方法 利用ＳＤ大鼠,给予高脂饲料３周建立高脂血症模型,分成三个剂量组分别灌服ＴＱ３３混县液４周,与对照组比较ＣＨ和ＴＧ水平。结果 给高血酯症大鼠ＴＱ３３４周后,高、中、低剂量组动物血清中ＣＨ及ＴＧ均显著降低;并均使高血脂症大鼠血清中ＨＤＬ－Ｃ显著升高。结论 大剂量ＴＱ３３对大鼠高血脂症有一定的治疗作用;并有防止大鼠形成动脉粥样硬化的作用。（注：凝结芽胞杆菌的课题研究中菌种编号为ＴＱ３３）     

METHODS FOR COMPUTING LYMPHOCYTE KINETICS IN MAN BY ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS SUSTAINED DURING EXTRACORPOREAL IRRADIATION OF THE BLOOD

Data on lymphocyte kinetics may be derived in patients undergoing treatment by extracorporeal irradiation of the blood by studying chromosome aberrations induced in their lymphocytes; the aberrations are observed when the lymphocytes are stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin to divide in culture. Two methods of analysis are described, one depends on the total number of dicentrics scored, the other employs the dilution principle, regarding each lymphocyte bearing one or more aberrations as specifically labelled. Two parameters may be calculated: the mean residence time of lymphocytes in the blood and the size of the extravascular pool of lymphocytes in the body. In a patient with Hodgkin's disease, the mean residence time was found to be 4.7–7.5 min and the extravascular pool 800–1070 g.     

THE KINETICS OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION IN REGENERATING LIVER

The study concerns the kinetics of cellular proliferation in the different cell populations of the normal and regenerating rat liver. A detailed analysis is presented, which includes techniques of in vivo labeling of DNA with tritiated thymidine and high-resolution radioautography, of the temporal and spatial patterns of DNA synthesis and cell division in the parenchymal cells, littoral cells, bile duct epithelium, and other cellular components in the liver during the first 64 hr of regeneration after partial hepatectomy. The analysis of cell population kinetics indicates that (a) the rate of entry of parenchymal cells into synthesis, after an initial burst of proliferative activity, was an orderly progression at 3–4%/hr; (b) most cells divided once and a few twice, a large proportion of the cell deficit being replaced by 72 hr after the onset of proliferation; (c) T_s was ~8.0 hr; T_gg2+m/2, 3.0 hr; and M, ~1.0 hr. Littoral cell proliferation began about 24 hr after the onset of parenchymal cell proliferation; the rate of entry of littoral cells into synthesis was greater than 4%/hr. Interlobular bile duct cell proliferation lagged well behind the parenchymal and littoral cell populations both in time and extent of proliferation.     

THE KINETICS OF OSMOTIC SWELLING IN LIVING CELLS

The rate of swelling of unfertilized sea urchin eggs in hypotonic sea water was investigated. Analysis of curves leads to the following conclusions. 1. The rate of swelling follows the equation, See PDF for Equation where V _eq., V ₀, and V_t stand for volume at equilibrium, at first instant, and at time t, respectively, the other symbols having their usual significance. This equation is found to hold over a wide range of temperatures and osmotic pressures. This relation is the one expected in a diffusion process. 2. The rate of swelling is found to have a high temperature coefficient (Q ₁₀ = 2 to 3, or µ = 13,000 to 19,000). This deviation from the usual effect of temperature on diffusion processes is thought to be associated with changes in cell permeability to water. The possible influence of changes in viscosity is discussed. 3. The lower the osmotic pressure of the solution, the longer it takes for swelling of the cell. Thus at 15° in 80 per cent sea water, the velocity constant has a value of 0.072, in 20 per cent sea water, of 0.006.     

低氧低二氧化碳对大鼠脑血流的调节作用

低氧下脑血流与急性高原病有关,许多研究已证明,低氧不适应者的ＣＢＦ明显高于低氧适应者,而高原世居者则低于海平正常值。低氧下低动脉血二氧化碳分压有对抗低氧扩血管及降低ＣＢＦ的作用。因此研究低氧下低ＰａＣＯ２对ＣＢＦ的调节作用对于研究急性高原病的防治及其机理分析具有重要意义。本项研究目的：（１）揭示低氧下低ＰａＣＯ２与ＣＢＦ之间的关系;（２）通过增加通气量使ＰａＣＯ２下降至合适水平,以保护脑血流维持在